Trends In Intensification Research Articles

National-scale 10-m maps of cropland use intensity in China during 2018–2023

The amount of actively cultivated land in China is increasingly threatened by rapid urbanization and rural population aging. Quantifying the extent and changes of active cropland and cropping intensity is crucial to global food security. However, national-scale datasets for smallholder agriculture are limited in spatiotemporal continuity, resolution, and precision. In this paper, we present updated annual Cropland Use Intensity maps in China (China-CUI10m) with descriptions of the extent of fallow/abandoned, actively cropped fields and cropping intensity at a 10-m resolution in recent six years (2018–2023). The dataset is produced by robust algorithms with no requirements for regional adjustments or intensive training samples, which take full advantage of the Sentinel-1 (S1) SAR and Sentinel-2 (S2) MSI time series. The China-CUI10m maps have achieved high accuracy when compared to ground truth data (Overall accuracy = 90.88%) and statistical data (R2 > 0.94). This paper provides the recent trends in cropland abandonment and agricultural intensification in China, which contributes to facilitating geographic-targeted cropland use control policies towards sustainable intensification of smallholder agricultural systems in developing countries.

First steps in restoring Río de la Plata grasslands: the importance of harvest method and season

Current trends in agricultural intensification lead to degraded grasslands, requiring their restoration through native species reintroduction. Various techniques are available for harvesting seeds from donor sites. However, little is known about their performance in South American C3/C4 mixed grasslands, where studies are scarce. Their particular species composition and phenology, with different flowering periods, require specific harvest strategies. We evaluated mechanical seed harvest in a northern Uruguay grassland, part of Río de la Plata grasslands. Performance of two mechanical harvest methods (seed‐stripper and dry hay) was compared in two harvest seasons (late‐spring and mid‐summer). The evaluation considered the quantity and identity of harvested seeds, and their germination in a greenhouse. Hand collections were made to assess standing seed yield. For each seed mixture, efficiency of mechanical harvests (number of seeds and seedlings compared to hand collection), proportion of germinated seeds, species transfer relative to donor site, and composition were calculated. Results revealed trade‐offs between harvests: seed‐stripper in late‐spring presented low seed collection efficiency (2% for seeds, 5% for seedlings) and species richness (43% transfer), but high seed germination (64%), showing selectivity toward winter species; seed‐stripper in mid‐summer and dry hay in both seasons showed high seed collection efficiency (42–154% for seeds, 26–50% for seedlings) and species richness (65–80% transfer), resembling donor site, albeit lower seed germination (9–20%). Seed‐stripper performance varied between seasons, while dry hay remained consistently effective. These results are pioneering for grassland restoration in Uruguay, encouraging future studies to focus on establishment in the field.

Comparing trends of crop and pasture in future land-use scenarios for climate change mitigation

Revegetation of former agricultural land is a key option for climate change mitigation and nature conservation. Expansion and abandonment of agricultural land is typically influenced by trends in diets and agricultural intensification, which are two key parameters in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Datasets mapping future land dynamics under different SSPs and climate change mitigation targets stem from different scenario assumptions, land data and modelling frameworks. This study aims to determine the role that these three factors play in the estimates of the evolution of cropland and pastureland in future SSPs under different climate scenarios from four main datasets largely used in the climate and land surface studies. The datasets largely agree with the representation of cropland at present-day conditions, but the identification of pastureland is ambiguous and shows large discrepancies due to the lack of a unique land-use category. Differences occur with future projections, even for the same SSP and climate target. Accounting for CO2 sequestration from revegetation of abandoned agricultural land and CO2 emissions from forest clearance due to agricultural expansion shows a net reduction in vegetation carbon stock for most SSPs considered, except SSP1. However, different datasets give differences in estimates, even when representative of the same scenario. With SSP1, the cumulative increase in carbon stock until 2050 is 3.3 GtC for one dataset, and more than double for another. Our study calls for a common classification system with improved detection of pastureland to harmonize projections and reduce variability of outcomes in environmental studies.

RWD92 Contemporary Trends in Treatment Intensification for Men With Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer (mHSPC) in 5 European Countries: Results From Patient Chart Reviews

RWD92 Contemporary Trends in Treatment Intensification for Men With Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer (mHSPC) in 5 European Countries: Results From Patient Chart Reviews

Increasing of efficiency of fermentation process of organic substrates for intensification of methanogeneration

The prospects of increasing the efficiency of fermentation process of organic substrates to ensure the maximum yield of biogas and increase the economic efficiency of processing of organic sewage sludge are considered. Biogas, as an analogue of natural gas, is used in production of thermal and electrical energy, as transport motor fuel, as a raw material for chemical industry.
 An analysis of trends in intensification of methane fermentation processes was carried out. A promising way to increase productivity of methane generation process during processing of organic matter is to increase the energy saturation of an organic substrate and its preliminary treatment. One of the approaches aimed at intensifying methane generation is use of organic waste as an auxiliary substrate for fermentation of sewage sludge – a process known as co-fermentation.
 The sediments of primary and secondary settling tanks of the biological wastewater treatment complex were studied. According to results of tests, it was noted that ratio of carbon and nitrogen in the studied excess activated sludge is 4–5, in the mixture of primary and secondary sediment – 5–6, in sediment from sludge sites – 6–10, which is significantly less than desired ratio of 20:1, which limits the negative impact of increased nitrogen content in the organic substrate for methane fermentation. According to obtained data, it can be predicted that nitrogen-containing compounds present in sewage sludge will contribute to a microbiological process of formation of nitrogen-containing reduced products, which reduce output of methane during methanogenesis.
 The expediency of enriching the inoculated biocenosis with hydrolytic enzyme preparations or microorganisms with high hydrolytic activity is shown, given the fact that activated sludge has a lower hydrolytic activity than enzyme preparations isolated from the same sludge, as well as than some bacteria, and even more so microscopic fungi. This was caused by presence of inert organic and inorganic mass, dead microorganisms and those with low hydrolytic activity in the sludge biomass. It is also possible to increase speed of the first phase of sediment fermentation due to alkaline pretreatment of the substrate mixture.

A potential explanation for the global increase in tropical cyclone rapid intensification

Tropical cyclone rapid intensification events often cause destructive hurricane landfalls because they are associated with the strongest storms and forecasts with the highest errors. Multi-decade observational datasets of tropical cyclone behavior have recently enabled documentation of upward trends in tropical cyclone rapid intensification in several basins. However, a robust anthropogenic signal in global intensification trends and the physical drivers of intensification trends have yet to be identified. To address these knowledge gaps, here we compare the observed trends in intensification and tropical cyclone environmental parameters to simulated natural variability in a high-resolution global climate model. In multiple basins and the global dataset, we detect a significant increase in intensification rates with a positive contribution from anthropogenic forcing. Furthermore, thermodynamic environments around tropical cyclones have become more favorable for intensification, and climate models show anthropogenic warming has significantly increased the probability of these changes.

Trends in Blood Pressure Treatment Intensification in Older Adults With Hypertension in the United States, 2008 to 2018.

Hypertension control has worsened nationally, and treatment intensification is important for control. National trends for appropriate blood pressure intensification for older adults are unknown. We determine the proportion of ambulatory visits where older adults with hypertension were appropriately intensified on antihypertensives from 2008 to 2018. Data from National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were used. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey is a nationally representative sample of ambulatory visits. Adults 60 years or older were included. Appropriate antihypertensive intensification was defined as addition of an antihypertensive for a blood pressure reading above target. We examined appropriate intensification by blood pressure targets set by the American College of Cardiology-American Heart Association, the European Society of Cardiology, and the American College of Physicians-American Academy of Family Physicians guidelines for older adults. Further, we defined an additional all-inclusive criterion meeting all 3 guidelines. From 2008 to 2018, appropriate intensification by American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association occurred at 11.1% (95% CI, 9.8%-12.5%) of visits, decreasing from 13.6% (95% CI, 15.6%-28.7%) of visits in 2008 to 2009 to 10.4% (95% CI, 10.9%-26.4%) in 2015 to 2018. Appropriate intensification by European Society of Cardiology occurred at 14.2% (12.1%-16.6%) of visits over 2008 to 2018, decreasing from 16.9% (95% CI, 13.5%-21.0%) in 2008 to 2009 to 12.5% (95% CI, 7.4%-20.3%) from 2015 to 2018. Appropriate intensification by American Academy of Family Physicians/American College of Physicians occurred at 18.9% (16.2%-22.0%) of visits over 2008 to 2018, decreasing from 24.7% (95% CI, 20.2%-29.0%) in 2008 to 2009 to 14.9% (95% CI, 9.0%-23.7%) from 2015 to 2018. By all-inclusive criteria, intensification trended toward worsening with time: odds ratio: 0.93 ([95% CI, 0.87-1.00]; P=0.07). Appropriate treatment intensification for older adults with hypertension in the United States was suboptimal over the past decade.

Temporal trends in intensification of glucose-lowering therapy for type 2 diabetes in Italy: Data from the AMD Annals initiative and their impact on clinical inertia

AimsClinical inertia negatively affects type 2 diabetes (T2DM) management. We evaluated changes in prescription patterns of hypoglycemic drugs during a 15 year-observation period in a large population of T2DM outpatients and their effect on metabolic control. MethodsData on all T2DM patients attending 258 Italian diabetes clinics between 2005 and 2019 were collected and analyzed for three 5-years periods. The addition of a second drug to metformin and the addition of a third agent to dual therapy were evaluated. ResultsDuring the observation period, 437.179 patients added a second drug to metformin. The intensification occurred earlier over time: patients had a shorter duration of disease and a better cardiovascular risk profile in the last five years, compared to previous periods. During the same period, 208.767 patients added a third agent to dual therapy. Duration of diabetes at the time of intensification decreased, and cardiovascular risk profile improved over time. Also HbA1c levels at the time of intensification decreased over time. Conclusionsin this large cohort of T2MD subjects during a long observation period an earlier treatment intensification and a better metabolic control were observed, suggesting an improved approach to clinical inertia.

Analyzing the oil and gas industry development in the Russian Federation

Subject. The article considers development trends in the oil and gas market of the Russian Federation. Objectives. The purpose is to assess current trends and behavior of the Russian oil and gas market. Methods. The study employs methods of analysis and synthesis of statistical data that describe development trends in the oil and gas industry in Russia and in other countries of the world, its importance and role in the economic system of Russia, its market structure and the level of innovative development. Results. We offer a scheme, illustrating the position of the oil and gas industry in the structure of the fuel and energy complex of Russia, consider the analytical reports of leading organizations in the industry. The latter enable to conclude on changes in the structure of fuel and energy consumption. We also identify development trends in the global fuel and energy complex and analyze the behavior of the share of oil and gas revenues in the formation of the tax burden, for the period, starting from 2012. Conclusions. Most technological innovations are carried out by organizations, producing electrical, electronic and optical equipment. The least innovative activity is observed in the field of mining. We substantiate the need to introduce and develop innovations in the fuel and energy complex, in connection with trends in intensification of various changes, occurring in the external environment (technologies, markets, society, regulatory policy of the State), increased competition in established markets, complexity of technological processes.

Fiscal policy as a component of economic development

Relevance of the research topic. In modern conditions, fiscal policy is an important tool for regulating economic processes, stimulating economic growth. Important factors influencing the vectors of fiscal policy are financial and economic endogenous and exogenous risks due to trends in national economic development and the intensification of globalization. Accordingly, the assessment of economic processes, financial and economic risks is an important condition for the formation and implementation of effective fiscal policy. Formulation of the problem. In the context of deteriorating trends in national economic development and intensification of globalization processes, important tasks are: substantiation of priority areas of fiscal policy, in particular on the formation of budget revenues and expenditures, ensuring economically justified level of raising social standards and public capital investment. At the same time, the basis of the quality level of fiscal policy implementation is its coherence with the strategic priorities of the country's socio-economic development. Analysis of recent research and publications. The issue of formation and implementation of fiscal policy is quite common in research. These are the works of famous domestic and foreign scientists: J. Keynes, P. Samuelson, J. Stiglitz, V. Tanzi, S. Kucherenko, L. Lysyak, L. Levaeva, I. Lukyanenko, M. Pasichny, I. Chugunov and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The above issues are relevant in connection with the deteriorating trend of economic development, the violation of fiscal stability and balance, which requires a number of specific tasks related to the formation and implementation of effective fiscal policy. Problem statement, research goals. The objectives of the study are: to reveal the role of fiscal policy in regulating socio-economic processes; substantiate the peculiarities of the formation and implementation of fiscal policy in modern conditions; to analyze and evaluate the main tax revenues of the consolidated budget of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to reveal the directions of fiscal policy as a component of economic development. Method or methodology of the study. The article uses a set of research methods: a systematic approach, statistical analysis, structuring, synthesis, etc. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The role of fiscal policy in the regulation of socio-economic processes is revealed. The peculiarities of the formation and implementation of fiscal policy in modern conditions are substantiated. The analysis and estimation of the basic tax receipts of the consolidated budget of Ukraine is carried out. The directions of fiscal policy as a component of economic development are determined. Field of application of results. The results of the study can be used in the formation and implementation of fiscal policy. Conclusions in accordance with the article. The validity of the implementation of fiscal policy is an important condition for achieving national socio-economic interests. In order to increase the effectiveness of fiscal policy as a component of economic development, at this stage, it is advisable to: ensure financial stability and implement measures to reduce the risk of imbalances, including modernization of infrastructure and basic sectors of the economy, effective protection of the domestic market and export support; stimulating investment processes in the economy.

Membrane Separation Process Design and Intensification

Membrane separation has gained significant interest from the chemical industry due to their compactness, energy efficiency, and modularity. Recent trends in process intensification also emphasizes the importance of a more widespread adoption of membrane-based processes for significant cost savings and sustainable operation. We present a prototype software framework for the automated design, optimization, intensification, benchmarking, and technoeconomic analysis of various types of membrane systems, including gas separation, pervaporation, and vapor permeation, while covering wide ranges of their operations. The framework is based on a generic building block-based representation (Demirel, Li, and Hasan, Comput. Chem. Eng. 2017, 150, 2–38) that can be used for the automated process synthesis and screening of numerous designs for selecting optimal membrane modules, processes, and network configurations. We can also generate rank-ordered lists of optimal process flowsheets based on different objectives. We present several case studies to demonstrate the utility of the proposed approach and report substantially better solutions compared to the designs reported in the literature.

Patterns and trends in insulin initiation and intensification among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Middle East and North Africa region

AimCurrent and future estimates of the burden of diabetes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are among the highest in the world. VISION, an 18-month observational study, explored patterns of insulin initiation and intensification in T2DM patients in the MENA region. Methods1192 patients aged ≥18 years were enrolled from Algeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Treating physicians recorded participants’ data. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were assessed using questionnaires completed by participants. Results67.6% patients had HbA1c ≥9% at insulin initiation, with a mean HbA1c of 9.9%, despite 68.3% patients being on ≥2 oral anti-diabetics, indicating a significant delay in insulin initiation. Basal insulin was initiated in 50.6% and premixed insulin in 46.3% patients. After 18 months, changes in insulin therapy were observed in 33.7% patients, while 39.6% patients achieved HbA1c levels of <7.5%. The proportion of patients completely satisfied with their insulin treatment, and the QoL increased over the study course. ConclusionResults support that timely initiation and early intensification of insulin therapy are necessary in the region to achieve adequate and timely glycemic control and to prevent diabetic complications.

Big earth observation time series analysis for monitoring Brazilian agriculture

This paper presents innovative methods for using satellite image time series to produce land use and land cover classification over large areas in Brazil from 2001 to 2016. We used Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) time series data to classify natural and human-transformed land areas in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil’s agricultural frontier. Our hypothesis is that building high-dimensional spaces using all values of the time series, coupled with advanced statistical learning methods, is a robust and efficient approach for land cover classification of large data sets. We used the full depth of satellite image time series to create large dimensional spaces for statistical classification. The data consist of MODIS MOD13Q1 time series with 23 samples per year per pixel, and 4 bands (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), near-infrared (nir) and mid-infrared (mir)). By taking a series of labelled time series, we fed a 92-dimensional attribute space into a support vector machine model. Using a 5-fold cross validation, we obtained an overall accuracy of 94% for discriminating among nine land cover classes: forest, cerrado, pasture, soybean-fallow, fallow-cotton, soybean-cotton, soybean-corn, soybean-millet, and soybean-sunflower. Producer and user accuracies for all classes were close to or better than 90%. The results highlight important trends in agricultural intensification in Mato Grosso. Double crop systems are now the most common production system in the state, sparing land from agricultural production. Pasture expansion and intensification has been less studied than crop expansion, although it has a stronger impact on deforestation and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Our results point to a significant increase in the stocking rate in Mato Grosso and to the possible abandonment of pasture areas opened in the state’s frontier. The detailed land cover maps contribute to an assessment of the interplay between production and protection in the Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado biomes.

Patterns and trends in insulin initiation and intensification among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Western Pacific region

Objective: Current and future estimates of the burden of diabetes for the Western Pacific (WP) region are among the highest in the world. Verifying Insulin Strategy and Initial Health Outcome Analysis (VISION) was an 18 month observational study that explored treatment approaches in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) initiating insulin in the WP region.Methods: A total of 1065 patients aged ≥18 years with T2DM initiating insulin therapy in normal clinical course were enrolled from Hong Kong, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand. Participants’ data was recorded by the treating physicians. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were assessed using questionnaires completed by participants.Results: The mean age of patients was 57.2 years with mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of 10.0%. About 66% of patients had an HbA1c ≥9.0% at insulin initiation despite 74% of them being on two or more oral antidiabetic agents at the time of insulin initiation. Basal insulin was initiated in 72% and premixed insulin in 27% of patients. Changes in insulin therapy was observed in 63% of patients and, by the end of study, 28% achieved HbA1c levels of <7.5%. The proportion of patients completely satisfied with their insulin treatment increased over the study course and the quality of life (QoL) score increased from baseline to the study end.Conclusion: As high HbA1C levels indicate a delayed start of insulin therapy, timely initiation and early intensification of insulin therapy is necessary in the region to achieve adequate glycemic control in time and prevent diabetes complications. Data from PROs suggests that the insulin treatment improves QoL in most patients.

Main trends in intensification of rotor-screw processing of parts

The ways of productivity increase in details finishing-strengthening processing executed in rotor-screw technological systems are presented. It is shown that the use of rotor-screw machines makes it possible to combine the parts machining using a vibrating field with a large amplitude of oscillations and their transportation in a streamlined form of production organization. Two main directions of rotor-helical processing stimulation are identified: on the basis of structural changes in the screw rotor, as the main working element of the rotor-screw machine and by equipping the screw rotor with activation elements of the process. The classification of screw rotors is presented, which allows purposeful search for the most effective designs of screw rotors and the mechanism is revealed of their influence on the process of parts finishing-hardening processing. Dependence is established for determining the longitudinal movement speed of the parts being processed in the screw rotor. The constructive-technological scheme of the rotor-screw machine is proposed, which allows increase of the productivity of the process and simplification of the design of machines for their implementation, by dismembering the complex screw propulsion of the load mass, which takes place in the screw rotors, into relatively simple in kinematic sense motions. The technological possibilities of rotor-screw processing application for finishing-strengthening operations are presented.

THE PLEISTOCENE PEOPLING OF THE NORTH: PALEOLITHIC MILESTONES AND THRESHOLDS HORIZONS IN NORTHERN EURASIA: PART II: THE MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC HUMAN BIOGEOGRAPHIC REALM

The Middle Paleolithic record for the “peopling of the North” is presented with tables, a distribution map, chronology, bioclimatic circumstances, and toolmaking repertoires. Salient aspects identify time-series, patterns of adaptive strategies, dispersal “frontlines”, and strategies for procurement of food-animals. They support empirically a model of the human biogeographic “cold space” realm; its bearing on the adaptive horizons of the historical zonation of the Paleolithic culture; debates about the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in Eurasia; and antecedents for trends in intensifi cation of Holocene culture in circumpolar habitats, with reference to the Canadian Arctic.

Cooling of US Midwest summer temperature extremes from cropland intensification

High temperature extremes during the growing season can reduce agricultural production. At the same time, agricultural practices can modify temperatures by altering the surface energy budget. Here we identify centennial trends towards more favourable growing conditions in the US Midwest, including cooler summer temperature extremes and increased precipitation, and investigate the origins of these shifts. Statistically significant correspondence is found between the cooling pattern and trends in cropland intensification, as well as with trends towards greater irrigated land over a small subset of the domain. Land conversion to cropland, often considered an important influence on historical temperatures, is not significantly associated with cooling. We suggest that agricultural intensification increases the potential for evapotranspiration, leading to cooler temperatures and contributing to increased precipitation. The tendency for greater evapotranspiration on hotter days is consistent with our finding that cooling trends are greatest for the highest temperature percentiles. Temperatures over rainfed croplands show no cooling trend during drought conditions, consistent with evapotranspiration requiring adequate soil moisture, and implying that modern drought events feature greater warming as baseline cooler temperatures revert to historically high extremes.

Patterns and trends in insulin intensification among patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) diagnoses are skyrocketing, making treatment of this disease an increasing focus of primary care visits. Guidelines recommend insulin intensification over time to achieve HbA1c targets. We conducted a systematic review regarding patterns and trends of insulin intensification and barriers to intensification. Providers across primary and specialty care settings often did not intensify insulin regimens despite patients’ clinical status. Even among progressed patients, HbA1c values remained high. The paucity of available studies prevented a comprehensive understanding of patterns and trends in insulin intensification. Such information is needed to assess the quality of pharmacologic care for patients with T2DM.

Blowing in the wind? Nutrient enrichment of remnant woodlands in an agricultural landscape

Increasing fertiliser use in agricultural landscapes is likely to threaten the viability of remnant native vegetation in many parts of the world. Australia’s prime grain production landscapes have nutrient poor soils, which formerly supported semi-arid woodland. The ecological function and capacity for regeneration of these remnants may be particularly susceptible to nutrient enrichment. The key sources of nutrients are wind and water deposition from crop fertilisation, and manure and feed from sheep. We hypothesised that these sources would result in unequal deposition of nutrients within and among remnant vegetation patches. We surveyed soil nutrients (Total N, Available P and K, C:N ratio, and soil pH) in the edges and interiors of 60 remnant woodland patches of various sizes, and in adjacent cultivated paddocks. Nutrient load was negatively correlated with remnant size and patterns were particularly strong for available P. Small remnant patches (<3 ha) were accumulation zones for nutrients, with levels comparable or higher than within crop lands. The patterns are consistent with the hypothesis that small remnants are strongly enriched as a result of being used for livestock shelter. In larger remnants, the primary cause of enrichment is consistent with edge accumulation of nutrients due to wind and water movement. In large patches, remnant edges, particularly the windward edge, were elevated compared to interiors of large patches. In these semi-arid crop lands, current trends in intensification of cropping and a shift away from livestock may reduce the input of nutrients to small patches but increase the nutrient threat to larger remnants.

INNOVATIVE MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PHOSPHORUS TO PROTECT SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES

Agriculture, particularly livestock agriculture, is receiving increasing public scrutiny due to non-point source phosphorus (P) pollution and eutrophication. Much of today's situation may be attributed to system level trends in specialization and intensification that result in excess P entering livestock farms. Balancing P at the farm gate represents a necessary step for long-term soil and water quality protection. Remedial P management combines source and transport control that confront critical areas of P export in surface and subsurface runoff from agricultural landscapes. Source management seeks to immobilize P in the environment through such strategies as reducing soluble P in manure, targeting P application to soils with high retention capacities, and managing soil P. Transport controls employ an understanding of loss or transfer mechanisms to avoid P application on areas with a high transport potential. Also, the potential for P transport can be reduced by implementation of conservation practices such as reduced tillage, terracing, and stream buffers. However, implementation of agricultural management strategies that minimize P export must consider the cost effectiveness of alternative measures, as low practice adoption may limit or impede water quality benefits.