Gender Trends Research Articles

Changes in peak oxygen consumption on excercise and cardiomyopathy disease stage in Fabry disease

Abstract Background Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder manifesting as deficiency in the enzyme α-Galactosidase A (1) resulting in multi-organ accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) (2) This causes predominantly cardiac, renal and cerebrovascular manifestations. Shortness of breath and exercise intolerance are common and can be related to multiple underlying mechanisms. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPEX) quantifies aerobic fitness, functional capacity, chronotropic and haemodynamic response to exercise, and attributes effort intolerance to different aetiologies, including impaired cardiac and respiratory function. Purpose We hypothesise that there is progressive effort intolerance that reflects continual cardiac Gb3 accumulation, becoming common during myocardial hypertrophy and disabling in the fibrosis and inflammation stage. The aims of this study were to ascertain frequency and severity of exercise intolerance in FD by investigating the relationship between peak maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and cardiac disease stage, quantified based on a four-point scale, as proposed in published literature (3). Methods This was a retrospective review of adults with FD and exercise intolerance attending a specialist clinic who had undergone either CPEX or six-minute walk testing (6MWT) in those less mobile. Biochemical, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging and transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) data were also collected. Results N=54 patients underwent CPEX and N=35 patient underwent 6MWT. Estimated peak VO2 max was calculated using 6MWD in those undergoing 6MWT. Median age was 54 (IQR 40-62) years and 53% were male. Patients were equally distributed across disease stage (1-4). There were significant trends in age (increasing) and gender (male predominance) from stage 1-4. Age/sex-normalised peak VO2 max values were calculated as per published literature due to the confounding effect of age and male gender. Mean normalised VO2 max was 35.5ml/kg/min for the cohort, an underperformance of 12.3 ± 8.0 ml/kg/min. The magnitude of underperformance began from stage 1 (no cardiomyopathy) and increased with each stage (Figure 1). Impairments in renal (creatinine and albumin: creatinine ratio) and cardiac biomarkers (troponin and N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide) was associated with reduced VO2 max (Table 1). Increased indexed left ventricular mass on CMR and impairments in atrial volume and function on TTE were also associated with a reduction in VO2 max (Table 1). Conclusion This study is the first of its kind to demonstrate impairments in peak aerobic capacity in adults with FD and no cardiomyopathy (stage 1) which impairs further with cardiac disease stage. Future work should focus on how disease-modifying therapy can target this using VO2 as an endpoint and marker of response.Normalised peak VO2 max + disease stageVO2 max and blood / imaging parameters

Academic Neurosurgery Gender and Authorship Trends in the United States.

Women represent ∼20% of the national neurosurgical resident cohort but only ∼10% of academic neurosurgeons in the United States. Recognizing that the publication of scientific literature contributes to academic advancement, we measured authorship trends of academic neurosurgeons to query publication differences as an explanation for the discrepancy of female representation in academic positions. Physician data were obtained from program and individual physician webpages. Annual total, first author, and senior author publications were recorded for each neurosurgeon from 1980 to 2020. Mean publication number as a function of the year relative to residency graduation was calculated for all, first author, and senior author publications for all timepoints with >50 individuals. The mean first years of publication were compared using unpaired 2-tailed t-tests. The slope of publication for the senior author and all publications was calculated using individual best-fit lines from years 0 to 10 relative to residency graduation. Overall, 1601 faculty members were evaluated (female = 167 [10.4%], male = 1434 [89.6%]). First-author publication for female members peaked at 0.60 publications/year, and for male members at 0.80 publications/year, both at -1 year from graduation (P = .038). Female first publication occurred earlier (-2.4 vs 1.45 years; P < .00001). The mean increase in all publications/year from years 0 to 10 was 0.25 for women and 0.28 for men (P = .68). The increase in senior publications/year was 0.11 for women and 0.13 for men (P = .39). The ratio of total publications to the Scopus h-index was 3.08 for women and 3.62 for men (P = .07). These data suggest that women publish earlier but have fewer first-author publications at -1 year, the timepoint of peak publication for both genders. There was no significant gender difference in rates of the first author and all publications over the years 0 to 10. The ratio of publications to the h-index did not differ significantly but showed a trend suggesting that women produce higher-impact articles and may need fewer publications to achieve the same change in the h-index.

Trends in gender and ethnic diversity among US psychiatry residents: A 5-year analysis.

This study aims to analyze trends in gender and ethnic diversity among incoming US psychiatry residents over the past 5 years. Physician diversity improves patient care as minority physicians often serve underserved communities and address health disparities. Increasing the representation of women and underrepresented minorities in medicine is essential for preparing a physician workforce that can effectively care for an increasingly diverse population. This study highlights the importance of efforts to enhance diversity within the field of psychiatry.

Data Set on Forecasting Gender Trends for Primary School Teachers in Somalia from Academic Years 2015/2016 - 2025/2026

This analysis examines forecasting gender trends for primary school teachers in Somalia from the academic years 2015/2016 to 2025/2026. For male teachers, the data reveals an increase from 5,587 in 2015/2016 to 10,812 in 2021/2022, with predictions suggesting further growth to approximately 14,673 by 2025/2026, despite some short-term fluctuations. In contrast, female teachers rose from 498 to 1,838 during the same period, followed by a slight decline to 1,774 in 2022/2023. Forecasts indicate a temporary decrease to about 1,567 in 2023/2024 but anticipate a significant rebound to nearly 2,924 by 2025/2026. The findings highlight a trend of increasing male representation and fluctuating female participation among primary school teachers in Somalia, underscoring the need for targeted policies to address these gender dynamics.

Relationships between women in leadership at predoctoral and senior administration levels in United States dental schools.

To determine the relationship between woman leadership at senior administrative and predoctoral levels in United States (US) dental schools and assess if this relationship is affected by school characteristics. A 23-question survey was created and distributed to each US accredited dental school (2023). Data regarding the gender of the school's dean, senior administrators, and student leaders, as well as school characteristics were gathered. Data were organized in Excel. Descriptive statistics were performed using mean and standard deviation for continuous measures and using count and percent for categorial measures. Statistical comparisons were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Fisher's Exact, or Chi-squared tests for comparison of proportions. 32 dental schools provided analyzable data for this project (44.4% response rate). The most common senior administrative position held by a woman was the dean of student affairs (71.9%). For every surveyed school with a woman dean (n=11, 34.4%), at least one other senior administrative position was held by a woman. There was no statistical significance between the year of school establishment, geographic region, gender of the dean, or prevalence of women administrators and students in leadership roles. The number of women students in leadership roles was close to the national enrollment trends for gender. Included US dental school data showed no relationship between women in leadership at the senior administrative and predoctoral levels. To keep leadership-minded students interested in dental academics throughout their careers, further studies are needed to identify the most important factors influencing careers in academic dentistry.

Trends of European School of Urology (ESU) training and resident education: an overview of 2 decades of EAU education programme.

Over the last 2 decades, various education and training programmes have been launched by the European School of Urology (ESU) on behalf of the European Association of Urology (EAU) Education Office. These include e-learning platforms, in-person meetings, courses, podcasts, webinars, sub-specialisation meetings and the European Urology Resident Education Programme (EUREP), all of which aim to achieve standardisation in urological education (SISE) and training at the highest level. Data from the last 2 decades of all ESU activities were collected by the EAU/ESU office and analyzed for attendance, geographical, gender and age trends. Demographic data on registrations and attendances at EUREP were also monitored and analysed. A descriptive analysis of participation and trends is provided. A total of 4750 participants have completed ESU courses (including guideline courses, specialization courses and webinar courses). Similarly, a total of 5958 trainees attended the EUREP from 2004 to 2022 of which the male: female ratio was 3.75:1. However, the proportion of females increased 3.5-fold from 10.7% in 2004 to 37.1% in 2022(p < 0.001). There is a growing interest in the meeting, with increasing registrations over this time (353 in 2004 to 599 in 2023, p < 0.001). The mean age of participants is constantly decreasing (32.6 years in 2004 to 31.54 in 2022), with a mean yearly decrease of -0.18% (p < 0.001). ESU courses have had increasing interest and participation from young urologists worldwide. During EUREP, while the trainee age has decreased, there has been a surge in the proportion of female trainees. ESU is providing all modes of education and training across the world with both virtual and in-person meetings and courses, which would help in the development and preparation of urologists of the future and provide the best patient care.

Gender dynamics in nursing profession: impact on professional practice and development in Tanzania

BackgroundGender disparity has long been noted in nursing, a predominantly female-dominated profession. However, recently the increase in the number of male nurses disproves the existing belief that nursing is exclusively a female profession. Even though the studies have reported changing gender trends in nursing, the information is not sufficient and the effects of the changing trend on professional practice and professional development have not been explored. Therefore this study aims to assess the influence of gender in nursing on professional practice and development in Tanzania.MethodsThis was an analytical Hospital-Based Cross-sectional Study Design, conducted at four hospitals in Dar es Salaam, with 580 nurses between 20th May and 20th June 2024. Proportionate sampling was used to determine the required number of participants from each of the four facilities. Moreover, systematic random sampling was used to recruit participants from each facility. The validated questionnaire was used to obtain data, which were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics.ResultsAmong seventy items that measured professional practices, sixty three items indicated good professional practices among female nurses compared with their male counterparts male. On the association of gender in nursing to professional practice and development, the findings revealed no significant association between gender in nursing and professional practice (χ2 = 1.384; P = 0.239). Moreover, the item analysis revealed that male nurses have professional development in three items similar to female nurse who had shown professional development on other three items. Through binary logistic regression, male nurses were 0.528 (OR) times less likely to have good professional development than their female counterpart (P < 0.001; 95% CI: 0.379, 0.737). Several social demographic factors were found to be associated with professional practice and development.ConclusionIt was found that professional practice does not depend on gender in nursing, because the practice was optimal across both genders. Nurse’s self-image of nursing, facility factors, and professional development influence their professional practice. Moreover, gender in nursing is associated with professional development, indicating the existence of gender stereotypes in the distribution of opportunities between male and female nurses. The study recommends extending this cross-sectional study to nonclinical settings such as training institutions.

S2153 Gender and Regional Trends in Authorship of Clinical Trials Published in Leading Gastroenterology and Hepatology Journals From 2009 to 2024

S2153 Gender and Regional Trends in Authorship of Clinical Trials Published in Leading Gastroenterology and Hepatology Journals From 2009 to 2024

S2209 Quantifying Gender Trends for First and Senior Authorship in Advanced Endoscopy Publications From 2016 to 2023 - A Pooled Cross-Sectional Analysis

S2209 Quantifying Gender Trends for First and Senior Authorship in Advanced Endoscopy Publications From 2016 to 2023 - A Pooled Cross-Sectional Analysis

50009 Gender and Location Trends in Non-melanoma Skin Cancer: Comparison of 9400 Cases

50009 Gender and Location Trends in Non-melanoma Skin Cancer: Comparison of 9400 Cases

52452 Examining gender trends of conference speakers at major dermatology conferences, 2018-2023

52452 Examining gender trends of conference speakers at major dermatology conferences, 2018-2023

Gender and Age Trends in HIV Incidence in Turkey between 1990 and 2021: Joinpoint and Age-Period-Cohort Analyses.

Background and Objectives: Despite a global decrease in HIV incidence, recent trends in Türkiye indicate a concerning rise, particularly among younger populations and women. This study investigates the local and regional dynamics influencing these trends using advanced epidemiological methodologies. Material and Methods: Utilizing Age-period-cohort analysis and joinpoint regression, we analysed HIV incidence and prevalence data from the Global Burden of Disease study for Türkiye. These methods allowed for a detailed examination of changes over time, identifying specific age groups and periods with significant shifts in incidence rates. Results: Key findings include a 13.03% increase in annual percentage change among males aged 15-19 and an 11.37% increase among females in the same age group. Additionally, the incidence rates among females have shown a significant rise after 2008. Conclusions: The rising HIV incidence in Türkiye reflects complex socio-economic, cultural, and biological factors, with significant increases among young people and women. Addressing these challenges requires targeted interventions, comprehensive educational programs, and inclusive healthcare services to align with global efforts and commitments. The study underscores the importance of incorporating young people in decision-making processes to effectively combat HIV in Türkiye.

Gender inequalities in oral medicine and pathology research: Temporal trends of two decades.

To analyze gender inequities and trends in the authorship of articles published in high-impact factor journals of the field of Oral Medicine and Pathology. The gender and country of first and last authors were retrieved from original articles published between 2000 and 2022. Poisson regression models and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis were performed. A total of 6595 studies were analyzed for first authorship, and 6627 for last authorship. Only 39.2% (CI 95% 38.0-40.3) of the first authors and 24.1% (CI 95% 23.1-25.1) of the last authors were females. Females consistently faced underrepresentation throughout the 23-year evaluation. The only region where female first authors are not a minority is Latin America. Having a female as the last author increased the prevalence of females in the first author position by 42% (PR = 1.42, CI 95% [1.30-1.54]). The most important discriminant variable by CART was the first author region. Although a slight decrease in underrepresentation was noted over the period, after 2020, the gender gap tended to widen for both first and last authors. It is crucial to implement measures aimed at attracting, retaining, and advancing women in the field of science, while also actively monitoring advancements toward achieving gender equity.

Trends in Women Adult Reconstruction Surgeons: Fellowship Applicants and American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Members

BackgroundMajor research and recruitment efforts have focused on diversifying the orthopaedic surgery workforce, with a focus on gender diversity. This study aimed to characterize gender trends in the adult reconstruction fellowship match and the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons (AAHKS) membership over the past decade. We hypothesized that there would be increases in the percentage of women adult reconstruction fellows and AAHKS members. MethodsFor this retrospective, descriptive study, the full names of matched adult reconstruction fellows from 2012 to 2022 were collected. For the fellowship match, genders were predicted by the Genderize algorithm. From the AAHKS database, full names, self-identified genders, and clinical statuses were extracted from January 2016 to May 2023. Descriptive statistics were analyzed. Gender trends were evaluated with logistic regression analyses. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. ResultsFrom 2012 to 2022, 1,762 residents were matched for adult reconstruction fellowships. Women represented between 2.5 and 9.0% of matched adult reconstruction fellows per year. The percentage of matched women applicants has remained stable (P = 0.4). From 2016 to 2023, the membership of AAHKS grew from 2,845 to 4,159 surgical members. The number of women adult reconstruction surgeons significantly increased from 2.5 to 3.8% (2016 to 2023, P < 0.001). At the resident level, women’s membership increased from 4.0% to 12.0% (2016 to 2023, P < 0.001). ConclusionsAlthough more women orthopaedic surgeons are matching in adult reconstruction, the percentage of women adult reconstruction fellows has remained stable, with the highest level being in 2021. However, the increase in women’s membership in AAHKS is encouraging, especially at the resident and international levels. More diverse work environments can enhance patient experiences and outcomes, in addition to provider well-being and productivity. Therefore, it is prudent and essential to continue building a more diverse adult reconstruction community.

Deciphering nasal septum deviation: Computed tomography insights into age and gender trends for optimized clinical care

Background: Deviation of the nasal septum (DNS) is defined as any deviation of the septum from the midline and is one of the most common variations of the sinonasal anatomy. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to observe the prevalence of DNS and its relation with age, gender, and sidedness. Materials and Methods: Sinonasal computed tomographic images of 100 subjects obtained from the Department of Radiodiagnosis, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, UP, in the period August 2013–July 2014 were analyzed to determine the prevalence of DNS and its relation with age, gender, and sidedness. Results: Of a total of 100 subjects, normal midline nasal septum was seen in 27 subjects whereas 73 subjects (73%) displayed a deviation in its position. The prevalence of nasal septal deviation (NSD) was significantly higher in females (84.21%) as compared to males (66.13%) (P=0.048). We also compared the prevalence of NSD in different age groups and found it to be higher in subjects aged &gt;46 years (83.33%) as compared to other age groups but this difference was not found to be statistically significant (P=0.619). Conclusion: Nasal septu the septum toward the right. No correlation between age intervals and prevalence of DNS was found.

First author gender equality trends in publication of mitochondrial neuro gastrointestinal encephalopathy-MNGIE disease

Mitochondrial neuro gastrointestinal encephalopathy (MNGIE) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic condition caused mainly by thymidine phosphorylates (TP) deficiency and TYMP mutations. Gender equality in scientific publishing is crucial for fostering inclusive practices and promoting diversity in research. This research article conducted a bibliometric analysis using PubMed as the primary data source. The analysis focused on studying the trends and patterns of first author gender equality in the publication of MNGIE disease. The methodology involved data collection, article screening, gender determination using the Namsor app, statistical analysis using R software, and visualization of findings through graphs created with DataWrapper. Our study utilized PubMed as the primary data source, covering the period from 1993 to 2022, and included 224 articles. The findings revealed that 57.6% of first authors were male, while 42.4% were female. Furthermore, the analysis of gender trends based on countries revealed that the Netherlands had the most favorable gender ratio. It revealed a significant association present between the first author’s gender and country. Additionally, selected journals exhibited a favorable gender ratio, with a 1:1 female-to-male ratio in nine out of ten journals examined. ARIMA model predicted that by 2027, approximately 160 publications would have male whereas around 120 publications would have female first authors. Our study highlights the gender discrepancies in first authorship within the context of MNGIE publications and provides insights into the representation of women in medical research. Efforts should be made to address these inequalities and promote gender equality in scientific publishing.

Philosophical research in Brazil: A structural topic modeling approach with a focus on temporal and gender trends

AbstractThis paper employs structural topic modeling (STM) to describe the academic philosophy landscape in Brazil. Based on a public national database, a corpus consisting of 12,515 abstracts of monographs defended in philosophy graduate programs between 1991 and 2021 was compiled. The final STM model identified 74 meaningful research topics, clustered into 7 thematic categories. This study discusses the prevalence of the most significant topics and categories, their trends across three decades, and their (positive or negative) association with the supervisor's gender. Results show the first empirical evidence that Brazilian philosophical research exhibits a greater focus on philosophers than on specific themes or problems. Moreover, by visualizing the variations in topic prevalence over time, it was possible to track the rise or decline of the major interest categories and topics. Finally, results also show which topics are more influenced or less influenced by gender.

Women speaker representation at SAGES annual meetings: a cross-sectional analysis

BackgroundGender representation trends at the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) Annual Meetings and the effect of the 2018 ‘We R SAGES’ initiatives are unknown. We assessed gender trends in oral presentations at the SAGES Annual Meeting between 2012 and 2022 with a focus on assessing the impact of the 2018 initiatives.Methodss selected for oral presentations from 2012 to 2022 were reviewed for presenter and first, second, and senior author gender. Gender was categorized as woman, man, or unknown using public professional profiles. Subsequent publications were identified using search engines. The primary outcome was the temporal trend of proportion of women in each role using interrupted time series analysis. Secondary outcomes included publication rates based on first and senior author genders in 2012–2018 versus 2019–2022.Results1605 abstracts were reviewed. The proportion of women increased linearly in all categories: presenter (2.4%/year, R2 = 0.91), first author (2.4%/year, R2 = 0.90), senior author (2%/year, R2 = 0.65), and overall (2.2%, R2 = 0.91), (p < 0.01 for all). Prior to 2018, the proportion of women increased annually for presenters (coefficient: 0.026, 95% CI [0.016, 0.037], p = 0.002) and first authors (coefficient: 0.026, 95% CI [0.016, 0.037], p = 0.002), but there was no significant increase after 2018 (p > 0.05). Female second author proportion increased annually prior to 2018 (coefficient: 0.012, 95% CI [0.003, 0.021], p = 0.042) and increased by 0.139 (95% CI [0.070, 0.208], p = 0.006) in 2018. Annual female senior author proportion did not significantly change after 2018 (p > 0.05). 1198 (75.2%) abstracts led to publications. Women were as likely as men to be first (79% vs 77%, p = 0.284) or senior author (79% vs 77%, p = 0.702) in abstracts culminating in publications. There was no difference in woman first author publication rate before and after 2018 (80% vs 79%, p = 1.000), but woman senior author publication rate increased after 2018 (71% vs 83%, p = 0.032).ConclusionThere was an upward trend in women surgeons’ presentations and associated publications in the SAGES Annual Meetings over the last decade.

Pediatric respiratory pathogen dynamics in Southern Sichuan, China: a retrospective analysis of gender, age, and seasonal trends.

To address the research gap in the epidemiology of pediatric respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in Luzhou, Southern Sichuan, China, by analyzing respiratory pathogens in a large pediatric cohort from 2018 to 2021, covering the pre- and during-COVID-19 periods. This study conducted a retrospective analysis of children with RTIs in Luzhou from July 2018 to January 2021. Strict exclusion criteria were applied to ensure an accurate representation of the pediatric population. Pathogen detection included viruses, bacteria, and atypical agents. Pathogens were identified in 52.8% of 12,546 cases. Viruses accounted for 32.2% of infections, bacteria for 29.8%, and atypical agents for 29.7%, with significant findings of Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Age-related analysis indicated a higher incidence of bacterial infections in infants and viral infections in preschool-aged children, with atypical pathogens being most prevalent in 3-5-year-olds. Gender-based analysis, adjusted for age, revealed similar overall pathogen presence; however, females were more susceptible to viral infections, while males were more prone to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Notably, there was an unusual increase in pathogen cases during spring, potentially influenced by behavioral changes and public health measures related to COVID-19. Co-infections were identified as a significant risk factor for the development of pneumonia. The study provides essential insights into the epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in pediatric populations, emphasizing the need for healthcare strategies tailored to age, gender, and seasonality. The findings highlight the impact of environmental and public health factors, including COVID-19 measures, on respiratory pathogen prevalence, underscoring the importance of targeted diagnostic and treatment protocols in pediatric respiratory infections.

Gender, Race, and Ethnicity of US Academic Ophthalmology Faculty and Department Chairs From 1966 to 2021

Workforce diversity is integral to optimal function within health care teams. To analyze gender, race, and ethnicity trends in rank and leadership among US full-time academic ophthalmology faculty and department chairs between 1966 and 2021. This cohort study included full-time US academic ophthalmology faculty and department chairs registered in the Association of American Medical Colleges. Study data were analyzed in September 2023. Identifying with an underrepresented in medicine (URiM) group. The main outcome measures were demographic (ie, gender, race, and ethnicity) changes among academic faculty and department chairs, assessed in 5-year intervals. The term minoritized race refers to any racial group other than White race. There were 221 academic physicians in 1966 (27 women [12.2%]; 38 minoritized race [17.2%]; 8 Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish [3.6%]) and 3158 academic faculty by 2021 (1320 women [41.8%]; 1298 minoritized race [41.1%]; 147 Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish ethnicity [4.7%]). The annual proportional change for women, minoritized race, and Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish ethnicity was +0.63% per year (95% CI, 0.53%-0.72%), +0.54% per year (95% CI, 0.72%-0.36%), and -0.01% (95% CI, -0.03% to 0%), respectively. Women were underrepresented across academic ranks and increasingly so at higher echelons, ranging from nonprofessor/instructor roles (period-averaged mean difference [PA-MD], 19.88%; 95% CI, 16.82%-22.94%) to professor (PA-MD, 81.33%; 95% CI, 78.80%-83.86%). The corpus of department chairs grew from 77 in 1977 (0 women; 7 minoritized race [9.09%]; 2 Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish ethnicity [2.60%]) to 104 by 2021 (17 women [16.35%]; 22 minoritized race [21.15%]; 4 Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish ethnicity [3.85%]). For department chairs, the annual rate of change in the proportion of women, minoritized race, and Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish ethnicity was +0.32% per year (95% CI, 0.20%-0.44%), +0.34% per year (95% CI, 0.19%-0.49%), and +0.05% per year (95% CI, 0.02%-0.08%), respectively. In both faculty and department chairs, the proportion of URiM groups (American Indian or Alaska Native, Black or African American, Hispanic, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander) grew the least. Intersectionality analysis suggested that men and non-URiM status were associated with greater representation across ophthalmology faculty and department chairs. However, among ophthalmology faculty, URiM women and men did not significantly differ across strata of academic ranks, whereas for department chairs, no difference was observed in representation between URiM men and non-URiM women. Results of this cohort study revealed that since 1966, workforce diversity progressed slowly and was limited to lower academic ranks and leadership positions. Intersectionality of URiM status and gender persisted in representation trends. These findings suggest further advocacy and intervention are needed to increase workforce diversity.