Trends In Cigarette Smoking Research Articles

Socioeconomic Inequality and Its Trends in Cigarette Smoking in South Korea, 1998～2005

Socioeconomic Inequality and Its Trends in Cigarette Smoking in South Korea, 1998～2005

Effect of American acculturation on cigarette smoking behavior among six major Asian American subpopulations in California

To investigate the moderating effect of acculturation and other individual characteristics on smoking behavior and examine the gender-specific prevalence of cigarette smoking among six major Asian American subpopulations in California. Using data from the 2001 California Health Interview Survey, we examined smoking prevalence among 5,265 Asian American adults, age 18 to 85 years, who reported being from 1 of the 6 major Asian American subpopulations in the California region. Level of U.S. acculturation was measured by five index variables: country of birth, parents' country of birth, languages spoken at home, years lived in the U.S., and frequency of eating tomatoes prepared in a quintessential American fashion. Multinomial logistic regression methods were used to estimate gender-specific rates of current and past cigarette smoking and its determinants. After adjusting for possible confounding due to age, education level, marital status, alcohol consumption, health care access, and health insurance status, we found that American acculturation level was negatively correlated with men's current smoking rates but positively correlated with women's current smoking rates. Overall, highly acculturated men and least acculturated women had the lowest current smoking rates. Current cigarette smoking prevalence rates were higher among men of Korean, Vietnamese, and Filipino background as compared to California men in general. Rates for men of Japanese, Chinese, and South Asian background were, in contrast, lower. As expected, smoking rates for women in all six subpopulations were lower than that seen among men. Tobacco use among Asian Americans is not uniformly low. Some subpopulations have relatively higher rates of use. Most troubling, the process of acculturation to living in the U.S. appears to disadvantage Asian American women. Comprehensive, community-based, culturally-tailored, and language-specific smoking control programs are urgently needed to reduce the high prevalence of cigarette smoking among some subpopulations of Asian American men and reverse the increasing trend of cigarette smoking among Asian American women.

Cigarette smoking as an alternative to screened drugs: Why juvenile probationers smoke more

While at-risk adolescents smoke at higher rates than other adolescents, nicotine is often omitted from inquiry in studies involving delinquent youth. To address this limitation, the current study used a qualitative approach to investigate the beliefs associated with cigarette smoking trends among 37 adolescent smokers enrolled in an alternative high school, who were ever or currently on probation. More than 80% of males and females believed that juvenile probation led to an increase in cigarette smoking. Most adolescents believed the reason for this increase was that nicotine is not subject to urinalysis detection by the Department of Juvenile Probation. Most adolescents in the study stated that nicotine was used as a vehicle for “self-medication/coping.” In addition, most adolescents were heavy smokers prior to probation and increased their cigarette smoking twofold while on probation. These findings are important in determining the extent to which probation may be associated with excessive cigarette use among alternative-school probationers.

Trends in cigarette smoking among US adults with diabetes: findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

Background. Smoking substantially increases morbidity and mortality rates in people with diabetes. Previous studies have shown that the prevalence of smoking among people with diabetes is similar to that among people without diabetes. We sought to examine temporal trends in the prevalence of smoking among people with diabetes since 1990. Methods. We analyzed data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System for 1990–2001. Results. The age-adjusted prevalence of smoking among adults with diabetes was 23.6% (men, 25.4%; women, 22.2%) in 1990 and 23.2% (men, 24.8%; women, 21.9%) in 2001. In comparison, the prevalence among participants without diabetes was 24.2% (men, 25.7%; women, 22.8%) in 1990 and 23.2% (men, 24.8%; women, 21.5%) in 2001. Thus, the prevalence of cigarette smoking was similar and remained stable from 1990 through 2001. Among participants with diabetes, significant decreases in the prevalence of smoking occurred among African Americans and those aged ≥65 years. Conclusions. New efforts and commitments to promote smoking cessation among people with diabetes are needed.

Stat bite: Trends in cigarette smoking among adults, 1965-2001.

Stat bite: Trends in cigarette smoking among adults, 1965-2001.

Time trends in cigarette smoking in two German cohorts--results from EPIC Germany.

Smoking prevention is less advanced in Germany compared with other European and North American countries, and fewer data exist, especially on the consumption habits at the individual level over time. EPIC Germany, which is part of a European multicentre study on diet and cancer, collected data on individual smoking behaviour and allows for consideration of the changing consumption pattern for both centres and different age groups. Within EPIC 25 546 and 27 548 participants, respectively, were recruited in Heidelberg and Potsdam. Data on smoking habits were collected by means of a computer-guided interview during the baseline examination between 1994 and 1998. For each birth cohort smoking prevalence and mean number of cigarettes smoked per day at different ages were calculated. Additionally, the prevalence of non-filter cigarette smoking was computed. Smoking prevalence in the 1990s was still higher among men (Heidelberg 16.3-32.3%; Potsdam 18.2-29.3%) than among women (Heidelberg 12.8-32.0%; Potsdam 10.4-27.8%). However, the percentage of women smokers was still increasing. Filter cigarettes comprised a growing percentage of the cigarettes smoked, but especially among men differences between both German cohorts can still be seen: depending on age, 10.0-12.7% of men in the Heidelberg cohort smoked non-filter cigarettes, but only 1.1-2.3% in the Potsdam cohort. The quantity smoked was higher in the Heidelberg than in the Potsdam cohort with respect to the mean number of cigarettes smoked per day as well as the pack-years of smoking. In conclusion, smoking habits in the Potsdam and the Heidelberg cohorts did not strongly differ by smoking prevalence. However, they did differ according to the quantity and quality of smoking. These differences, as well as the changes over the last 40 years may contribute to a changing pattern of diseases in different groups of the German population.

Trends in cigarette smoking in the German centers of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): the influence of the educational level

Background Several studies in Germany and other European countries have already shown smoking prevalence to be related to education. This study was aimed to investigate time trends in smoking habits in the German cohorts Heidelberg and Potsdam of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) according to sex, birth cohort, and level of education. Methods Within EPIC, 25,546 and 27,548 participants were recruited in Heidelberg and Potsdam, respectively. Data on smoking were collected by means of a computer-guided interview during the baseline examination between 1994 and 1998. For each birth cohort smoking prevalence and mean number of cigarettes smoked per day at different ages were calculated. Odds ratios and 95% confidence interval for associations between smoking prevalence and educational level were computed by using logistic regression. Results Smoking prevalence was higher among men than among women, with a smaller difference in younger birth cohorts. Between 1950 and 1960, smoking prevalence among women in the Heidelberg cohort rose sharply (from 12.8% to 51.8% in the least educated group). This strong increase was delayed by 10 years in the Potsdam cohort. Men and women in Heidelberg smoked more cigarettes per day than their counterparts in Potsdam, but in both study centers less educated subjects smoked more than subjects with a higher education. Conclusions Smoking patterns in the Potsdam and Heidelberg cohorts are quite similar with respect to prevalence and years of lifetime smoking. Since an increasing difference between smoking prevalence of less and high educated individuals is observable, programs on smoking cessation should especially concentrate on persons of lower educational level.

Trends in cigarette smoking among high school students--United States, 1991-2001.

Journal of School HealthVolume 72, Issue 6 p. 226-228 Trends in Cigarette Smoking Among High School Students —United States, 1991–2001: Office on Smoking and Health, Division of Adolescent and School Health National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention First published: 09 October 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2002.tb07334.xCitations: 3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume72, Issue6August 2002Pages 226-228 RelatedInformation

Trends in Cigarette Smoking Among High School Students—United States, 1991-2001

Cigarette smoking among adolescents is one of the 10 Leading Health Indicators that reflect the major health concerns in the United States. To examine changes in cigarette smoking among U.S. high school students during 1991-2001, CDC analyzed data from the national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). This report summarizes the results of the analysis, which found that although cigarette smoking rates increased during most of the 1990s, they have declined significantly since 1997. If this pattern continues, the United States could achieve the national health objective for 2010 of reducing current smoking rates among high school students to < or = 16% (objective no. 27-2b).

Trends in cigarette smoking among refinery and petrochemical plant employees with a discussion of the potential impact on lung cancer.

To examine trends in cigarette smoking prevalence and intensity among petroleum industry employees over a 22-year period, from 1976 to 1997, and to evaluate the hypothesis that the (about 20%) lower lung cancer mortality, when compared with the general population, among these workers is due to lower average cigarette consumption. Self-reported smoking prevalence and intensity (number of cigarettes smoked per day) data were available from the Shell Health Surveillance System for approximately 5,400 employees in the 1970s, 11,000 in the 1980s, and 8,300 in the 1990s. Data were analyzed by gender, time period, and work status (production vs. staff). During the 22-year study period, smoking prevalence dropped significantly in this working population. When compared with the general US population, smoking prevalence trends were very similar. For the entire employee population, smoking prevalence was highest for women working in production (hourly) jobs. While smoking prevalence was higher among production employees than among staff employees, daily cigarette consumption was slightly lower. Cigarette consumption among Shell employees was similar to that in the US in the 1970s, but lower in the 1980s and 1990s. By applying smoking consumption data from the 1970s, the ratio of weighted lung cancer relative risks for Shell employees and the US general population was 0.98. In other words, the lung cancer mortality rate of refinery and petrochemical employees would be adjusted upward by 2% if one were to remove the influence of smoking consumption by Shell employees. Based on our data, it is unlikely that differences in smoking prevalence and intensity between refinery/petrochemical workers and the general population could account for the lower risk of lung cancer mortality reported in the literature.

Trends in Cigarette Smoking in Spain by Social Class

Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate smoking trends among Spanish men and women by social class between 1987 and 1997.Methods. We used secondary analysis of the National Health Interview Surveys of 1987, 1993, 1995, and 1997. The main outcome measures were prevalence of smoking, smoking cessation activity (quit ratio), and smoking initiation in the manual and nonmanual social class in each year and smoking prevalence ratio, smoking cessation ratio, and smoking initiation ratio in 1997 versus 1987 in each social class.Results. Among men ages 25 years and older the prevalence of smoking in both the manual and the nonmanual social class decreased between 1987 and 1997 in all age groups, and the relative magnitude of the decrease was always greater in the nonmanual social class. In contrast, among women the prevalence of smoking increased in both social classes: in the 25- to 44-year age group the smoking prevalence ratios in 1997 versus 1987 were 1.20 in the nonmanual social class and 1.61 in the manual social class, while in the 45- to 64-year age group the prevalence ratios were 2.52 and 2.15, respectively. The quit rate among men increased in both social classes in all age groups between 1987 and 1997; in contrast, among women the quit rate increased only among those ages 25 to 44 years in the nonmanual social class. Smoking prevalence for people ages 16 to 24 years—smoking initiation—decreased among men and women between 1987 and 1997 in both social classes.Conclusions. Smoking trends in Spain by social class have differed among men and women. The findings are considered in the context of policies and programs aimed at reducing smoking.

Trends in Cigarette Smoking Among High School Students

Trends in Cigarette Smoking Among High School Students

Trends in cigarette smoking in 36 populations from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s: findings from the WHO MONICA Project.

This report analyzes cigarette smoking over 10 years in populations in the World Health Organization (WHO) MONICA Project (to monitor trends and determinants of cardiovascular disease). Over 300,000 randomly selected subjects aged 25 to 64 years participated in surveys conducted in geographically defined populations. For men, smoking prevalence decreased by more than 5% in 16 of the 36 study populations, remained static in most others, but increased in Beijing. Where prevalence decreased, this was largely due to higher proportions of never smokers in the younger age groups rather than to smokers quitting. Among women, smoking prevalence increased by more than 5% in 6 populations and decreased by more than 5% in 9 populations. For women, smoking tended to increase in populations with low prevalence and decrease in populations with higher prevalence; for men, the reverse pattern was observed. These data illustrate the evolution of the smoking epidemic in populations and provide the basis for targeted public health interventions to support the WHO priority for tobacco control.

Analysis of Smoking Trends with Incomplete Longitudinal Binary Responses

The generalized estimating equations procedure (GEE) widely applied in the analysis of correlated binary data requires that missing data depend only on remote covariates or that they be missing completely at random (MCAR); otherwise GEE regression parameter estimates are biased. A weighted generalized estimating equations (WGEE) approach that accounts for dropouts under the less stringent assumption of missing at random (MAR) through dependence on observed responses gives unbiased estimation of parameters in the model for the marginal means if the dropout mechanism is specified correctly. WGEEs are applied in the estimation of 7-year trends in cigarette smoking in the United States from a cohort of 5,078 black and white young adults. Analysis using WGEE suggests that there was a general decline in cigarette smoking only among white females, whereas the only other subgroup for which smoking declined was white males of the older birth cohort (1955–1962) with college degrees. The results of WGEE are compared to a likelihood-based method valid under MAR that does not require specification of a missing data model.

Trends in Cigarette Smoking Among High School Students—United States, 1991-1999

Trends in Cigarette Smoking Among High School Students—United States, 1991-1999

Cigarette Smoking Among High School Students--11 States, 1991-1997

Tobacco use is the single leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Preventing initiation of tobacco use is a public health priority. Approximately 80% of persons who use tobacco begin before age 18 years, and the prevalence of cigarette smoking among high school students nationwide increased during the 1990s. This report presents findings of a study that examined trends in cigarette smoking among high school students in 11 states that collected Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data during the 1990s. In six of the 11 states, the prevalence of current smoking and frequent smoking increased among high school students.

Cancer surveillance series: changing geographic patterns of lung cancer mortality in the United States, 1950 through 1994.

Geographic surveys revealing variations in lung cancer mortality rates across the United States have prompted epidemiologic studies in high-risk communities. We have updated these maps to track the changing patterns and to provide further clues to the determinants of lung cancer. Age-adjusted race- and sex-specific lung cancer mortality rates from 1950 through 1994 were calculated for nine Census Divisions and 508 State Economic Areas of the United States. Pronounced geographic variation in lung cancer rates was evident, with the patterns changing substantially over time. Among white males in the 1950s and 1960s, high rates were observed in urban areas of the northeast and north central states and in areas along the southeast and Gulf coasts. By the 1970s, the northern excess began to fade, with high rates starting to cover wider areas of the south. By the 1980s to the mid-1990s, clustering of elevated rates was prominent across the southeast and south central areas, with relatively low rates throughout much of the northeast. Among white females, little geographic variation was evident in the 1950s, but thereafter relatively high rates began to appear in clusters along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. For both sexes, consistently low rates were seen in the mountain and the plains states. Rates among blacks were consistently elevated in northern areas and low across the south. The changing mortality patterns for lung cancer generally coincide with regional trends in cigarette smoking, indicating that public health measures aimed at smoking prevention and cessation should have a dramatic effect in reducing lung cancer rates.

Trends in cigarette smoking: the Minnesota Heart Survey, 1980 through 1992.

The purpose of this study was to describe trends in the prevalence of cigarette smoking between 1980 through 1982 and 1990 through 1992 in Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn. Three population-based surveys were conducted among adults 25 to 74 years of age in 1980 through 1982, 1985 through 1987, and 1990 through 1992. Overall age-adjusted prevalences of cigarette smoking declined significantly between 1980-1982 and 1985-1987 and between 1985-1987 and 1990-1992. Serum thiocyanate, a biochemical marker for tobacco use, also declined significantly over the 3 periods. Favorable trends in smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption among smokers were observed, but disturbing trends in some smoking behaviors were also noted.

Ten-Year Trends in Cigarette Smoking among Young Adults, 1986–1996: The CARDIA Study

PURPOSE: To calculate ten-year smoking trends in a longitudinal cohort of young adults, and to characterize trends by race, sex, education, and birth cohort. METHODS: Data on cigarette smoking have been collected for ten years (1986–1996) from 5115 black and white men and women, aged 18–30 years, participating in the Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Regression analysis adjusting for intra-person correlation over time and weighting for factors affecting follow-up was used to estimate change in smoking rates. RESULTS: Overall, smoking rates declined in white women (−0.50%/year, p < 0.001) and white men (−0.24%/year, p = 0.03). Rates remained stable in black women and increased in black men (0.37%/year, p = 0.01). Declining rates were generally observed in white women of all educational levels and birth cohorts and in several subgroups of white men. Increasing rates among black men could be attributed primarily to increasing rates in the youngest birth cohort. Among black men and women, prevalence of smoking in 1986 was considerably lower in the youngest birth cohort compared to the oldest; however, the increasing rates of change in smoking rates observed among the youngest birth cohorts (and decreasing rates in the oldest) lessened the disparity in prevalence rates across birth cohorts by 1996. Smoking initiation rates were highest among black men; cessation rates were highest among white women. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm that declines in smoking prevalence are not occurring across all groups, and reveal populations in special need of targeted interventions, particularly young black men.

Trends in cigarette consumption cannot fully explain trends in British lung cancer rates.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine whether British lung cancer (LC) trends are adequately explained by cigarette smoking trends, and whether modelling using aggregated smoking prevalence estimates can validly replace modelling using...