Trend Of Donors Research Articles

Development paradigms in the institutional configuration of vocational education and training in Chile (1964-2005)

ABSTRACT Mainstream approaches in comparative education have paid more attention to trends in donors’ priorities than to policy processes in recipient countries, overlooking the agency of national governments in the institutional configuration of vocational education and training (VET) in developing contexts. Drawing on constructivist political economy and historical institutionalist frameworks, the paper analyses the role played by global development paradigms and ideas in the VET policy reforms adopted in Chile during the period between 1964 and 2005. The study shows how the selective adoption of international development ideas in Chile was mediated by the ideological orientation of national government administrations in each historical period. It also shows how the main goals of VET policies evolved as the economy tertiarised and the demand for education grew among lower social classes. Finally, the paper identifies the military dictatorship as a path-shaping moment in the institutional configuration of VET in Chile, as it was able to impose a radical transformation of the system from central planning to decentralised market competition. This profound transformation generated institutional path-dependencies that restricted the capacity of future democratic governments to reverse the market model in VET.

SARS-CoV-2 serology and virology trends in donors and recipients of convalescent plasma

SARS-CoV-2 has infected millions worldwide. The virus is novel, and currently there is no approved treatment. Convalescent plasma may offer a treatment option. We evaluated trends of IgM/IgG antibodies/plasma viral load in donors and recipients of convalescent plasma. 114/139 (82 %) donors had positive IgG antibodies. 46/114 donors tested positive a second time by NP swab. Among those retested, the median IgG declined (p < 0.01) between tests. 25/139 donors with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 were negative for IgG antibodies. This suggests that having had the infection does not necessarily convey immunity, or there is a short duration of immunity associated with a decline in antibodies. Plasma viral load obtained on 35/39 plasma recipients showed 22 (62.9 %) had non-detectable levels on average 14.5 days from positive test versus 6.2 days in those with detectable levels (p < 0.01). There was a relationship between IgG and viral load. IgG was higher in those with non-detectable viral loads. There was no relationship between viral load and blood type (p = 0.87) or death (0.80). Recipients with detectable viral load had lower IgG levels; there was no relationship between viral load, blood type or death.

ВИДИ БІОПРИНТЕРІВ ДЛЯ ДРУКУ ОРГАНІВ

3D bioprinting is a new revolutionary field of regenerative medicine. Bioprinting can be defined as a layer-by-layer formation of an object made of different biomaterials (living cells) based on a pre-created computer model. To date, the development of three-dimensional structures loaded with cells for imitation of body tissue plays an important role not only in tissue engineering but also in drug delivery research and cancer research. The lack of donors is a serious medical problem, with the trend of donors becoming smaller and the number of patients in need of donor organs increasing. As bioprinting has great potential to address such global issues as transplantation, animal experiments, the use of experimental drugs for surveillance, it is important to consider this topic.In this brief overview, different methods of manufacturing biological structures are identified and compared: laser bioprinting, inkjet-based bioprinting, and extrusion-based bioprinting. The advantages and problems of each technique are determined, as well as the principle of operation of each technique for different states of bio-ink.These three methods have been found to have different effects on cell viability, resolution and print accuracy. In addition, the choice of materials and their concentration was also influenced by the choice of bioprinters. Each technique demonstrated individual advantages and disadvantages

SARS-CoV-2 Serology and Virology Trends in Donors and Recipients of Convalescent Plasma

SARS-CoV-2 has infected millions worldwide. Convalescent plasma may offer a treatment option. We evaluated trends of IgM/IgG antibodies/plasma viral load in donors and recipients of convalescent plasma. 114/139 (82%) donors had positive IgG antibodies. 46/114 donors tested positive a second time by NP swab. Among those retested, the median IgG declined (p<0.01) between tests. Some donors with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 were negative for IgG antibodies. In donors retested there was a significant decline in IgG levels over time. Plasma viral load obtained on 35/39 plasma recipients showed 22 (62.9%) had non-detectable levels on average 14.5 days from positive test versus 6.2 days in those with detectable levels (p<0.01). IgG was higher in those with non-detectable viral loads. There was no relationship between viral load and blood type (p=0.87) or death (0.80). Recipients with detectable viral load had lower IgG levels; there was no relationship between viral load, blood type or death.

Trends in pediatric liver transplant donors and deceased donor circumstance of death in the United States, 2002-2015.

While much of the discussion regarding expanding the donor pool for pediatric liver transplantation has surrounded the use of technical variant grafts, little attention has been directed toward changes in the deceased donor population. The aim of this study was to investigate trends in the circumstance of the death of deceased donors used for pediatric liver transplantation. All pediatric liver transplant recipients transplanted between 2002 and 2015 were identified in the UNOS database and were categorized based on the donor circumstance of death. There was no significant correlation between year of transplantation and number of pediatric liver transplants performed, pediatric donors, split livers, or living donors. There was a significant downward trend in donors from motor vehicle fatalities and an upward trend in suicide, non-MVA, and death due to natural causes. There was also an upward trend in drowning, one of the most common mechanisms of death among non-MVA in 2015. While the number of donors who died in MVA has fallen, the number of deceased donors who died from suicide, natural causes, and non-MVA, especially drowning, has increased, maintaining the overall number of pediatric deceased donor livers transplanted.

Local resources for local rights? The Mumbai fundraiser's dilemma

ABSTRACTLocal human rights organizations (LHROs) in the global South are increasingly keen to raise funds from cocitizens and local businesses to diversify their funding, to increase their political legitimacy, and to bolster their resilience to fluctuations in international donor trends. This concern with local funds has assumed new urgency today following the global governmental crackdown on foreign aid to domestic civil society. This article focuses on the potential for local human rights fundraising in Mumbai, one of India's most important economic centers, as well as a hub of social movements and human rights organizing. Like other governments, India has launched a crackdown on foreign aid to local NGOs. Interviews with a representative sample of Mumbai's LHRO leaders indicate that they depend on foreign aid, worry about government regulation, and are keen to raise funds from the city's booming corporate sector. Our representative survey of 1,680 adults living in Mumbai and its rural environs, however, shows that LHRO fundraising among Mumbai businesses could pose an acute reputational challenge. While Indian human rights groups do enjoy some public support in Mumbai, the public's trust in these groups is statistically associated with greater mistrust in local businesses. LHRO leaders in Mumbai face a critical dilemma: The city's booming corporate sector presents a tempting fundraising target but any attempt to access these funds risks undermining the local rights sector's reserves of public support.

Creditor Reporting System

This publication presents comprehensive statistics on aid flows in support of water supply and sanitation for the years 2001-2006, including trends in donors' aid and the degree of targeting of countries most in need. Individual donor profiles provide summary statistics in the form of charts and tables, and descriptions of donors' development co-operation policies in the water sector. The publication also records the relevant aid activities reported by DAC members and multilateral institutions to the CRS Aid Activity database (Creditor Reporting System). The information is based on individual commitments and disbursements of Official Development Assistance (ODA) to water supply and sanitation.This edition is the product of collaboration between the Secretariat of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and the World Water Council (WWC).This title belongs to OECD Report Series.ISBN: 9781780406107 (eBook)ISBN: 9781843392361 (Print)

Changing Donor Source Pattern for Kidney Transplantation over 40 Years: A Single-Center Experience

Background/AimsKidney transplantations at our center rely mainly on living donors. The purpose of this study was to suggest future donor supply directions by reviewing changing trends in donor type.MethodsDuring the past 40 years, 1,690 kidney transplantations were performed at our center. We divided the follow-up period into four decades and the donor population into three groups: living related, living unrelated, and deceased. We analyzed changing trends in donors from each group for each decade. Patients receiving overseas transplantation were also included.ResultsThe proportion of living related donors decreased from 84% (54/64) in the 1970s to 61% (281/458) in the 2000s. Living unrelated donors showed a sustained proportion of around 20% after 1990. However, among living unrelated donors, the proportion of spouse donors increased from 4.6% (17/369) in the 1980s to 8.5% (39/458) in the 2000s. Transplants from deceased donors were only 3.3% (12/369) in the 1980s. However the proportion of deceased donors increased gradually, reaching 13.2% (105/799) in the 1990s and 19.9% (91/458) after 2000. Overseas transplantations increased after 2000 and reached 20% of all cases treated in our center during the 2000s. Such transplantations peaked in 2006 and decreased markedly thereafter.ConclusionsThe proportion of each donor type has continuously changed, and the changes were associated with changes in the social structure and system. We expect that this study could be an important reference for other countries to estimate future changes of donor type.

Association of Fatal Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage with Human Leukocyte Antigens in the Finnish Population

Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) have been reported to associate with the risk of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and poor outcome after SAH. Our aim was to identify HLA antigens that associate with the risk of fatal SAH in the Finnish population. Medical records of 600 cadaveric organ donors were reviewed to find organ donors that succumbed to SAH ( n = 232) or brain trauma ( n = 151). HLA antigen frequencies in these groups were compared with HLA frequenciens in a reference population of 10,000 bone marrow donors. Chi-Square test with Bonferroni correction and multiplicative logistic regression models were used and false positive result probabilities (FPRP) were calculated. Alpha-level was 0.01. HLA-A3 associated with fatal SAH ( p = 0.0014, OR 1.3 and 95%CI 1.1–1.6) and HLA-DR7 inversely associated with fatal SAH ( p = 0.0040, OR 0.3 and 95%CI 0.2–0.6). HLA-A3 but not HLA-DR7 showed also a positive trend in donors with brain trauma. FPRP was below 0.5 for HLA-A3, but clearly above 0.5 for HLA-DR7. HLA-A3 seems to associate with fatal SAH in the Finnish population. Further studies are needed to reveal the pathobiologic mechanisms for how HLA-A3 associates with the risk of fatal SAH in Finns.

Explicating donor trends for population assistance

Using population assistance data, this study divides donor trends for population assistance into five distinct epochs: until the mid-1960s, the population hysteria of the 1960s and 1970s, Bucharest Conference and beyond, the 1984 Mexico City conference, and the 1990s. A number of decisive events, as well as changing views of the population problem, characterise each period and have affected the sums of population assistance from donor nations. Taking a long-term view of global population assistance, the research shows that four factors account for most of the historical funding trends from primary donors: the association between population assistance and foreign aid, the role of alarmists and doomsayers in the public debate over population issues, individuals in a position of power within donor governments, and decennial international population conferences.