Temporal Trend Analysis Research Articles

Sex-based differences in short-term survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Abstract Background Survival among OHCA patients remains low, thus it is important to understand the difference in short-term survival according to sex to identify subgroups of OHCA that could benefit from future preventive strategies. Purpose To examine sex differences in patient characteristics and the 30-day survival in patients with OHCA during 20 years of follow-up. Methods The study was observational and register-based, using information from the Danish Cardiac Arrest Registry (2001-2020) and linking at an individual level to other Danish national registers. Patients between 18-100 years old, with a presumed cardiac cause of OHCA, and not witnessed by emergency medical services (EMS) during their OHCA were identified. Baseline characteristics were expressed as medians (interquartile range [IQR]) or frequencies (percentages), and temporal trend analyses of 30-day survival were performed according to sex. Results We included 50,270 OHCA patients between 2001-2020 (17,179 [34%] women). Compared to men, women were older, with a median age of 76 years (Q1-Q3: [66-84]), had a higher proportion with a basic education level, and low-income. They also had a higher burden of comorbidities such as respiratory (38% vs. 32%; p<0,001), especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD,19% vs. 14%; p<0,001), and a higher burden of psychiatric disease (13% vs. 8%; p<0,001). Related to medication 180 days before OHCA, women compared to men had more prescriptions of antibiotics (47.5% vs. 34.9%; p<0,001), steroids (18% vs. 13%; p<0,001), and QT-prolonging drugs (17% vs. 11%; p<0,001). By contrast, men had more cardiac-related comorbidities, especially ischemic heart disease (24% vs. 17%; p<0,001), and accordingly a higher prescription of anticoagulant drugs (17% vs. 13%; p<0,001), and statins (32% vs. 25%; p<0,001). Concerning cardiac arrest-related factors, women had more OHCA in a private home, less witnessed, were less likely to receive cardio-resuscitation and defibrillation and had less shockable rhythm. Figure 1 shows the temporal trend of OHCA incidence and 30-day survival by sex during 2001-2020. Although there has been an increase in survival for both sexes, women had lower 30-day survival compared to men throughout the period study. The average 30-day survival by sex during 2001-2010 vs. 2011-2020 was, for women 4.7% vs 8.2% and for men 8.1% vs 15.4%. Conclusions From 2001 to 2020, there was an increase in the 30-day survival in both sexes. However, the survival discrepancies increased between the sexes, where women had less shockable rhythm and lower 30-day survival compared to men.

Disparities Among Adolescent and Young Adult Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Introduction: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in the pediatric population has a 5-year overall survival that exceeds 90%, however, the survival rate drops significantly in the adolescent and young adult (AYA) population. Notably, the AYA contribute to 80% of ALL mortality despite representing less than one-fourth of total ALL cases. The challenges related to caring for adolescents and young adults with malignancies have become increasingly well recognized and the impacts of racial, socioeconomic, and psychosocial disparities as potential contributors to AYA ALL survival rates are only recently being characterized. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), the largest all-payer database of hospital admissions in the United States, from January 1, 2011 through December 31, 2020. The study sample consisted of AYA patients 15-39 years of age, as defined by the National Cancer Institute. ALL-related hospitalizations were captured using ICD-9 and 10 codes indicative of ALL. We performed temporal trends analysis to assess inpatient death among ALL hospitalizations by race/ethnicity using joinpoint regression. We used adjusted survey logistic regression analyses to assess associations between race/ethnicity and in-hospital mortality among ALL hospitalizations. Results: Our data captured 138,923 ALL-related hospital encounters of AYA patients from 2011 to 2020. In our cohort, 73.1% of ALL hospitalizations were in patients younger than 30, and 26.9% were in patients between the ages of 30 and 39. AYA NH-Black patients with ALL had twice the odds of inpatient mortality as compared to NH-White patients [odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval: 1.75 (1.34-2.29)] (Table 1). While the rate of inpatient mortality improved in the overall AYA population over our 10-year study period, strikingly, the rate of inpatient mortality instead increased in NH-Black patients (Figure 1). In contrast, NH-White patients saw the lowest rate of inpatient mortality, both at the start and at the end of our study period (Figure 1). Although the inpatient mortality rate in Hispanic patients improved over time, these patients remained at an increased likelihood of inpatient mortality compared to their NH-White counterparts [OR 1.32 (1.08-1.61)] (Table 1). Conclusion: Survival gains in the AYA population have improved only modestly compared to that of their pediatric and adult counterparts, and here we report that these survival gains are even further stratified and disparate depending on patient race/ethnicity with worse outcomes in NH-Black patients. It is important to better understand the disparities that impact the AYA population, which is particularly vulnerable to social factors impacting their care. Study limitations include lack of data pertaining to treatment received, including pediatric versus adult treatment protocol or bone marrow transplant status. Disparate access to centers of excellence, stem cell transplant and blinatumomab may certainly be contributors to the disparate outcomes described herein.

Temporal Trend Analysis of Annual, Maximum, and Seasonal Rainfall in Selected Weather Stations in Region IV-A, Philippines

Temporal variability analysis of rainfall is important for planning agricultural crop production activities, designing water resource systems, and conducting climatological research, particularly climate change analysis. This study aimed to analyze the temporal trends of annual (total and 1-d maximum) and seasonal (total) rainfall observed in Region IV-A. Historical rainfall data were collected from seven weather stations scattered all over the region. Each dataset was initially subjected to a series of homogeneity tests (standard normal homogeneity, Pettitt’s, Buishand’s range, and von Neumann ratio), followed by trend analysis using both linear regression analysis and non-parametric methods [Mann-Kendall (MK), modified MK (MMK), and Sen’s slope (SS) estimator]. All data series proved to be homogeneous except for the annual and seasonal (DJF) total rainfall in Sangley Point station. The results of the homogeneity test in Sangley Point in annual and DJF timescale suggest the consideration of the breakpoint on the years of 1984 and 1999, respectively, for trend analysis. Temporal trend based on linear regression showed a weak correlation between rainfall of various time scales and time in years, with only three stations showing a significant trend at a 5% significance level – namely, Los Baños (DJF, 2.86 mm/yr), Tayabas (DJF, 7.99mm/yr), and Sangley Point (JJA, 9.32 mm/yr). On the other hand, both MK and SS indicates a significant increase in the seasonal (DJF) total rainfall in both stations of Ambulong (1.04 mm/yr) and Los Baños (2.68 mm/yr). Overall, the results of trend analysis revealed an increasing trend in the cumulative rainfall across timescales in most stations in the region which has an implication on the timing of the optimum cropping patterns in agricultural areas and on the hydrology of the watersheds in the region. This study has generated new knowledge and information that could prove useful for agricultural production management and for proper planning, design, and management of water resource systems.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Social Justice Movements and Popular Culture Intersection on Social Media

Using a bibliometric analysis, this study conducts a thorough investigation of the relationship between social justice movements, popular culture, and social media. Utilizing citation analysis, co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence, and temporal trends analysis, the study draws from a wide spectrum of scholarly publications, including seminal texts and modern contributions. The complex relationships found in the literature are made easier to show with the help of the visualization application VOSviewer. The analysis identifies important research areas and highlights topics including the effects of youth internet use, the contribution of popular culture to activism, and social network dynamics. The intellectual landscape is also shaped by important works by writers like Tarrow, McPherson, and Collins. Along with highlighting justice, race, and gender, the study also uncovers rising themes like diversity and group action through term occurrences. All things considered, this bibliometric analysis offers a thorough grasp of the intellectual landscape, generating a nuanced knowledge of the complex convergence of social justice, popular culture, and social media and providing ideas for future research.

Correlating Groundwater Storage Change and Precipitation in Alabama, United States from 2000–2021 by Combining the Water Table Fluctuation Method and Statistical Analyses

The complexity of aquifers poses a challenge for fully comprehending the impact of climate change on groundwater. In this study, we employed a suite of hydrological and statistical methods, including the water table fluctuation (WTF) method, wavelet analysis, the Hurst exponent, and temporal trend analysis, to assess groundwater storage (GWS) changes and their correlation with precipitation in Alabama, located in the southeastern United States. These approaches were used to evaluate the temporal variability of GWS as derived from well data and large-scale model estimates that incorporated satellite observations. The results unveiled a nuanced and regionally variable relationship between GWS changes and precipitation over the past two decades. While the Mann–Kendall test did not reveal any statistically significant overarching trends in GWS changes, Sen’s slope analysis indicated subtle regional variations, including a minor decline of −0.2 mm/year for GWS in southern Alabama and modest increases of 0.5 mm/year and 0.38 mm/year in the western and northern regions, respectively, from 2000–2021. Wavelet coherence analysis showed significant co-variation between GWS and precipitation in cycles ranging from 8 to 32 months, suggesting potential cyclic or intermittent influences. Furthermore, we detected strong persistence within the groundwater system using the Hurst exponent, indicating the substantial temporal memory impact. These findings are useful for developing effective groundwater management strategies in a changing climate.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Spatial Distribution and Temporal Trend of NO2, SO2 and AOD Using Satellite Observations over South and East Asia from 2011 to 2021

The past decade has witnessed remarkable economic development, marked by rapid industrialization and urbanization across Asian regions. This surge in economic activity has led to significant emissions, resulting in alarming levels of air pollution. Our study comprehensively assessed the spatial and temporal trends of key pollutants, namely nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and aerosol (using aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm as an indicator), from 2011 to 2021. The data sources utilized include OMI onboard the Aura satellite for NO2 and SO2, as well as MODIS onboard Terra and Aqua satellites for AOD. The results from spatial and temporal trend analyses of the three parameters show that there is a clear declining trend over China and Republic of Korea (e.g., NO2 is declining with an overall rate of −7.8 × 1012 molecules/cm2/year over China) due to the strict implementation of air pollution control policies. However, it is essential to note that both countries still grapple with substantial pollution levels, with proportions exceeding 0.5, indicating that air quality is improving but has not yet reached a safe threshold. In contrast, South Asian regions, including Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India, are experiencing an increasing trend (e.g., NO2 is increasing with an overall rate of 1.2 × 1012 molecules/cm2/year in Bangladesh), primarily due to the lack of rigorous air pollution control policies. The average emissions of NO2 and SO2 were remarkably higher in winter than in summer. Notably, the identified hotspots are statistically significant and predominantly coincide with densely populated areas, such as the North China Plain (NCP). Furthermore, this study underscores the pivotal role of sector-wise emissions in air quality monitoring and improvement. Different cities are primarily influenced by emissions from specific sectors, emphasizing the need for targeted pollution control measures. The findings presented in this research contribute valuable insights to the air quality monitoring and improvement efforts in East and South Asian regions.

The long-term spatial and temporal distributions of polychlorinated naphthalene air concentrations in Fildes Peninsula, West Antarctica

The knowledge of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the Antarctic atmosphere is quite limited compared to the Arctic. PCNs are a global concern because of their PBT characteristics (i.e., persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic) and severe and often deadly biological effects on people and other animals. Therefore, the present study used a passive air sampling method to conduct long-term air monitoring of PCNs for almost a decade from 2013 to 2022, specifically on Fildes Peninsula, situated on King George Island, located in West Antarctica. The median sum of mono-CNs to octa-CN concentration (∑75PCNs) in the Antarctic atmosphere was 12.4 pg/m3. In terms of homologues, mono-CNs to tri-CNs predominated. Among these, the prevalent congeners observed were PCN-1 and PCN-2, originating from mono-CNs, followed by PCN-5/7 from di-CNs, and PCN-24/14 from tri-CNs, respectively. Between 2013 and 2022, the total levels of PCNs were found to have decreased approximately fourfold. Ratio analyses and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the long-range atmospheric transport and combustion-related sources as the potential PCN sources in the study area. This paper provides the most up-to-date temporal trend analysis of PCNs in the Antarctic continent and is the first to document all 75 congeners (mono-CNs to octa-CN homologue groups).

Canadian Content in the Pages of Drug Metabolism and Disposition: A Comprehensive Historical Analysis.

Scientists from Canadian institutions have a rich history of making interesting and important contributions to the journal Drug Metabolism and Disposition (DMD) over the past 51 years. A goal of this minireview is to highlight these contributions and pay tribute to many of the scientists at Canadian institutions that have aided in the evolution of the discipline through their DMD publications. We conducted a geographical and research sectoral analysis of the temporal trends of DMD publications originating from Canadian sources. The fraction of total DMD papers of Canadian origin achieved a peak during the 1990s and since that time, this metric has displayed a pronounced and steady decline to the present situation, where the country needs to be concerned about its potentially vulnerable global status within the realm of drug metabolism and disposition science. Stronger and timely investment by Canadian academic institutions in drug metabolism and disposition science may help to restore the nation's research excellence in this discipline and ensure a more robust pipeline of appropriately trained scientists to take on careers in academia, industry, and government. Significance Statement The substantial contributions made by scientists at Canadian institutions to the journal Drug Metabolism and Disposition (DMD) are highlighted and celebrated in this minireview. Analysis of temporal trends in the fraction of total DMD papers of Canadian origin paints a concerning picture of Canada's current global status in the realm of drug metabolism and disposition science. Further investment in this discipline at Canadian universities may be needed.

Spatiotemporal analysis of rainfall and temperature variability and trends for climate resilient maize farming system in major agroecology zones of northwest Ethiopia

ABSTRACTSpatiotemporal studies of the annual and seasonal climate variability and trend on an agroecological spatial scale for establishing a climate-resilient maize farming system have not yet been conducted in Ethiopia. The study was carried out in three major agroecological zones in northwest Ethiopia using climate data from 1987 to 2018. The coefficient of variation (CV), precipitation concertation index (PCI), and rainfall anomaly index (RAI) were used to analyze the variability of rainfall. The Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator were also applied to estimate trends and slopes of changes in rainfall and temperature. High-significance warming trends in the maximum and minimum temperatures were shown in the highland and lowland agroecology zones, respectively. Rainfall has also demonstrated a maximum declining trend throughout the keremt season in the highland agroecology zone. However, rainfall distribution has become more unpredictable in the Bega and Belg seasons. Climate-resilient maize agronomic activities have been determined by analyzing the onset and cessation dates and the length of the growth period (LGP). The rainy season begins between May 8 and June 3 and finishes between October 26 and November 16. The length of the growth period (LGP) during the rainy season ranges from 94 to 229 days.

A pooled analysis of temporal trends in the prevalence of anxiety-induced sleep loss among adolescents aged 12-15 years across 29 countries.

Previous studies examining trends in sleep loss among adolescents have mainly focused on single countriy and region. This study aims to analyze temporal trends in the prevalence of anxiety-induced sleep loss among adolescents from 29 countries in five regions. This study used data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey 2003-2018, which surveyed 215,380 adolescents from 29 countries with at least two cross-sectional surveys per country. The weighted country-specific prevalence of anxiety-induced sleep loss and trends across the survey years were evaluated. Random- or fixed-effects meta-analyses were used to calculate pooled prevalence and temporal trends across 29 countries. Temporal variations in anxiety-induced sleep loss across countries were identified. Increasing (Suriname, Vanuatu, and Myanmar), decreasing (Namibia, Jamaica, the Philippines, Samoa, and Indonesia), and stable (all other countries) trends in anxiety-induced sleep loss were noted. The pooled weighted prevalence of anxiety-induced sleep loss was 11.35 and 10.67% in the first and last surveys, respectively. There was no meaningful change in the propensity to have anxiety-related sleep disorders over time, with the reduction and OR of these two surveys being 0.54 (-0.53-1.61) and 0.98 (0.88-1.10). For subgroup analyses, no significant differences in pooled anxiety-induced sleep loss trends were seen between the two surveys for different sexes, regions, incomes, survey years in the first wave, survey periods, or number of surveys. Trends in the prevalence of anxiety-induced sleep loss in adolescents varied significantly across different countries. Generally, a stable trend was observed in 21 of the 29 countries surveyed. Our study provides data that can aid policymakers in establishing country-specific strategies for reducing anxiety-induced sleep loss in adolescents.

Spatial Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Regional Transcript Changes in Early and Late Stages of rd1 Model Mice with Retinitis Pigmentosa.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the leading cause of inherited blindness with a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Currently, there is no effective treatment that can protect vision for those with RP. In recent decades, the rd1 mouse has been used to study the pathological mechanisms of RP. Molecular biological studies using rd1 mice have clarified the mechanism of the apoptosis of photoreceptor cells in the early stage of RP. However, the pathological changes in RP over time remain unclear. The unknown pathology mechanism of RP over time and the difficulty of clinical treatment make it urgent to perform more refined and spatially informed molecular biology studies of RP. In this study, spatial transcriptomic analysis is used to study the changes in different retinal layers of rd1 mice at different ages. The results demonstrate the pattern of photoreceptor apoptosis between rd1 mice and the control group. Not only was oxidative stress enhanced in the late stage of RP, but it was accompanied by an up-regulation of the VEGF pathway. Analysis of temporal kinetic trends has further identified patterns of changes in the key pathways of the early and late stages, to help understand the important pathogenesis of RP. Overall, the application of spatial transcriptomics to rd1 mice can help to elucidate the important pathogenesis of RP involving photoreceptor apoptosis and retinal remodeling.

Effects of Closures and Openings on Public Health in the Time of COVID-19: A Cross-Country and Temporal Trend Analysis

Many countries mandated social distancing measures during the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 to 2022 that variously included opening hours restrictions on hospitality and retail, economy-wide closures, and additional international border controls. We analyzed whether more restrictive (hereafter, closures) or less restrictive (hereafter, openings) social distancing measures changed the short-term trends in the number of COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and ICU patients in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Our analysis uses a “before-and-after” trend analysis (decremental/incremental and growth/decay trends) to compare the trends of epidemic indicators before and after each closure or opening event. Results show that, in general, and for these three countries: (a) closures resulted in reduced trend growth in adverse COVID-19 public health outcomes and (b) openings resulted in increased trend growth for the three selected measures of public health.

다이내믹 토픽 모델링을 활용한 아프리카 사파리 관광 동향 분석

Tanzania in Africa is generating socio-economic benefits through safari tourism. Given that safari tourism centers on ecological resources and wildlife, tourists may feel less certain about what they will actually see or encounter. Tourists tend to utilize online reviews to reduce uncertainty and gain insights into trends. This study aims to understand the key topics and trend changes in perceptions of Tanzanian safari tourism products. English online review data from Safaribookings were crawled to accomplish the research purpose, and the Dynamic Topic Modeling (DTM) algorithm, which is suitable for temporal trend analysis, was utilized to address the research questions. The analysis revealed the following six major topics, all demonstrating trend changes: safari tourism recommendations, wildlife tourism experiences, experiences in transport payments, hotel and airline booking experiences, Mount Kilimanjaro tourism experiences, and tourism experiences in Zanzibar and Selous. The study results support that the DTM, which is used to overcome temporal limitations and implement systematic processes, is a systematic research method and can help expand the scope of research methodologies. Further, based on the analysis results, this study can aid stakeholders, such as safari marketers, in establishing Tanzania safari tourism marketing strategies.

Automatic 1-year follow-up appointment creation and reminders can improve long-term follow-up after carotid revascularization

BackgroundLong-term follow-up (LTFU) following carotid revascularization is important for post-surgical care, stroke risk optimization and post-market surveillance of new technologies. MethodsWe instituted a quality improvement project to improve LTFU rates for carotid revascularizations (primary outcome) by scheduling perioperative and one-year follow-up appointments at time of surgery discharge. A temporal trends analysis (Q1 2019 through Q1 2022), multivariable regression, and interrupted time series (ITS) were performed to compare pre-post intervention LTFU rates. Results269 consecutive patients were included (151 pre-intervention, 118 post-intervention; mean 71 ​± ​12 years-old, 39% female, 77% White). The overall LTFU rate improved (64.9%–78.8%; P ​= ​0.013) after the intervention. After controlling for patient factors, procedures performed after the intervention were associated with increased odds of being seen for 1-year follow-up (OR: 2.2 95%CI: 1.2–4.0). Quarterly ITS analysis corroborated this relationship (P ​= ​0.01). ConclusionsTime-of-surgery appointment creation and automated patient reminders can improve LTFU rates following carotid revascularizations.

Impacts of Proximity to Primary Source Areas on Concentrations of POPs at Global Sampling Stations Estimated from Land Cover Information.

Given the considerable financial and logistical resources supporting long-term monitoring for air pollutants, and the use of these data for performance evaluation of mitigation measures, it is important to account for contributions from primary versus secondary sources. We demonstrate a simple approach for using open source Global land cover raster data from the National Mapping Organization from the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan to assess local source inputs for air measurements of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs)-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides-reported under the Global atmospheric passive sampling (GAPS) Network at 119 locations for the time period 2005-2014. The land cover composition within a 10 km radius around the GAPS sites was identified to create source impact indicator (SII) vectors to quantify and rank the remoteness of the sites from human infrastructure. Using principal component analysis, three SII vectors were established to rank sites by impact of (i) general infrastructure/remoteness, (ii) urban infrastructure, and (iii) agricultural infrastructure. General infrastructure describes the combined effects of settlements and agricultural infrastructure. We found significant correlations (p < 0.05) between POP concentrations in air and specific SIIs. PCB levels in air had a statistically significant correlation to the SII ranking urban impacts around the sampling sites, while Endosulfan I, Endosulfan II, and Endosulfan sulfate had a statistically significant correlation with SII ranking agricultural impacts. The complete GAPS data set from 2004-2014 (1040 samples at 119 locations) was standardized based on the SII rankings to assess the global temporal trends of legacy POPs. SIIs were incorporated in the multiple regression analysis to determine global halving times. This includes short-term monitoring data from 79 locations that were previously excluded. Furthermore, the SII approach allows the integration of global monitoring data from different studies for broader global temporal trend analysis. This ability to link the results of independent and small-scale studies can enhance temporal trend analysis in support of the larger scale initiatives, such as inter alia, the Global Monitoring Plan and Effectiveness Evaluation of the Stockholm Convention in the case of POPs. This simple approach using open source data has a broad potential for application for other classes of air pollutants.

Characterizing temporal trends in populations exposed to aircraft noise around U.S. airports: 1995-2015.

Aircraft noise is a key concern for communities surrounding airports, with increasing evidence for health effects and inequitable distributions of exposure. However, there have been limited national-scale assessments of aircraft noise exposure over time and across noise metrics, limiting evaluation of population exposure patterns. We evaluated national-scale temporal trends in aviation noise exposure by airport characteristics and across racial/ethnic populations in the U.S. Noise contours were modeled for 90 U.S. airports in 5-year intervals between 1995 and 2015 using the Federal Aviation Administration's Aviation Environmental Design Tool. We utilized linear fixed effects models to estimate changes in noise exposure areas for day-night average sound levels (DNL) of 45, 65, and a nighttime equivalent sound level (Lnight) of 45 A-weighted decibels (dB[A]). We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify distinct groups of airports sharing underlying characteristics. We overlaid noise contours and Census tract data from the U.S. Census Bureau and American Community Surveys for 2000 to 2015 to estimate exposure changes overall and by race/ethnicity. National-scale analyses showed non-monotonic trends in mean exposed areas that peaked in 2000, followed by a 37% decrease from 2005 to 2010 and a subsequent increase in 2015. We identified four distinct trajectory groups of airports sharing latent characteristics related to size and activity patterns. Those populations identifying as minority (e.g., Hispanic/Latino, Black/African American, Asian) experienced higher proportions of exposure relative to their subgroup populations compared to non-Hispanic or White populations across all years, indicating ethnic and racial disparities in airport noise exposure that persist over time. Overall, these data identified differential exposure trends across airports and subpopulations, helping to identify vulnerable communities for aviation noise in the U.S. We conducted a descriptive analysis of temporal trends in aviation noise exposure in the U.S. at a national level. Using data from 90 U.S. airports over a span of two decades, we characterized the noise exposure trends overall and by airport characteristics, while estimating the numbers of exposed by population demographics to help identify the impact on vulnerable communities who may bear the burden of aircraft noise exposure.

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Rainfall Variability and Trends for Improved Climate Risk Management in Kayonza District, Eastern Rwanda

The variability, intensity, and distribution of rainfall have drawn a lot of interest globally and especially in nations where rainfed agriculture is the norm. This article uses rainfall data from the Rwanda Meteorology Agency for the years 1981 to 2021 to delineate and analyze rainfall variability and trends in the Kayonza District. The time series were grouped using the K-means clustering technique based on computed Euclidean distance, the total within-cluster sum of squares, and the elbow plot technique to determine the optimal number of clusters. The coefficient of variation measures was employed to analyze rainfall variability, while Sen’s slope and the Mann–Kendall (MK) test were used, respectively, to find trends and changes in magnitude. The results indicated four near homogeneous zones named region one to four. The dry seasons indicated higher variability compared to rainy seasons and annual rainfall total with a variability of 128–142% over the southeastern part during June to August (JJA) season, while a variability of 16–48% was observed over most of the district during both annual and rainy seasons. It was further noted that the areas in the central part of the Kayonza District indicated a significant increasing trend at a significance level of 95% and above during January to February (JF), September to December (SOND), and on annual basis, while March to May (MAM) and JJA season exhibited no significant trend. The findings of this study are essential for creating adequate mitigation strategies to lessen climate change’s effects on agriculture as well as other socioeconomic sectors.

Child anemia in Cambodia: A descriptive analysis of temporal and geospatial trends and logistic regression-based examination of factors associated with anemia in children.

Anemia in children remains a public health concern in many resource-limited countries. To better understand child anemia in Cambodia, we examined temporal and geospatial trends of childhood anemia and used logistic regression to analyze its association with individual and household characteristics using data from the Cambodia Demographic and Health Surveys for 2005, 2010, and 2014. The prevalence of childhood anemia decreased from 62.2% in 2005 to 56.6% in 2014. The prevalence of childhood anemia was highest in Pursat (84.3%) for 2005, Kampong Thom (67%) for 2010, and Preah Vihear and Steung Treng (68.6%) for 2014. After adjusting for other variables, factors positively associated with childhood anemia included having a mother who was anemic (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.58-1.97); being male vs. female (AOR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.07-1.33), underweight (AOR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.14-1.57), or stunted (AOR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.09-1.41); or having had a recent episode of fever (AOR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.03-1.31). Children were less likely to have anemia if they were older than 12 months. They were also less likely to have anemia if they were from a wealthier household (AOR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.50-0.84) or had taken medications for intestinal parasites (AOR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.89-0.93). These associations were generally consistent across time and space. Public health interventions and policies to alleviate anemia should be prioritized to address these factors across geospatial divides. Anemia remains highly prevalent among children aged 6-59 months in Cambodia.

Temporal Trends in Mortality from Alzheimer's Disease in Federal District, Brazil: An Ecological Study (2010-2018).

Neuropsychiatric diseases, particularly dementias, has become more prominent with a great impact on the quality of life of the elderly population. To verify the rate of increase in mortality due to Alzheimer's disease in the Federal District, Brazil from 2010 to 2018. An ecological study was conducted, with a time series, about the evolution of the mortality coefficient in the Federal District, Brazil carried out at the Federal District State Department of Health. Mortality rates were defined as the dependent variable and years evaluated as the independent variable-from 2010 to 2018. For temporal trend analysis, the Prais-Winsten linear regression model was used and the increment rate with the respective 95% confidence interval was estimated. From 2010 to 2018, 1665 deaths which had Alzheimer's disease as the underlying cause were recorded in the Mortality Information System. The results showed an overall mortality rate of 6.55 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, with a higher predominance in females, non-Black people, and those aged 80 years or older. There was an increase in the annual trend of the overall mortality coefficient in both sexes. The findings demonstrated a significant increase in the temporal evolution of mortality due to Alzheimer's disease in the Federal District, Brazil. It was recommended to conduct original studies to evaluate the factors that can cause the disease in order to collaborate in the process of formulating policies in the area of public health and improvements in clinical practice.

Global, regional and national temporal trends in prevalence for musculoskeletal disorders in women of childbearing age, 1990–2019: an age-period-cohort analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

ObjectivesTo provide an overview and in-depth analysis of temporal trends in prevalence of musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders in women of childbearing age (WCBA) at global, regional and national levels over the...