Tremorgenic Toxins Research Articles

Large scale production, purification and a study of some spectral properties of Penitrem A.

A large scale production of the tremorgenic toxin, Penitrem A, from the cultures of Penicillium (P.) palitans and P. crustosum for studying its spectral characteristics was attained. From several fermentation runs using Czapex-Dox medium, P. crustosum was shown to produce nearly 80% more toxic metabolite than P. palitans. A method involving silica-gel column chromatography for a single step isolation of the toxin from the crude extract of the mycelial mats was developed. Some spectral properties of Penitrem A were discussed.

Mycotoxins in Feedstuffs and Their Effect on Dairy Cattle

This paper is a review of mycotoxins reported in feedstuffs and their possible effect on dairy cattle and other types of livestock. Toxins of the Aspergilli discussed were the aflatoxins, ochratoxins, patulin and sterigmatocystin. Toxins of the Fusaria included zearalenone, acetamido lactone, tricothecenes and the toxin from F. Solani. Those from the Penicillia were rubratoxins, patulin, citrinin, and the tremorgenic toxins. Other mycotoxins also mentioned were slaframine, sporidesmins, ergots and those from Stachybotrys atra. Emphasis was given to reporting methods of analysis along with a summary of physiological actions of these mycotoxins. Particular attention was given to the excretion and detection of aflatoxin M from cattle and sheep. It is pointed out that the extent of livestock production or death losses from mycotoxin contamination of feeds is not known.

Effects of a fungus tremorgenic toxin (penitrem A) on transmission in rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations

Effects of a fungus tremorgenic toxin (penitrem A) on transmission in rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations

On the Toxic Metabolites of the Fungi Isolated from “Home-Made” Miso

The investigation on the toxigenic fungi growing in “home-made” miso was carried out. 173 samples from the farmhouse in Tohoku area were collected and surveyed but not so much contaminated with fungi. Citreoviridin from P. citreo-viride, viridicatin and viridicatol from P. cyclopium, rugulosin from P. rugulosum, and a new tremorgenic toxin, fumitremorgin from A. fumigatus were detected respectively as the important mycotoxins. A strain of Stachybotrys which was strongly toxic to mice was also isolated. However, from the EtOAc extracts of 25 strains of A. flavus-oryzae and 5 strains of A. ochraceus, neither aflatoxins nor ochratoxins were detected by TLC analysis.

Survey of the genus Penicillium for tremorgenic toxin production.

A preliminary survey of the genusPenicillium reveals that production of a trem-orgenic toxin is confined to certain species of the Subsection Fasciculata, Section Asymmetrica. The most intense toxin synthesis was noted in strains ofP. crustosum, P. cyclopium, P. grannulatum, andP. palitans.

Tremorgenic toxin from Penicillium cyclopium grown on food materials.

DRUGS and other compounds capable of causing sustained trembling are rare; in a survey of ten thousand compounds Everett et al. found less than ten with this property1. One of the best known is tremorine (1,4-dipyrrolidine-2-butyne) which is converted into a more active compound, oxotremorine2, by body tissues. Various synthetic amino alcohols also stimulate prolonged tremors, but their mechanism of action differs from that of tremorine and other more familiar compounds3.

1325. Sporidesmin and lipid metabolism

This paper is a review of mycotoxins reported in feedstuffs and their possible effect on dairy cattle and other types of livestock. Toxins of the Aspergilli discussed were the aflatoxins, ochratoxins, patulin and sterigmatocystin. Toxins of the Fusaria included zearalenone, acetamido lactone, tricothecenes and the toxin from F. Solani. Those from the Penicillia were rubratoxins, patulin, citrinin, and the tremorgenic toxins. Other mycotoxins also mentioned were slaframine, sporidesmins, ergots and those from Stachybotrys atra. Emphasis was given to reporting methods of analysis along with a summary of physiological actions of these mycotoxins. Particular attention was given to the excretion and detection of aflatoxin M from cattle and sheep. It is pointed out that the extent of livestock production or death losses from mycotoxin contamination of feeds is not known.