Onset Of Tremor Research Articles

Phosphorus–Nitrogen Compounds XV: N-1-Adamantylphosphoramidic Dichloride and Dimethyl and Diphenyl N-1-Adamantylphosphoramidate

N-1-Adamantylphosphoramidic dichloride and the dimethyl and diphenyl esters of the corresponding acid were synthesized and evaluated for biological activity. The dimethyl ester delayed the onset of tremorine-induced tremors and reduced locomotor activity, while the diphenyl derivative slightly antagonized perphenazine-induced catatonic reactions. None of the agents displayed activity against lymphoid leukemia.

Oxotremorine induced tremor in the decorticated cat

A technique for the experimental study of tremor is described. Injection of oxotremorine into acutely decorticated cats consistently induced a generalized tremor. The electromyographic analysis showed that the induced tremor was regular with simultaneous contractions of flexor and extensor muscles, although extensors were more affected. The frequency spectrum was wide (8–28 c/s). Tremors started first in the head and neck muscles and were visible during one to two hours as either short or long bursts, with or without waxing and waning characteristics. Frequency spectrum, phase relations of flexor and extensor activity and mode of onset of oxotremorine tremors were similar to those observed in shivering. However, atropine sulfate blocked oxotremorine tremors as it does parkinsonian tremor but it does not affect shivering. Pentobarbital in subanesthetic and anesthetic doses was able to block oxotremorine tremor. Tolerance to oxotremorine appeared to develop with administration of successive doses.

Temporal variations in the susceptibility of white rats to pentobarbital sodium and tremorine

Sprague-Dawley rats averaging 360 g and between 6 and 10 months old were housed under standardized conditions. Groups of ten to fifteen rats were injected intraperitoneally with potentially lethal doses of pentobarbital sodium at different times during four 24 hr experimental periods, and the resulting deaths were recorded. Two reactions to Tremorine (1,3-pyrrolidino-2-butyne) were investigated: (1) the percentage mortality of the group following intraperitoneal administration of graded, potentially lethal doses, and (2) the time required for the onset of constant tremors in all members of an experimental group after subcutaneous injection of non-lethal doses. Under the standardized conditions, there exists in the rat a difference in susceptibility to pentobarbital sodium and Tremorine over a 24-hr period. Peak “response” as measured by number of deaths is between 2200 and 0400. Minimum mortality occurred during the middle of the afternoon. Following subcutaneous injection of non-lethal doses of Tremorine, the time interval was longer for the onset of constant tremors during the daylight hours than at night.

Effects of Ten Organic Insecticides on Two Species of Stonefly Naiads

Two species of stonefly naiads were exposed to the chlorinated hydrocarbons DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin and to the organic phosphates parathion, malathion, guthion, Dylox, Di-Syston, and Bayer-29493. After the introduction of the pesticide, tests were run for 96 hours with observations made after each 24-hour period. There was a definite increase in mortality for both Pteronarcys californica and Acroneuria pacifica with increasing exposure time. Higher concentrations of insecticides produced higher death rates more rapidly than lower concentrations. There were definite symptoms of poisoning noted during the 4-day bioassays. The symptoms did not vary for the two species of stonefly naiads. Animals displaying tremors or convulsions usually died within 24 hours. Both species could recover from the effects of the poisons if they were removed from the solutions of toxicant before the tremors began. Removal from the test solution after the onset of tremors did not prevent death. With the same insecticide, the resistance of P. californica was greater than that of A. pacifica. Larger specimens of P. californica were more resistant than smaller specimens.