Trematodes Of Fishes Research Articles

Observations and experiments on some larval trematodes of freshwater snails and fish from southern Iceland.

During the Glasgow University Iceland Expedition in 1972 freshwater snails and fish in southern Iceland were sampled for larval trematodes. This survey was prompted by the lack of literature concerning larval trematodes there. Indeed, the apparent absence of liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (L.1758) from Iceland, (Palsson, pers. comm.) despite the presence of its molluscan and definitive hosts and the low summer temperatures, might lead to the supposition that climatic conditions are too harsh to permit completion of many trematode life-cycles. A number of adult trematodes have been reported from migratory birds in Iceland (Brinkmann 1956), although these parasites could have been acquired elsewhere. However, Crepidostomum farionis (Müller, 1784) from the gut of trout and char in Iceland (Brinkmann 1956) presumably completes its life cycle in freshwater there, although this has yet to be demonstrated.

Digenetic Trematodes of Fish from the Volta River Drainage System in Ghana prior to the Construction of the Volta Dam at Akosombo in May 1964

The catchment area of the Volta River covers an area of 153,000 sq. miles of which approximately 64,000 sq. miles is located in Ghana. This forms about 70 per cent of the total area of the country. Most of the catchment area in Ghana consists of savanna; including the Guinea savanna of the Northern region, the derived savanna of Northern Ashanti adjacent to it on the south, and the coastal savanna which is separated from the interior savanna by a broad belt of tropical forest. With the exception of some of the headwaters of the Afram the tropical forest is drained by smaller rivers including the Tano, Ankobra and the Pra which are not part of the Volta Basin. Most of the Volta catchment area lies in an area with a well defined wet season occurring between June and September.In May 1964, the huge dam across the Volta River at Akosombo was completed and the dendritic Volta Lake began to form. It reached its full size after the rainy season of 1968 when it covered an area of approximately 3,275 sq. miles.

Some Adult Digenetic Trematodes in Striped Mullet from the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Morphological information is given on the adults of 4 trematodes from Mugil cephalus from estuarine waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico with complementary information from specimens from Georgia. Lasiotocus glebulentus sp. n., from the Gulf, possesses a submedian genital pore and apparently differs from all known species by containing several large concretions in the excretory vesicle. Data are presented for Hymenocotta manteri Overstreet, 1969, Saccocoelioides beauforti (Hunter and Thomas, 1961) comb. n., and Dicrogaster fastigatus Thatcher and Sparks, 1958. These 3 species are now known from both the Gulf of Mexico and the western Atlantic coast. Carassotrema mugilicola Shireman, 1964, is transferred to the genus Chalcinotrema Freitas, 1947. The striped mullet, Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, is a cosmopolitan marine fish found in both fresh and salt waters of the tropical and warm temperate zones. It is a host for a large number of trematodes, many of which were cited by Doss and Farr (1969). In fact, mullet have been theorized by Manter (1957) and others as serving as an ecological bridge between trematodes of freshwater and marine fishes of coastal waters. Four adult species from the northern Gulf of Mexico are discussed below. Two others, Carassotrema mugilicola Shireman, 1964, not recovered by me, and a new species of Lecithaster Liihe, 1901, which will be described by me in a future paper, are also found in striped mullet from the Gulf region. The trematodes were examined alive, fixed in hot AFA solution under minimal coverslip pressure, and stained with Van Cleave's hematoxylin. Figures, except those designated otherwise, were drawn from mounted material with the aid of a camera lucida. All except the first are of material from the Gulf of Mexico region. Measurements are given in microns. Family Haplosplanchnidae Hymenocotta manteri Overstreet, 1969

Opecoelid trematodes of marine fishes of India

The present study includes five new and three known species of trematodes from marine fishes of India. Records of new hosts and new localities are given. The new species are: Plagioporus longicaudus, Opegaster paramacrorchis, Pseudopecoelina elongata, Pseudopecoeloides scomberi and Hamacreadium leiognathi. The known species are: Podocotyloides parupenei (Manter, 1963) Pritchard, 1966, Hamacreadium mutabile Linton, 1910 and H. krusadaiensis Gupta, 1956. Hamacreadium leiperi Gupta, 1956 is considered a synonym of H. mutabile.The author wishes to express his gratefulness to Dr Ather H. Siddiqi for his guidance and to Professor H. W. Manter of the University of Nebraska, U.S.A. for his valuable comments. The present study was financially supported by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.

Some Digenetic Trematodes of Embiotocid Fishes from Tomales and Bodega Bays, California

Some Digenetic Trematodes of Embiotocid Fishes from Tomales and Bodega Bays, California

Digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Ghana: family Monorchiidae.

This report is the third in a series by the authors on the digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Ghana, and was supported in part by a State University of New York Faculty Research Fellowship (FRF 68–40–003) awarded to the senior author. Specimens have been deposited in the U.S. National Museum Helminthological Collection as indicated. All measurements are in microns.

Siphodera ghanensis sp. n. (Cryptogonimidae), a Digenetic Trematode from an Estuarine Fish from Ghana

Siphodera ghanensis sp. n., a cryptogonimid trematode from the small intestine of an estuarine fish, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepede) (Bagridae) from Ghana is described. It is differentiated from the type and only species in the genus, S. vinaledwardsii (Linton, 1901) Linton, 1910, in possessing an acetabulum larger than the oral sucker, an unlobed or trilobed ovary, and a greater extent of vitellaria; it differs further in lacking uterine coils anterior to the testes, and a pitlike cavity in which the acetabulum lies. This report is the fourth in a series by the authors on the digenetic trematodes of fishes from Ghana. The worms were killed in hot water, fixed overnight in FAA, and stored in 70% alcohol plus 2% glycerine; they were stained in Mayer's carmalum, and mounted in permount. All measurements are in microns. Siphodera ghanensis sp. n. (Figs. 1, 2) Host: Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepede) (Bagridae). Site: Small intestine. Localities: Kakum river estuary at Iture; creek near Ekotsi; Ghana. Dates: 2, 3, 18 November 1965. Specimens: USNM Helm. Coll. No. 71189 (holotype); No. 71190 (paratypes). Diagnosis (based on four mature specimens): Body elongate oval, extremities round, 2,480 to 3,085 long, 930 to 1,035 wide at testicular level; preoral space 22 to 46 long; forebody 560 to 690 long, hindbody 1,560 to 2,100 long. Tegument spined to short distance posterior to testes. Glands scattered primarily in lateral fields of forebody, confluent dorsal to prepharynx. Eyespot pigment granules scattered in forebody. Oral sucker subterminal ventral, round to slightly elongate transversely, 230 to 250 long, 230 to 263 wide. Postoral circular muscle ring present. Acetabulum muscular, not in pitlike cavity, slightly elongate transversely, 280 to 300 long, 295 to 327 wide, center at level of anterior 1/4 to 3/10 of body length. Length ratio of suckers 1:1.17 to 1.25. Prepharynx emerging from posterodorsal part of oral sucker, 92 to 123 long in well extended specimens; pharynx pyriform, with circular muscle band around anterior part, 190 to 216 long, 144 to 177 wide; esophagus shorter than prepharynx, 65 to 85 long in well-extended specimens; small, compact mass of Received for publication 5 April 1968. * This work was supported in part by a State University of New York Faculty Research Fellowship (FRF68-40-003) awarded to the senior author. glands adjacent to prepharynx, pharynx, and esophagus; cecal bifurcation 56 to 65 anterior to acetabulum; ceca cell-lined, thin-walled, extending into posttesticular space but not reaching posterior extremity. Testes nine in number, smooth, lateral to c ca, five sinistral and four dextral in two worms, reverse distribution in other two, round to longitudinally or transversely elongate, 160 to 253 long, 133 to 230 wide; row with four testes extending slightly more anteriorly than one with five, lying 190 to 295 posterior to acetabulum; posttesticular space 445 to 760 long. Cirrus sac absent. Seminal vesicle with some undulations, bipartite, 412 to 585 long, 157 to 172 wide, extending 136 to 300 posterior to acetabulum, usually overlapping ovary dorsally; chambers thin-walled, anterior chamber lined with large cells. Prostatic vesicle cell-lined, much smaller than acetabulum, surrounded by dense mass of prostate cells, lying anterodorsal to acetabulum. Ejaculatory duct very short. Genital atrium short. Genital pore median, anteroventral to acetabulum. Ovary median to submedian (right or left), longitudinally or transversely elongate, unlobed and smooth in two specimens, with three smooth lobes in other two, 270 to 335 long, 270 to 340 wide, lying 90 to 195 posterior to acetabulum. Oviduct emerging from dorsal surface of ovary. Mehlis' gland well developed, anterodorsal to ovary. Seminal receptacle large, almost round to longitudinally elongate, 170 to 198 long, 145 to 165 wide, anterodorsal to ovary. Laurer's canal winding to surface dorsal to ovary. Uterus overlapping ceca and testes ventrally; with coiled descending limb on left in two specimens, on right in other two; with coiled ascending limb to ovarian level on opposite side, sinuous anterior to ovary in median to submedian position, lacking coils anterior to testes. Metraterm muscular, thickwalled, very short, beginning at anterior margin of acetabulum. Vitellaria follicular, extending from level of acetabulum to midlength of testicular fields or to posteriormost testes, filling dorsoventral depth of body between acetabulum and testes, lying dorsal only to testes, confluent dorsally from posterior part of ovary almost to posteriormost extent of follicles; vitelline duct from each side uniting dorsal to ovary to form common duct. Eggs nu-

Some Aspects of the Geographical Distribution of Parasites

The present distribution of certain parasites may reveal information on the immediate and the distant past of both hosts and parasites. Such information should correlate with data from other fields of knowledge. Recent evidence that Japanese came to Ecuador about 3000 B.C. and Southeastern Asians about 200 B.C. makes possible the early introduction of the hookworms Ancylostoma and Necator in the order postulated by Soper in 1927. The great differences in endemicity of marine fishes in oceanic islands in different oceans are also shown by trematode parasites of these fishes. The trematodes of marine fishes of South Australia are remarkably distinct. Of 165 species from marine fishes of tropical (northern) Australia, 30 occur elsewhere, with greatest affinities to New Caledonia, Japan, Red Sea, and the Caribbean. Dispersal to the Caribbean must have occurred via the Tethys Sea millions of years

Some Opecoelid Trematodes from California with a Description of Opecoelus noblei, sp. nov.

Opecoelus noblei, a new species of Opecoelid trematode is described from the small intestine of fishes of the genus Sebastodis from Monterey Bay, California. It may be distinguished from the related species by the anterior locations of its testes and genital pore, by its size and egg measurements, and by its constant discontinuity of the vitellaria in the gonadial region. 0. adsphaericus from the small intestine of fishes belonging to Cebidicthys sp. from Monterey Bay, is redescribed. A key to all described species of Opecoelus is given with a review of the genera Opecoelus and Opegaster. INTRODUCTION The digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Monterey Bay, California, were studied, with special reference to the genus Opecoelus Ozaki (1925), family Opecoelidae. The parasites were procured from the intestine of the fishes belonging to the genera Sebastodis sp. and Cebidicthys sp. They were collected and listed in 1927 and 1936 respectively, by the late Dr. A. E. Noble, to whom the author is indebted for the materials and for guidance. MATERIALS AND METHODS As indicated by the notes of the late Dr. A. E. Noble, the trematodes were removed from the small intestine of the hosts and fixed in Lavdowski's mixture of formalin, alcohol and acetic acid. The specimens that were not to be stained and mounted immediately were washed to remove the fixing fluid, partially dehydrated through a series of graded ethyl alcohols, and stored in a mixture of 70 parts of 80% ethyl alcohol and 10 parts of glycerine. The whole mounts were stained in Henneguy's acid alum carmine. Histological preparations were made from two of the stored specimens belonging to the new species. The sections were dealcoholized in a series of graded terpineol and xylene and embedded in paraffin. Both frontal and sagittal sections of 7 ju thickness were made and stained in hematoxylin and eosin. The drawings were made with the aid of a projector fitted to the microscope. Opecoelus noblei sp. nov. (Figs. 2-5) Body elongated, widest in anterior sixth, tapering gradually to pointed posterior extremity. Cuticle devoid of integumental outgrowths. Acetabulum more than twice as long as oral sucker and borne on prominent pedicle, located in anterior sixth of body. Oral 1 This work was in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Science at the University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, February, 1960.

Barbulostomum cupuloris gen. et sp. n. (Trematoda : Lepocreadiidae) from Sunfishes (Lepomis spp.) in Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana

Barbulostomum cupuloris gen. et sp. n. is described from the anterior half of the intestine of the primary-division freshwater fishes Lepomis microlophus (type host) and L. punctatus miniatus from a slightly brackish environment. Its phylogenetic position is nearest to the genera Homalometron Stafford, 1904 and Dactylotrema Bravo-Hollis and Manter, 1957. Remarks are offered on the genera of the subfamily Homalometroninae. The dispersal of B. cupuloris into fishes of a strictly freshwater environment is apparently limited by dependence on an intermediate host of the brackish estuarine habitat, and thus provides a penultimate link in Manter's ecological bridge theory of dispersal of fish trematodes from marine hosts to freshwater hosts in a permanently freshwater environment. The new trematode reported herein was discovered during a study on parasites of freshwater fishes in the region of New Orleans,

Monorchiidae (Trematoda) from Fishes of Apalachee Bay, Gulf of Mexico

Five species of monorchiid trematodes, including two new ones, Diplomonorchis floridensis from Symphurus plagiusa (L.) and Pseudohurleytrema shorti from Selene vomer (L.), are reported. The status of hurleytrematine genera with a single testis is discussed. Parahurleytrema, a new genus characterized by a bipartite seminal vesicle and terminal organ, is created for P. trachinoti (Thomas, 1959) n. comb. (syn. Hurleytrema trachinoti Thomas) and P. coronatumr (Manter and Pritchard, 1961) n. comb. (syn. Hurleytrema coronatum Manter and Pritchard). The genus, Pseudohurleytrema Manter, 1942, characterized by a single seminal vesicle and bipartite terminal organ, includes P. eucinostomi Manter, 1942, P. shorti (this paper), and P. malabonensis (Velasquez, 1961) n. comb. (syn. Hurleytrema malabonensis Velasquez). The similarity of monorchiid fauna of Beaufort, North Carolina and northern Gulf of Mexico is discussed. More than 50 species of trematodes were collected from marine fishes of Apalachee Bay over a period of 10 weeks during summers of 1963 and 1964. Five of species, all belonging to family Monorchiidae, are discussed in this paper; others are subject of another paper (Nahhas and Short, in press) to be published elsewhere. Manter (1942) reported nine species of monorchiids from Tortugas, Florida. In contrast, only three species are recorded from northern half of Gulf: Genolopa sp. was reported from Louisiana coast (Sparks, 1958); Diplomonorchis leiostomi Hopkins, 1941 is known from Tampa Bay (Sogandares-Bernal and Hutton, 1959a) and coasts of Louisiana and Texas (Sparks, 1958, 1960); and Lasiotocus minutum (Manter, 1931) from Tampa Bay (Sogandares-Bernal and Hutton, 1959b). The last two species first described from Beaufort, North Carolina, have not been reported from southern part of Gulf of Mexico or Caribbean. In discussing certain aspects of zoogeography of digenetic trematodes of shallow-water fishes in Gulf of Mexico, Sparks (1960) concluded that the northern Gulf population is more closely related to population of Atlantic coast of North America than to that of Tortugas. This conReceived for publication 3 August 1964. 16 clusion is well substantiated by members of family Monorchiidae, and species reported here confirm its validity, at least as far as this family is concerned.

Digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Apalachee Bay, Gulf of Mexico

Digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Apalachee Bay, Gulf of Mexico

Digenetic Trematodes of Fishes from Palawan Island, Philippines. IV. Some Immature Didymozoidae, a Bucephalid; A New Hemiuroid Genus and Subfamily

Abstract : Three immature didymozoids are reported from fishes of Palawan Island, Philippines: Torticaecum nipponicum Yamaguti, 1942, from Eleotris fusca; Immature Didymozoid A from Puntius binotatus; and Immature Didymozoid B from Euthynnus yaito. A review of didymozoids listed as Distomum fenestratum Linton, 1907, in the U. S. National Museum Helminthological Collection resulted in their separation into two district forms: D. fenestratum from Gymnothorax moringa, Haemulon plumieri, H. sciurus, H. parra, Remora remora, Scorpaena sp., and Pseudupeneus maculatus; and Immature Didymozoid C from Brevoortia tyrannus, Ammodytes americanus, and Etrumeus sadina. Bucephaloides sibi (Yamaguti, 1940) Hopkins, 1954 (Bucephalidae) is reported from Euthynnus yaito; and Pelorohelmins palawanensis gen. n., sp. n. (Hemiuroidea) from Gazza minuta is described. A new subfamily, Pelorohelminthinae, is created for the latter genus and appears to be most closely related to the family Isoparorchiidae. (Author)

The Zoogeographical Affinities of Trematodes of South American Freshwater Fishes

The trematode parasites of fishes of South America and of Africa are still very incompletely known, but it is evident that they, like their hosts, show much greater similarity to one another than either fauna does to trematodes of fishes of the Northern Hemisphere. Certain taxonomic revisions (Manter, 1962) tend to emphasize this similarity. This report is an attempt to review the general zoogeographical picture of these parasites as it now appears and its significance.

Trematode Parasites of Fishes from Egypt. Part V. Annotated Record of Some Previously Described Forms

Nine previously described species of digenetic trematodes of fishes were part of a collection from Egypt. Six of the nine were originally described or redescribed by Looss between 1896-1902: Acanthostomum spiniceps ( Looss, 1896) Looss, 1899; A. absconditum ( Looss, 1901) Poche, 1926 (syn. A. bagri Thomas, 1958); Haplosplanchnus pachysomus (Eysenhardt, 1829) Looss, 1902; Saccocoelium obesum Looss, 1902 (syn. S. tensum Looss, 1902); Astiotrema impletum ( Looss, 1899) Looss, 1900; and Haplorchoides cahirinus ( Looss, 1896) Chen, 1949. Additionally reported are Nicolla gallica (Dollfus, 1941) Dollfus, 1959; Nematobothrium labeonis McClelland, 1955; and Deropristis inflata (Molin, 1859) Odhner, 1902. Variations from and amplifications of the prior descriptions of these forms are presented. The parasites recorded herein were part of a collection of trematodes of fishes made between 1948-1953 by the junior author while a member of the U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt. Six of the nine species of this report were originally described or redescribed by Looss between 1896-1902. Looss's measurements were usually limited to the length and width of the body, oral sucker, acetabulum, pharynx, and eggs. These are supplemented and complemented by our data. Variations from and amplifications of the prior descriptions of the forms of this report are presented. All worms were fixed in FAA, stained in either Harris' hematoxylin or Mayer's paracarmine, and mounted in balsam. All measurements are in microns unless otherwise

Trematodes of fishes from the Red Sea.

The trematodes described below were collected at the Marine Biological Station at Ghardaga, Red Sea.Type specimens are deposited in the Department of Parasitology of Faculty of Medicine, Abbassia, Egypt.All measurements are in millimetres.

Trematodes of Fishes from the Red Sea. Part 9. Six New Anaporrhutine Species including a New Genus

Trematodes of Fishes from the Red Sea. Part 9. Six New Anaporrhutine Species including a New Genus

Studies on Digenetic Trematodes of Hawaiian Fishes: Family Bucephalidae

Studies on Digenetic Trematodes of Hawaiian Fishes: Family Bucephalidae

Trematodes of fishes from the Red Sea. 10. On three new Cryptogonimidae including two new genera.

The three trematode specimens described in this paper were collected by the senior author at the Marine Biological Station, Ghardaga, Red Sea; they are deposited in the collections of the Department of Parasitology, Ein-Shams University, Cairo, U.A.R.

Some Digenetic Trematodes of Fishes of Friday Harbor, Washington

Since the publications of Guberlet and his students, there have been few investigations on the trematodes of marine fishes of the Puget Sound region. Lloyd and Guberlet (1932, 1936) named a new genus and species of Monorchiidae and described Syncoelium filiferum (Sars) from the Pacific salmon. McFarlane (1936) studied 15 species of trematodes, 7 of them new, from the more common shallowwater fishes in Departure Bay, B. C.; the hosts and parasites also occur in Puget Sound. Lloyd (1938) investigated trematodes from Seattle and Friday Harbor and reported 13 digeneans, including 3 new species. Acena (1947) described one new genus of hemiuroids and two new species of lepocreadiids; validity of the last two was questioned by Hanson (1950). Margolis and Adams (1956) and Margolis (1958) have recently reported two new hemiuroids from British Columbia waters. Trematodes of fishes from the California coast are frequently found further north. Among them are 8 species of the genus Podocotyle described by Park (1937) from Dillon Beach. Annereaux (1943, 1947) collected 4 new species from fishes of southern California. Manter and Van Cleave (1951) reported 17 species from La Jolla and Montgomery (1957) recorded 22 additional species from the same area. The following report includes 24 species of trematodes from 21 species of fishes of Friday Harbor.