Types Of Trees Research Articles

Isoprenoid emissions from Schima superba and Cunninghamia lanceolata: Their responses to elevated temperature by two warming facilities

Isoprenoids (including isoprene (ISO) and monoterpenes (MTs)) are the majority of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) which are important carbon-containing secondary metabolites biosynthesized by organisms, especially plant in terrestrial ecosystem. Results of the warming effects on isoprenoid emissions vary within species and warming facilities, and thus conclusions remain controversial. In this study, two typical subtropical tree species seedlings of Schima superba and Cunninghamia lanceolata were cultivated under three conditions, namely no warming (CK) and two warming facilities (with infrared radiators (IR) and heating wires (HW)) in open top chamber (OTC), and the isoprenoid emissions were measured with preconcentor-GC–MS system after warming for one, two and four months. The results showed that the isoprenoid emissions from S. superba and C. lanceolata exhibited uniformity in response to two warming facilities. IR and HW both stimulated isoprenoid emissions in two plants after one month of treatment, with increased ratios of 16.3 % and 72.5 % for S. superba, and 2.47 and 5.96 times for C. lanceolata. However, the emissions were suppressed after four months, with more pronounced effect for HW. The variation in isoprenoid emissions was primarily associated with the levels of Pn, Tr, monoterpene synthase (MTPS) activity. C. lanceolata predominantly released MTs (mainly α-pinene, α-terpene, γ-terpene, and limonene), with 39.7 % to 99.6 % of the total isoprenoid but ISO was only a very minor constituent. For S. superba, MTs constituted 24.7 % to 96.1 % of total isoprenoid. It is noteworthy that HW generated a greater disturbance to physiology activity in plants. Our study provided more comprehensive and more convincing support for integrating temperature-elevation experiments of different ecosystems and assessing response and adaptation of forest carbon cycle to global warming.

Soil-Microbial CNP Content and Ecological Stoichiometry Characteristics of Typical Broad-Leaved Tree Communities in Fanjing Mountain in Spring

This study aims to investigate the impact of diverse forest stand types and soil depths on soil ecological stoichiometry characteristics, shedding light on nutrient limitations and cycling patterns within the mid-subtropical forest ecosystem in southwest China during spring. The research focused on four representative forest stands situated in Fanjing Mountain: Castanopsis fargesii (C. fargesii), Cyclobalanopsis multiervis (C. multiervis), Cyclobalanopsis argyrotricha (C. argyrotricha), and Rhododendron argyrophyllum Franch (R. argyrophyllum). Sample plots were established in these forest types, and soil samples were collected from the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layers in March, spring of 2023. Various soil parameters, including pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), soil microbial nitrogen (MBN), and soil microbial phosphorus (MBP) were measured, and their stoichiometric ratios were calculated. The findings of the study were as follows: (1) In the 0–20 cm soil layer, C. argyrotricha exhibited the highest soil organic carbon, followed by C. fargesii, C. multiervis, and R. argyrophyllum with the lowest content. No significant differences in soil organic carbon were observed among the four forests in the 20–40 cm soil layer. Additionally, C. argyrotricha displayed a significantly higher soil C:N ratio compared to other forest types in different soil layers. In the typical broad-leaved forest area of Fanjing Mountain, the TP was classified as deficient. (2) In the 0–20 cm soil layer, the MBC of C. fargesii surpassed C. multiervis, C. argyrotricha, and R. argyrophyllum by 26.59%, 42.92%, and 24.67%, respectively. There were no significant differences in soil MBC:MBP ratio and MBN:MBP ratio, regardless of forest species and soil depths. The low availability of soil nitrogen in different forest stand types in Fanjing Mountain strongly limits soil microorganism biomass. (3) The correlation between SOC, TN, TP, and their stoichiometric ratios varied across different soil layers. Therefore, in managing the Fanjing Mountain forest area, attention should be paid to supplementing N and P in the soil.

Discrete Laplacian on Graphs, Dirichlet Problem, and Minimization of Energy


 
 
 This report is primarily interested in discrete Laplacian on graphs and Dirichlet prob- lem. We investigate two cases of graphs, their Dirichlet problems, and the method of finding solutions to such problems by minimization of their corresponding energy functionals. In the case of an infinite, locally-finite, undirected, simple graph, we find that the minimiza- tion of its energy functional yields a solution to its Dirichlet or boundary-value problem. In the case of finite, directed, locally-finite decision tree, we propose a type of such tree specified by a chosen vertex with no predecessors and by a chosen boundary set of vertices that have no successors. We then further consider a special case of such construction where all the paths of the tree terminate at the same level. We find that the minimization of such special case’s energy functional yields a solution to its Dirichlet problem only when some additional conditions on and close to the boundary (level of termination) are met.
 
 

Carbon Storage and Sequestration Analysis by Urban Park Grid Using i-Tree Eco and Drone-Based Modeling

Urban areas play a crucial role in carbon absorption, while also producing a considerable amount of carbon emissions. However, there has been a lack of research that has systematically examined the carbon storage and sequestration in green spaces located within urban environments, at a spatial scale. This study analyzes carbon storage and sequestration in Yurim Park, Daejeon, South Korea on a grid basis to fill the research gap. The research compares the variation in sequestration capacity across different grids and provides insights into the development of sustainable urban parks in urban planning. The classification of grids is based on specific site characteristics, such as land cover, tree distribution, type, and density. This results in a total of seven distinct types. The study employs a combination of the I-tree eco model, drone-based modeling, and on-site surveys to estimate carbon storage and sequestration in urban parks. The results show that the average carbon storage per unit area in the entire park was 15.3 tons of carbon per hectare, ranging from a minimum of 5.0 to a maximum of 21.4 tons per hectare. For the planted area, the average carbon storage was 8.6 tons per hectare. Grids with green areas dominated by broad-leaved trees and closed canopy cover had the highest carbon sequestration and storage values. The planting area ratio and the type of trees planted were found to directly influence the carbon sequestration capacity per unit area of urban parks. This study stands out from previous research by conducting a detailed area-based comparison and analysis of carbon sequestration capacity in urban parks using sophisticated measurement techniques. The findings offer direct insights into strategies and policies for securing future urban carbon sinks and can be of practical use in this regard.

The Number of Topological Types of Trees

Two graphs are of the same topological type if they can be mutually embedded into each other topologically. We show that there are exactly ℵ1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\aleph _1$$\\end{document} distinct topological types of countable trees. In general, for any infinite cardinal κ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\kappa $$\\end{document} there are exactly κ+\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\kappa ^+$$\\end{document} distinct topological types of trees of size κ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\kappa $$\\end{document}. This solves a problem of van der Holst from 2005.

Diversity of Tree Species in Campus Forest of UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi

An indicator of the stability of a community within an ecosystem is diversity of species. The absence of data regarding the species diversity in the campus forest of UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi prompted the conduct of this study, which aimed to identify tree types and calculate the diversity index and evenness index for the campus forest. To achieve this aim, the research site was selected through the implementation of purposive sampling, whereas the plot was determined through the utilization of systematic sampling. Aside from that, tree data was collected in 22 plots using a quadratic method with dimensions of 20 m x 20 m. The research findings revealed the acquisition of 83 tree species, comprising 30 families and a total of 464/8.62 ha individuals. The species of tree that contains the greatest number of individuals is Ixonanthes sp. The genus Ixonanthes exhibited the greatest INP, which measured 37.64%. At 3.70, the species diversity index (H') indicates a significant degree of diversity across categories. Furthermore, the evenness index (E) acquired a value of 0.84, placing it within the category of high evenness

Global field collection data confirm an affinity of brown rot fungi for coniferous habitats and substrates.

Unlike 'white rot' (WR) wood-decomposing fungi that remove lignin to access cellulosic sugars, 'brown rot' (BR) fungi selectively extract sugars and leave lignin behind. The relative frequency and distribution of these fungal types (decay modes) have not been thoroughly assessed at a global scale; thus, the fate of one-third of Earth's aboveground carbon, wood lignin, remains unclear. Using c. 1.5 million fungal sporocarp and c. 30 million tree records from publicly accessible databases, we mapped and compared decay mode and tree type (conifer vs angiosperm) distributions. Additionally, we mined fungal record metadata to assess substrate specificity per decay mode. The global average for BR fungi proportion (BR/(BR + WR records)) was 13% and geographic variation was positively correlated (R2 = 0.45) with conifer trees proportion (conifer/(conifer + angiosperm records)). Most BR species (61%) were conifer, rather than angiosperm (22%), specialists. The reverse was true for WR (conifer: 19%; angiosperm: 62%). Global BR proportion patterns were predicted with greater accuracy using the relative distributions of individual tree species (R2 = 0.82), rather than tree type. Fungal decay mode distributions can be explained by tree type and, more importantly, tree species distributions, which our data suggest is due to strong substrate specificities.

Measuring Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds from Leaves Exposed to Submicron Black Carbon Using Portable Sensor

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are responsible for the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Our knowledge about how black carbon particles influence BVOC emissions from terrestrial ecosystems is limited; terrestrial vegetation captures black carbon particles as a sink. In this research, the BVOC emissions from the leaves of four terrestrial plants were measured using an RAE PGM-7300 BVOC analyzer. Then, the leaves from four types of trees were exposed to submicron carbon black for 24 h and 48 h in an ambient environment, respectively. Comparisons between the BVOC emissions before and after exposure to submicron carbon black were performed. Our results indicated that the emissions of BVOC from the leaves of four types of trees varied from 90 to 270 μg g−1 h−1 and depended on the species. The exposure to submicron black carbon particles had negligible impacts on the BVOC emissions from the leaves of four types of trees.

Effect of climate and wood type on elastic modulus of heat-treated wood and its optimization by the Taguchi method

Wood, as the oldest building material, provides some of the basic needs of human beings, including shelter and protection. Wood is used in exterior cladding, carrier systems, joinery, ceiling-floor coverings, windows, doors, and furniture production. When wooden material is exposed to external weather conditions, due to its hygroscopic structure, its physical and mechanical properties deteriorate from exposure to moisture, temperature, and biological organisms. The bending modulus of elasticity of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), oak (Quercus petraea L.), and chestnut (Castanea sativa M.) wood that was tannin-impregnated and heat-treated at 160 °C, was investigated using Taguchi L9 (33). The sequence was optimized. After heat treatment, the carrier elements were subjected to artificial climate conditions. In the optimization of the data obtained, it was understood that the highest impact factor was the tree type. In contrast, the climate on the elastic modulus was the lowest impact factor. In Taguchi analysis, a mathematical prediction model was created using actual and predicted data using the S/N ratio’s biggest-best equation. The R2 of the model can be predicted with an accuracy rate of 98.6%.

Asymmetric Cluster-Based Measures for Comparative Phylogenetics.

Phylogenetic inference and reconstruction methods generate hypotheses on evolutionary history. Competing inference methods are frequently used, and the evaluation of the generated hypotheses is achieved using tree comparison costs. The Robinson-Foulds (RF) distance is a widely used cost to compare the topology of two trees, but this cost is sensitive to tree error and can overestimate tree differences. To overcome this limitation, a refined version of the RF distance called the Cluster Affinity (CA) distance was introduced. However, CA distances are symmetric and cannot compare different types of trees. These asymmetric comparisons occur when gene trees are compared with species trees, when disparate datasets are integrated into a supertree, or when tree comparison measures are used to infer a phylogenetic network. In this study, we introduce a relaxation of the original Affinity distance to compare heterogeneous trees called the asymmetric CA cost. We also develop a biologically interpretable cost, the Cluster Support cost that normalizes by cluster size across gene trees. The characteristics of these costs are similar to the symmetric CA cost. We describe efficient algorithms, derive the exact diameters, and use these to standardize the cost to be applicable in practice. These costs provide objective, fine-scale, and biologically interpretable values that can assess differences and similarities between phylogenetic trees.

Optical flow of temperature reveals climate change patterns for agriculture and forestry

The study of climate change's impact on terrestrial ecosystems is crucial for achieving societal and economic sustainability and human well-being. Domains like agriculture and forestry respond to climate change similarly to other terrestrial natural biomes, experiencing reductions in productivity, migration, and loss of biodiversity. However, there is a research gap in understanding climate velocity for different land cover and land use types, which could reveal vulnerability patterns in agriculture and forestry. To address this gap, we present the first study of climate velocity for major land cover and land use classes with a focus on major crop growing regions and functional forest types at the continental level. To enable this analysis, we introduce a new approach for estimating climate velocity based on optical flow. This approach allows us to conduct a global study, improve ecosystem interconnection representation, and reduce the model's sensitivity to noisy data and parametrization. Our study highlights the significant vulnerability to climate change of agriculture as a land cover type with a climate velocity 15% higher than of other vegetation land cover classes. Furthermore, the analysis of climate velocity for functional tree types reveals the highest expected impact on deciduous and evergreen needleleaf trees primarily concentrated in regions with the highest climate velocity, especially in sub-polar and temperate climates. Conversely, tropical forests dominated by evergreen broadleaf tree types exhibits marked variations in climate velocity with the highest rates in South America and Africa and three times lower in Asia. Additionally, our analysis of climate velocity for agriculture shows that North American croplands experience the highest climate velocity exceeding the global average by 32%. This trend is consistent for major crop types such as soybean that have higher climate velocity than globally for 49%, rapeseed and sunflower for 39%, cotton for 35%, maize for 32%, and wheat for 30%. Notably, areas dedicated to cereals, sugar beet, and sunflowers are located in zones with climate velocities higher than the global average by 15%, 12%, and 9%, respectively. These patterns indicate potential shifts in the agriculture and forestry structures in the near future that coherent with recent climate change studies and will have significant impact on the socio-economic dimension of humanity sustainability.

Redesain Penataan Pohon Pada Rest Area Jalibar Desa Oro Oro Ombo, Kota Batu

Title: Redesign of Tree Arrangement in Jalibar Rest Area, Oro Oro Ombo Village, Batu City The Jalibar Rest Area is one of the tourist support facilities in Oro Oro Ombo Village. However, this rest area does not yet have a good green planning plan, even though one of the supporting comfort areas in the rest area is the proper arrangement of trees. This research identifies existing tree species and analyzes their functions, evaluates tree arrangements, and recommends tree arrangements based on their function and planting location. The research was conducted in the Jalibar Rest Area in Oro Oro Ombo Village, Batu District, Batu City, East Java. The analytical methods used are Key Performance Index (KPI), Comparative Study, and Spatial Mapping. Based on field observations, it is known that the Jalibar Rest Area has 123 trees with 16 types of trees. Based on the evaluation results, it is known that the suitability of the tree's function to its location, namely that the outer zone of the rest area should be planted with shade trees, guides and trees of aesthetic value. The parking zone is planted with trees that function as shade trees, guides and absorb pollutants. As well as service zones planted with trees with the functions of shade, absorbing pollutants and aesthetics. Recommendations for redesigning tree arrangements in the Jalibar Rest Area include adjusting the function of trees in each zone by maintaining appropriate tree species, replacing inappropriate tree species, adding and subtracting trees based on their planting distance.

Visible and invisible forest: The cultivation of shade in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

A consideration of the site-specific spatial experience created by urban trees and their cultural dimensions can enrich climate adaptive tree planting strategies in Winnipeg, a city of 850,000 in the central prairies of Canada. The paper begins with an introduction to traditional urban tree planting types and analyses the range of tree planting techniques that currently define public spaces in Winnipeg. A review of the recently published Urban Forest Strategy for Winnipeg highlights current strengths and challenges to climate change related tree planting in the city. Urban tree planting strategies and practices demonstrate a focus on quantifiable goals such as canopy coverage, number of trees planted or ecosystem services, with little reference to how trees define places. However, cities are constituted by the visible forest-the form and patterns of how trees are planted and the spaces they create. They are also shaped by the invisible forest, the diverse ways in which trees evoke different functions, values, and modes of occupation to different people at different times. Two basic approaches to urban tree planting will enrich climate-related tree planting initiatives by synthesizing the visible and invisible dimensions of the urban forest: Prioritizing the collective planting of trees as opposed to the single specimen and acknowledging the cultural dimensions of trees. Two design propositions from students at University of Manitoba demonstrate how trees can articulate the diverse ways people interact with trees through their spatial configuration and planting techniques. One draws upon tree types that acknowledge local agricultural tree planting strategies and the second responds to historical and contemporary Indigenous relationships to riparian trees. Acknowledging the planting of trees as a complex interplay between spatial, ecological, and cultural specificity allows for the communication of new values for the design and stewardship of urban trees and the provision of shade in a climate adaptive city.

Psychological distances to climate change and public preferences for biodiversity-augmenting attributes in family-owned production forests

Understanding public perceptions on how management can help adapt forests to climate change is fundamental to the design of socially-acceptable policies. A binary discrete choice experiment in Norway and Sweden was conducted to elicit public preferences for biodiversity-augmenting changes in three forest management attributes (set-aside, proportion of uneven-aged tree stands, and number and type of tree species) compared to typical status quo conditions in family-owned production forests. Importantly, how self-constructed psychological (spatial, social, temporal and hypothetical) distances to climate change were associated with management preferences was investigated. Following integrated choice and latent variable modeling approaches to account for their latency, our econometric results show that closer psychological distances to climate change were associated with increased support for biodiversity-augmenting changes in management attributes from status quo conditions of family-owned production forests. On average, the Norwegian public preferred larger set-asides and introducing one more broadleaved species, while the Swedish public favored changes in all attributes. The highest utility was derived from increasing set-aside areas from the status quo (5%) to 10% and 20% in both countries with respective average WTP of about 10 to 11 EUR/month in Norway, and approximately 10 to 14 EUR/month in Sweden. Findings point to universal acceptability of increasing set-aside areas in both nations, and public approval for uneven-aged and mixed forest management in Sweden.

The threat of a major tree pathogen to forest soil mesofauna food webs and ecosystem functioning

Tree pathogens threaten the survival of many forest foundation tree species worldwide. However, there is limited knowledge of how dieback of foundation tree species may threaten other components of forest ecosystems, such as soil biodiversity and associated ecosystem functions. Kauri (Agathis australis), threatened by the root-borne pathogen Phytophthora agathidicida, are culturally and ecologically significant tree species that exert great influence on soil properties. We aimed to characterise soil mesofauna community structure and energy fluxes in kauri forests and assess the potential threat that tree pathogens such as P. agathidicida pose to belowground ecosystems. We sampled soil mesofauna communities and identified specimens to functional feeding groups at 24 pairs of kauri and adjacent broadleaf trees in sites across the Waitākere Ranges Regional Park, Aotearoa – New Zealand. We attributed kauri canopy health scores, measured tree diameter, slope, forest floor depth, and soil carbon dioxide efflux. We also analysed soil samples for P. agathidicida presence, total carbon, and total nitrogen. We constructed soil mesofauna food webs associated with kauri and broadleaf trees, and assessed the uniqueness of food webs associated with kauri and the impacts of P. agathidicida on density, biomass, mean body mass, and energy fluxes of mesofauna taxonomic and trophic groups. We found omnivores with larger body mass at kauri where P. agathidicida was detected (i.e., P. agathidicida-positive soils). Compared to broadleaf trees, mesofauna density and biomass were lower in soils under kauri, and body masses of Symphyla and omnivores were smaller in soils under kauri. Differences in mesofauna community response variables between tree types were mainly modulated by the soil C:N ratio, which had positive effects under broadleaf and neutral to negative effects under kauri. Energy fluxes to detritivores and fungivores were greater under larger trees, regardless of tree type or P. agathidicida detection status. Our findings suggest that kauri support soil mesofauna food webs that are distinctly different from those found under broadleaf trees in the same habitat. A decreased presence of this foundation species may be linked to future impacts on soil mesofauna in this forest ecosystem with increasingly advanced stages of kauri dieback.

POTENSI PENGEMBANGAN AGROFORESTRI MASYARAKAT SEKITAR HUTAN ADAT GHIMBO POMUAN, KAMPAR, RIAU

Agroforestry applied to community gardens/yards around the Ghimbo Pomuan Indigenous Forest has the potential to be developed. The purpose of the study was to analyze the potential for agroforestry development of the community around the Ghimbo Pomuan Indigenous Forest, Kampar Riau. The method used in this research is a survey method. The survey method was carried out by structured interviews through questionnaires, identifying and making an inventory of fruit trees and agriculture with agroforestry patterns. Interviews were conducted to determine the types of fruit trees and agricultural products that have the potential to be developed by the community around the Ghimbo Pomuan Indigenous Forest. The results showed that the respondent's perception of the agroforestry system based on the Likert scale value had an average of 4.01. This shows that the respondent's knowledge of the agroforestry system is good. There were 29 types of trees, fruit and, agricultural crops, consisting of 19 families and 27 genera which were planted in the garden/yard with the respondent's agroforestry pattern. Generally, tree species are dominated by fruit trees. The combination of species in the agroforestry pattern is dominated by woody plants, namely rubber (Hevea bransiliasis) and coconut (Cocos nucifera). Types of fruit plants are sweet orange, longan, and guava image (Syzygium aqueum). While agricultural crops are dominated by bananas, corn, and chilies. The choice of combination of types of plants with agroforestry patterns is dominated by banana with longan, matoa with rimbang, chili, jambu citra with cassava.

The Response of Endogenous ABA and Soluble Sugars of Platycladus orientalis to Drought and Post-Drought Rehydration.

To uncover the internal mechanisms of various drought stress intensities affecting the soluble sugar content in organs and its regulation by endogenous abscisic acid (ABA), we selected the saplings of Platycladus orientalis, a typical tree species in the Beijing area, as our research subject. We investigated the correlation between tree soluble sugars and endogenous ABA in the organs (comprised of leaf, branch, stem, coarse root, and fine root) under two water treatments. One water treatment was defined as T1, which stopped watering until the potted soil volumetric water content (SWC) reached the wilting coefficient and then rewatered the sapling. The other water treatment, named T2, replenished 95% of the total water loss of one potted sapling every day and irrigated the above-mentioned sapling after its SWC reached the wilt coefficients. The results revealed that (1) the photosynthetic physiological parameters of P. orientalis were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) under fast and slow drought processes. The photosynthetic physiological parameters of P. orientalis in the fast drought-rehydration treatment group recovered faster relative to the slow drought-rehydration treatment group. (2) The fast and slow drought treatments significantly (p < 0.05) increased the ABA and soluble sugar contents in all organs. The roots of the P. orientalis exhibited higher sensitivity in ABA and soluble sugar content to changes in soil moisture dynamics compared to other organs. (3) ABA and soluble sugar content of P. orientalis showed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) under fast and slow drought conditions. During the rehydration stage, the two were significantly correlated in the T2 treatment (p < 0.05). In summary, soil drought rhythms significantly affected the photosynthetic parameters, organ ABA, and soluble sugar content of P. orientalis. This study elucidates the adaptive mechanisms of P. orientalis plants to drought and rehydration under the above-mentioned two water drought treatments, offering theoretical insights for selecting and cultivating drought-tolerant tree species.

Fungal community composition predicts forest carbon storage at a continental scale.

Forest soils harbor hyper-diverse microbial communities which fundamentally regulate carbon and nutrient cycling across the globe. Directly testing hypotheses on how microbiome diversity is linked to forest carbon storage has been difficult, due to a lack of paired data on microbiome diversity and in situ observations of forest carbon accumulation and storage. Here, we investigated the relationship between soil microbiomes and forest carbon across 238 forest inventory plots spanning 15 European countries. We show that the composition and diversity of fungal, but not bacterial, species is tightly coupled to both forest biotic conditions and a seven-fold variation in tree growth rates and biomass carbon stocks when controlling for the effects of dominant tree type, climate, and other environmental factors. This linkage is particularly strong for symbiotic endophytic and ectomycorrhizal fungi known to directly facilitate tree growth. Since tree growth rates in this system are closely and positively correlated with belowground soil carbon stocks, we conclude that fungal composition is a strong predictor of overall forest carbon storage across the European continent.

Anthocyanins act as a sugar-buffer and an alternative electron sink in response to starch depletion during leaf senescence: a case study on a typical anthocyanic tree species, Acer japonicum.

We hypothesized that anthocyanins act as a sugar-buffer and an alternative electron sink during leaf senescence to prevent sugar-mediated early senescence and photoinhibition. To elucidate the anthocyanin role, we monitored seasonal changes in photosynthetic traits, sugar, starch and N contents, pigment composition, and gene expression profiles in leaves exposed to substantially different light conditions within a canopy of an adult tree of fullmoon maple (Acer japonicum). Enhancement of starch amylolysis accompanied with cessation of starch synthesis occurred in the same manner independent of light conditions. Leaf sugar contents increased, but reached upper limits in the late stage of leaf senescence, even though leaf anthocyanins further increased after complete depletion of starch. Sun-exposed leaves maintained higher energy consumption via electron flow than shade-grown leaves during leaf N resorption. Thus, anthocyanins accumulated in sun-exposed leaves might have a regulative role as a sugar buffer, retarding leaf senescence, and an indirect photoprotective role as an alternative sink for electron consumption to compensate declines in other metabolic processes such as starch and protein synthesis. In this context, anthocyanins might be key substrates protecting both outer-canopy leaves (against photoinhibition) and inner-canopy leaves (via shading by outer-canopy leaves) from high light stress during N resorption.

HABITAT MIKRO TABAT BARITO (Ficus Deltoidea Jack) DI KELURAHAN JAMBU KECAMATAN TEWEH BARU DAN DESA PENDREH KECAMATAN TEWEH TENGAH KABUPATEN BARITO UTARA PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TENGAH

The high diversity of plants in Indonesia provides many benefits for the community, one of which is the use of plants as traditional medicines so that the prospects for rnedicinal plant agro-industry in lndonesia are very large. The exploitation of forests and land for plantation and rnining activities in North Barito District is currently threatening the existence of the tabat barito as one of the plants that live in the forest. The objectives of this study were to identify the microhabitat characteristics of barito tabat in its native habitat. Tabat barito was found to live attached to 2 types of host trees, namely kuyum bakei trees (Elaeocarpus sp. ) and kacuhui trees (Shorea sp.). These two types of host plants have similarities in terms of habitat where they grow and similar trunk characteristics, namely thick, grooved bark, easily cracked and porous and can peel. The microclimatic conditions measured were elevation 29 - 64, ternperature range 32 - 33.1 "C, relative humidity 58 - 67% and light intensity 394-732 lux.