Tree Planting Activities Research Articles

Tree Planting Activity to Nurture Impactful Mission (Tanim) at Select Barangay in San Jose, Batangas

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Tree Planting Activity to Nurture Impactful Mission (TANIM) at select barangay in San Jose, Batangas. The study design is descriptive-qualitative in nature. Based on the qualitative data analysis, two themes have emerged such as simple yet useful and the short-term and long-term ecological benefits. The respondents felt contentment and fulfillment with themselves and felt a sense of accomplishment as described as a sense of success and service from the heart which implied a profound sense of achievement and a heartfelt commitment to making a positive impact on the environment. The short-term ecological benefits as described by the participants were local biodiversity, soil protection, soil health improvement, air quality improvement, and microclimate regulation while the potential long-term ecological benefits were enhanced biodiversity, carbon sequestration, water quality improvement, climate resilience, nursery operations, seed collection and processing, community engagement, aesthetic and recreational value of planting more trees, and educational opportunities which implied the immediate gains and envisioned the lasting advantages. The output of the study is the action to increase participation in the Tree Planting Activity to Nurture Impactful Mission (TANIM).

Kegiatan Penghijauan Penanaman 150 Bibit Pohon di Desa Wonorejo Kecamatan Kaliwungu Kabupaten Kendal

Trees play an important role in carbon sequestration and the global carbon cycle, contributing to climate change mitigation. The carbon dioxide cycle maintains a natural balance between concentrations in the atmosphere. The government mandate along with the Minister of Environment and Forestry's directive is to plant 200 trees in a lifetime. Trees are one way to reduce pollution, there is very little activity along the main roads of the village so this had to be done. The purpose of this work is to create a beautiful environment on the main road of the village so that the activities and benefits can be heard by the community. In this process the trees planted were Ketapang Kenka, Sengon, Glodogan and Pachira trees. Fruit trees can not only be utilized for air conditioning and disaster prevention, the community can also manage fruit trees. The community can see from the work that has been done that the community really appreciates the work. This can be seen from the enthusiasm of the community and village owners who participated in the tree planting activity.

The impact of Gen Z's pro-environmental behavior on sustainable development goals through tree planting

This interdisciplinary study addresses a critical gap in environmental behavior research by focusing on Gen Z's engagement with tree planting, a key yet underexplored activity in the context of achieving sustainable development goals. Motivated by the need to understand how cultural practices and environmental policies influence young people's participation in sustainability efforts, this research examines how integrating psychological theories with sociocultural dynamics can enhance our understanding of proactive environmental engagement. Leveraging frameworks from psychology, sociology, environmental science, and cultural studies, this research integrates the Value-Belief-Norm theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior to analyze how Gen Z's values, environmental beliefs, and perceived behavioral control influence their intentions and actions toward tree planting. The methodology involves a two-phase empirical investigation: initially developing and validating measurement items with 141 Gen Z participants, followed by a second phase with 203 participants to validate the proposed model using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The findings highlight that the environmental value of Gen Z significantly shapes its attitudes and behavioral intentions toward tree planting. Additionally, this study reveals the crucial role of personal norms and perceived behavioral control in steering individuals’ pro-environmental behaviors. The Vishu Thaineetham initiative, which has a global footprint and has transformed a cultural tradition into a sustainable tree-planting movement, is a case study for innovative ecological preservation. This initiative demonstrates the potential of culturally adapted practices to foster collective environmental engagement and promote cleaner production strategies. The implications for theory and practice, emphasizing insights into environmental behavior models, are also provided.

The Interplay between Citizen Activities and Space across Different Official Memorial Landscape Construction Phases: Disaster Risk Reduction in Ishinomaki, Japan

Memorial facilities are one of the crucial places where citizens conduct activities facilitating disaster risk reduction (DRR). However, previous studies have primarily focused on the post-construction phase of official memorial facilities, neglecting the citizen activities collaborating with the official memorial construction process before and during the construction process. This research gap is important considering the urgency of disaster-affected regions to recover from spatial, social, and psychological voids while working towards the goal of DRR, including the efforts of citizens in the official efforts. This study addresses this gap by examining the case of the official memorial park in Ishinomaki, Tohoku region, following the Great East Japan Earthquake. Here, local citizens actively participated in activities before, during, and after park construction, engaging with official efforts. Data were gathered from various online sources to capture activity, space, and management information. Employing a mixed methods research approach, we conducted both quantitative analysis, counting labels of structural coding, and qualitative description of original texts. Our findings reveal that fostering mutual respect built on communication and collaborative tree-planting activities were crucial for maintaining the pre-existing citizen activities and collaborative construction during the official construction period. Additionally, the implementation of a collaborative regulation system was vital for integrating and managing spontaneous citizen activities to achieve the park’s intended objectives post-opening. In conclusion, we highlighted a framework elucidating the mechanisms through which these processes contribute to DRR across key phases of disaster risk management: preparedness, prevention, response, and recovery (PPRR). These insights are important in guiding efforts to engage citizens in DRR initiatives through recovery and reconstruction facilitated by memorial facilities.

Perilaku Masyarakat yang Berdampak Terhadap Pencemaran Sungai di Kelurahan Kuin Utara Kota Banjarmasin

Pollution of the Kuin River has caused a decline in river water quality. This research aims to find out the behaviour of the community that causes pollution of the Kuin River, as well as to find out the efforts made in improving the river. The analysis of this research uses the theory of risk society and the theory of environmental ethics. This research uses a qualitative method. Data collection used observation, interview and documentation techniques. The research was conducted for 2 months, from December 2022 - January 2023. The research was conducted in North Kuin Village, North Banjarmasin District, Banjarmasin City. Data analysis techniques consist of data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results show that the behaviour of the people of Kuin Utara Village in relation to the river is very diverse. These behaviours have become habits that are difficult to change. People understand that throwing rubbish into the river is a bad habit. The lack of cleaning facilities is also a reason for people to litter. In addition, the lack of government role is one of the factors, where the government's role in handling waste is still very limited compared to the level of waste volume generated every day. Community efforts in improving the river environment are carried out through tree planting activities. Mutual cooperation activities to clean up rubbish are also carried out to create a healthy and clean river environment. These efforts also contribute to the preservation of cultural and religious heritage tourism in Kuin Utara Village. If people do not have a healthy lifestyle, the environment will be polluted, so the role of the entire community is needed to create a clean and comfortable environment.

Species selection in unfamiliar terrain: participants’ preferences and practices around Mount Elgon, Uganda

Efforts to restore the world forests and trees are obviously significant and still increasing. Selection of tree species in this context is based on prevailing challenges impacting on livelihood needs. A study was conducted around Mount Elgon between January 2018 and July 2020. The objectives were to; i) document the socio-economic factors of participants in tree multiplication and planting, ii) identify the farmers practices and choice of species used under farming contexts iii) assess the relationship between the participants socio-economic factors, practices and choices of tree species. A multi-stage sampling approach was followed to select a total of 150 participants. The participants were engaged through semi-structured and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed in MINITAB 19. Results show that tree multiplication and planting activities were dominated (84%) by a vibrant group of males between the ages of 15 and 40 years old. Up to 60% of this group were illiterate or inexperienced in tree planting and multiplication. Exotic trees (containing Eucalyptus grandis, Grevillea robusta and Neolamarckia cadamba) were highly valued for firewood, timber and small stems used to support food crops including Musa spp., Phaseolus vulgaris and Solanum lycopersicum. The indigenous species (mainly Cordia africana, Maesopsis eminii, Albizia spp. and Ficus spp.) were on the other hand treasured for shade in the coffee-banana farming systems as well as serving social-cultural benefits, counting medicine and rituals. The participants gender significantly influenced the choice of tree species adopted (P<0.001). For example, the men were more interested in timber and carbon related tree species while the women and the youths were generally involved in apiculture and fruit tree growing. With all the anticipated benefits and publicity about the exotic trees in this region, the participants have no choice but to follow the advice from the various tree planting campaigns. We recommend co-operation of the stakeholders especially during tree germplasm selection in order to meet performance expectations. The expectations include developing individual species breeding protocols based on site conditions for tree seed collection, seedling multiplication and planting.

The Implementation of “WE R GREEN” Program in ADHI Construction Projects for CO2 Emission Efficiency

As the leading state-owned construction company in Indonesia, PT Adhi Karya (Persero) Tbk (ADHI) has taken certain steps to address sustainability issues, especially when it comes to improving the environmental quality of infrastructure projects. "WE R GREEN" is an environmental program that emphasizes water conservation (W), energy efficiency (E), waste management (R, which stands for remove, reduce, reuse, and recycle), and tree planting activity (GREEN). This study used a construction project in Depok as the sample, where every action has a close relationship with the environment. The purpose of this study is to determine the CO2 efficiency of some project activities following the implementation of the "WE R GREEN" initiatives. The data consists of water consumption, project office building usage, electricity consumption, solid waste production, and planted tree specification. According to the data, total CO2 emissions were 110,62 tons CO2e year prior to program implementation, and the emission has dropped to 73,59 tons CO2e annually following the initiatives. This concludes that the total of 37,03 tons CO2e per year, or 33%, are reduced. Assuming the same number of people and project activities throughout all 109 ADHI projects to put the program into practice. The estimated annual CO2 output would thus decrease 4.036,06 tons CO2e.

Local tourists’ perception towards mangrove forest conservation and regeneration in the Guang-guang Mangrove Park and Nursery, Davao Oriental, Philippines

Mangroves are crucial for preserving and safeguarding coastal communities and the ecosystem along the shore. This study focused on determining the perception of local tourists towards the importance and current efforts and initiatives for mangrove forest conservation and regeneration in Guang-Guang, Dahican, City of Mati, Davao Oriental, Philippines. Using in-depth interviews with ten local tourists, major themes relating to and difficulties facing conservation and regeneration programs, as well as the ecosystem services and functions of mangrove forests, were investigated. The local tourists perceived that mangroves operate as storm barriers, prevent coastal erosion, and serve as essential habitats for aquatic organisms. However, anthropogenic activities like the establishment of shrimp ponds, plastic pollution, land reclamation, and illegal logging were documented to threaten the mangrove forests. The study also highlighted the government's efforts to implement regeneration programs and engage local communities and stakeholders in tree planting and coastal clean-up activities. The significance of mangrove forest conservation and regeneration was underscored, considering their roles in providing habitats, protecting coastlines, promoting biodiversity, and supporting livelihoods. The implications of the study emphasized the need to raise public awareness, improve environmental education, involve communities in decision-making, and implement regenerative conservation initiatives.

The human well-being outcomes of tree plantations in sub-Saharan Africa: A reassessment of evidence using longitudinal subnational-year data

Several globally driven endeavors endorse tree plantations as an intervention for resource restoration, with assumptions of socio-economic outcomes as co-benefits. Yet, evidence of such co-benefits remains questionable and unclear. Focusing on sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), we empirically reassess the effectiveness of tree planting and species diversity in tree plantations on Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, Human Development Index (HDI), and International Wealth Index (IWI). We use multi-way fixed effects instrumental variables on subnational-year panel data on tree plantations in the first-level administrative subdivisions of 12 SSA countries for the years 1992–2016. We find that dedicating more land to tree plantation over a three- to five-year period raises IWI by more than a third and GNI per capita by a substantial annual amount of 205 to 395 USD. We also find positive effects of tree species diversification in plantations (tree crops and planted forests) on GNI per capita and IWI. However, there is no evidence of HDI increments due to tree planting programs. Our findings remain consistent across different specifications, and a mediation analysis stresses that the impacts of tree plantations are led by men's employment opportunities outside the agricultural sector. We conclude that restoration efforts heavily based on tree planting activities can improve economic well-being outcomes, with heterogeneity across locations and genders, when tree species planted are diversified and successfully grown over time.

Gendered Perception of Forests Over Limestone Ecosystem Services and Conservation Actions in Guiuan Marine Reserve Protected Landscape and Seascape (GMRPLS), Guiuan, Eastern Samar, Philippines

Conservation of forests over limestone (FOL), a unique and fragile ecosystem, is critical to ensure the sustainability of both nature and human communities in the vicinities. A survey was conducted to determine the gendered perception about the FOL, the importance of its ecosystem services, and conservation actions in Guiuan Marine Reserve Protected Landscape and Seascape (GMRPLS), Guiuan, Eastern Samar, Philippines. About 541 men and women of barangays Pagnamitan, Ngolos, Baras, and Sulangan, Guiuan, Eastern Samar participated. Both men (3%) and women (2%) in GMRPLS were involved in the conservation of FOL, e.g., policymaking, awareness campaigns, tree planting, and other activities. Also, about 8% of women (W) and 7% of men (M) were interested in participating in conservation actions. The men and women in GMRPLS were slightly to very well familiar (M=92%, W=90%) and aware (M=94%, W=92%) of FOL. The men (96%) and women (94%) were also slightly to very well aware that the FOL is protected by law and managed by an agency. Also, the men and women considered the ecosystem services of FOL critical, e.g., protection against typhoons, water, fresh air, and wildlife habitat. Conservation actions such as conducting forest information dissemination, participating in conservation programs, planting seedlings, and enacting a localized biodiversity conservation strategy specific to FOL were recommended by the men and women in GMRPLS. Forest regulation and governance of all concerned are necessary to ensure the FOL's sustainability and the continued enjoyment of the communities of its ecosystem services. Moreover, the study suggests extension activities, e.g., information and education campaigns in these barangays, to increase their awareness and appreciation of FOL and encourage their engagement in FOL conservation.

PELATIHAN RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU DENGAN PENANAMAN POHON PUCUK MERAH DI DESA PAYACUT KECAMATAN PEUSANGAN KABUPATEN BIREUEN

The environment is something that exists around life or organisms. A clean environment means no disease, less flooding, fresh, clean air, and so on. The increase in the number of building construction and the number of vehicles indirectly affects the increase in air temperature in the environment. This results in air pollution so that green open spaces are increasingly under pressure. One of the negative impacts of this is global warming and climate change. The way to reduce the effects of global warming and climate change is to increase number of trees through planting. This community service activity is green open space training by planting Red Shoot Trees in Payacut Village, District. Peusangan District. Bireuen. This activity aimed to reduce the causes of flooding, reduce air pollution, and create a green and healthy environment. Community service activities were carried out through 3 stages, namely preparation, implementation and reporting. The method of implementing activities was through lectures (question and answer) and demonstrations. The results of PKM activities were: 1) community understanding and awareness of the importance of protecting the environment, 2) increasing community motivation to care for the environment by participating in tree planting activities, and 3) creating a community that cares about greening the environment and a healthy environment through tree planting activities. This activity is carried out continuously by lecturers and students of the Master of Natural Resources and Environmental Management Study Program, Almuslim University Postgraduate Program.

Peduli Lingkungan Melalui Program Penanaman Pohon di Negeri Kilang Kota Ambon

Environmental care activities carried out in the form of reforestation in Negeri Kilang are also an implementation of the Pattimura University KKN student program, the first batch of Class L, aimed at increasing the knowledge of the Negeri Kilang community about the role and function of plants, as well as creating the character of the Negeri Kilang community who care about the environment. Carrying out activities is a form of assistance in the field as well as outreach to village communities regarding reforestation efforts as a form of protecting and preserving the environment. The results of this tree planting activity are the planting of clove, mahogany, ironwood and durian tree seedlings in reforestation locations and in hamlets/community gardens which can be utilized according to their intended purpose to make land use more efficient, apart from optimizing ecological functions, as well as providing economic value for the people of the Negeri Kilang.

Distribution and Management of the Invasive Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae) at the Foot of a Protected Area in Luzon Island, Philippines

Invasive alien plant species (IAPS) pose one of the most significant threats to native biodiversity. Swietenia macrophylla, or big leaf mahogany, is among the most threatening invasive plants in the Philippines. This article aimed to formally document the presence of S. macrophylla along the edges of Mt. Banahaw de Nagcarlan, a protected area on Luzon Island, Philippines. The study also sought to identify the management strategies being implemented by various government institutions to address big leaf mahogany and other invasive plants. A total of 1591 individuals of S. macrophylla were documented in mixed land-use areas and roadsides. These were found to have been introduced by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in 1991 as a reforestation species. Fortunately, no individuals were observed beyond the buffer zone towards the protected area. The identification of management strategies for big leaf mahogany and other IAPS revealed that there is no established approach specifically addressing the presence of S. macrophylla at the site. However, some institutions advocate for the conservation of native plants through tree planting activities and educational campaigns. Furthermore, no collaborative efforts were observed among stakeholders and institutions. The results of this study highlight the urgent need to manage the S. macrophylla population. Planning and enforcement of strategies require collaborative efforts among stakeholders to prevent its entry into the protected area and ensure the preservation of native biodiversity.

Socio-Economics Importance and Its Determinant Factors of Wetlands in Eastern Ethiopia

Wetland in Ethiopia provides various socio-economic benefits for the local community and for the people who live around the ecosystem. Despite this, the wetland in Ethiopia provides various benefits to the local community, it is under severe pressure and degradation from natural causes and human activity. The present study aims to assess the socio-economic importance of the wetland that existed in the East Harerghe zone. Both primary and secondary data were employed to answer the study objective. Accordingly, a total of 220 respondents were selected to administer the questionnaire. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis and a multiple regression model was used to see the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The income generated varies in two lakes, Lake Langie is 56,196.8 birr, whereas the mean annual income in Lake Adele is 54,662.6 birr. The determining factor for the income generated from the wetland is the respondent land size and the distance between the wetland and farmland. Among respondents, 53.2% of the respondents perceived that the lakes are highly degraded followed by less degraded 33.9% and 12.6% in good condition. Agricultural expansions are indicated as the major triggering factor for the degradation of wetlands followed by population pressure, sedimentation, deforestation, overgrazing, and poor law enforcement and regulation respectively. Most respondents are interested in participating in conservation activity and the recommended activity to tackle this degradation is soil and water conservation and tree planting activity.

“So That We Can Save the Earth from Dying”: Highlights from a Middle School Environmental Field Day

AbstractContinued urbanization is likely to reduce human‐nature experience, transforming human‐dwelt spaces into increasingly artificial environments and removing humans from interaction with non‐human living things and their ecosystems. In urban spaces, outdoor experiential educational activities can help students increase their familiarity with the outdoors and get their hands dirty. This case study reports on an environmental field day for middle school students from an urban Kentucky middle school. Students rotated through three activities (picking insects out of leaf packs, testing water quality, and planting trees), then completed a brief survey designed and administered by their faculty. Students rated the tree planting activity more highly than the other two activities (p < 0.0001), suggesting that this activity was more accessible, interesting, and engaging to a broader range of students. However, student qualitative responses to the water quality and leaf pack activities demonstrated an ability to make connections between those activities and the broader world, such as the importance of their stream‐water quality for the Gulf of Mexico, or the implications of finding pollution‐tolerant insects for understanding stream health. Overall, we recommend planning field days with multiple activities that offer various entry points for students with a range of prior experience of nature. We also emphasize the potential for these sorts of activities to help students develop a sense of awe or wonder in nature—seeing and handling things they never considered before but now experience as profound and interesting. These observations are consistent with the literature demonstrating the need for human‐nature experience (especially in urban areas) to support developing a sense of affectivity for the environment and interest in taking environmentally beneficial actions, as well as the role of place‐based experiential education in helping students bridge that gap.

GREENING AND TREE PLANTING TO REALIZE ASRI SCHOOL

Tree planting has the aim of reforestation and greening for conservation, greening is an effort to create a beautiful and useful area and greening is increasing the area of ​​RTH (Green Open Space). This community service is at SD N 2 Senawar. Community service aims to increase tree planting in schools and foster students' character to love the environment. Community service methods are presentation, discussion and practice methods. Transfer of knowledge and technology given to residents of SD N 2 Senawar school. community service activities participants can find out about tree planting and reforestation activities properly and can reduce the impact of environmental pollution.

Determinants of Tree Planting and Cover Retention in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas of East Africa: The Case of Machakos County, Kenya

Rapid human population growth, increased demand for land, overexploitation and the degradation of local natural resources have led to serious socio-economic and environmental challenges in Machakos County, Kenya, East Africa. This has led to a drastic reduction in tree cover in arid and semiarid areas over the years. To reverse this trend it is important to understand the socio-economic factors that determine household tree planting and cover retention in Machakos County. Based on a structured questionnaire targeting 412 respondents as well as focus group discussions and key informants, we assessed the determinants of tree planting cover retention using a logistic regression model. The study found that socioeconomic variables that significantly influenced tree cover adoption in Machakos County in Kenya included gender (p=0.011), household size (p=0.030), and title deed ownership (p=0.023). The respondents used tree products to enhance their socio-economic resilience. In total, 58 different types of tree species were planted or retained on the farms. The major tree species included Eucalyptus saligna, Grevillea robusta, Mangifera indica, Persea americana, Croton megalocarpus, and Terminalia brownie. Based on our findings we recommend more involvement of women and youth in tree planting activities in Matungulu Sub-county.

Determinants of Tree Planting and Cover Retention in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas of East Africa: The Case of Machakos County, Kenya

Rapid human population growth, increased demand for land, overexploitation and the degradation of local natural resources have led to serious socio-economic and environmental challenges in Machakos County, Kenya, East Africa. This has led to a drastic reduction in tree cover in arid and semiarid areas over the years. To reverse this trend it is important to understand the socio-economic factors that determine household tree planting and cover retention in Machakos County. Based on a structured questionnaire targeting 412 respondents as well as focus group discussions and key informants, we assessed the determinants of tree planting cover retention using a logistic regression model. The study found that socioeconomic variables that significantly influenced tree cover adoption in Machakos County in Kenya included gender (p=0.011), household size (p=0.030), and title deed ownership (p=0.023). The respondents used tree products to enhance their socio-economic resilience. In total, 58 different types of tree species were planted or retained on the farms. The major tree species included Eucalyptus saligna, Grevillea robusta, Mangifera indica, Persea americana, Croton megalocarpus, and Terminalia brownie. Based on our findings we recommend more involvement of women and youth in tree planting activities in Matungulu Sub-county.

SOSIALISASI PERBANKAN SYARIAH DAN GERAKAN PENANAMAN POHON DALAM RANGKA MENUMBUHKAN GREEN ECONOMY

Islamic Financial Literacy in Indonesia in 2017 only reached 21.84%. Therefore, the growth of the Sharia Industry or Sharia Banking in Indonesia is still relatively low, and has not been able to achieve Green Economy growth and carry out tree planting movement in order to grow the Green Economy. The method used in this activity is an active participatory approach through socialization activities regarding Islamic Banking and joint tree planting activities. The results is that citizens are aware of the development of Islamic Banking in Indoneisa, and understand the importance of planting trees to proctect the environment. Thus, people who are still unfamiliar with Islamic Banking will know about it, in order to support the growth of Islamic Finance in Indonesia and the growth of the Green Economy.

Meeting tree planting targets on the UK's path to net-zero: A review of lessons learnt from 100 years of land use policies

The UK government has pledged to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Ambitious targets have been set to plant nearly a million hectares of new woodland in the UK by 2050 to meet these net-zero commitments. More than 70% of UK’s land is used for agricultural production and to meet these targets the Climate Change Committee has estimated that by 2050 approximately 21% of agricultural land will be required for tree planting, agroforestry and the extension of farm hedges. Achieving this creates a potential conflict between land for food production and land for carbon sequestration. However, trees and woodlands, when integrated into farming systems, can be multifunctional and play a significant role in helping farmers adapt and become more resilient in the face of climate change.Over the last 100 years numerous government policies and incentive schemes have endeavoured to encourage more tree planting activities amongst farmers and landowners with varying degrees of success. This paper reviews the role of policy in determining the presence of trees in the UK’s agricultural landscape over the past 100 years. We quantify the current extent of woodland and tree cover and aim to put the UK’s net-zero tree planting targets in the context of historical agricultural land use patterns. We evaluate drivers behind the current extent of trees, woodland and agroforestry on UK farms and identify key elements of success in current and previous policies and incentive schemes to help inform future policy mechanisms for the UK to meet its tree planting targets.Farmers are increasingly under pressure to deliver a wide range of environmental goals as well as producing food. The effectiveness of financial incentives to influence tree planting is dependent on the pre-existing interest and values of the farmer or landowner and grants alone may not be sufficient to encourage farmers to plant trees. Scheme complexity, bureaucracy and insufficient payment rates are barriers to the success of woodland grants and agri-environment schemes. Simplicity is important to encourage uptake, however oversimplification of schemes can lead to unintended consequences. Advice and guidance are key elements in the successful adoption of any new land management methods. A key to future progress will be scheme flexibility to enable farmers to choose to plant trees where it best suits local conditions, to align policy tools with farmer values and to ensure that farmers and landowners have the knowledge and support to make these decisions.