Tree Analysis Research Articles

A tree-based approach for English-to-Turkish translation

In this paper, we present our English-to-Turkish translation methodology, which adopts a tree-based approach. Our approach relies on tree analysis and the application of structural modification rules to get the target side (Turkish) trees from source side (English) ones. We also use morphological analysis to get candidate root words and apply tree-based rules to obtain the agglutinated target words. Compared to earlier work on English-to-Turkish translation using phrase-based models, we have been able to obtain higher BLEU scores in our current study. Our syntactic subtree permutation strategy, combined with a word replacement algorithm, provides a 67 % relative improvement from a baseline 12.8 to 21.4 BLEU, all averaged over 10-fold cross-validation. As future work, improvements in choosing the correct senses and structural rules are needed.

Empirical Performance Analysis of Decision Tree and Support Vector Machine based Classifiers on Biological Databases

The classification and prediction of medical diseases is a cutting edge research problem in the medical field. The experts of machine learning are continuously proposing new classification methods for the prediction of diseases. The discovery of classification rules from medical databases for classification and prediction of diseases is a challenging and non-trivial task. It is very significant to investigate the more promising and efficient classification approaches for the discovery of classification rules from the medical databases. This paper focuses on the problem of selection of more efficient, promising and suitable classifier for the prediction of specific diseases by performing empirical studies on bunch mark medical databases. The research work under the focus concentrates on the benchmark medical data sets i.e. arrhythmia, breast-cancer, diabetes, hepatitis, mammography, lymph, liver-disorders, sick, cardiotocography, heart-statlog, breast-w, and lung-cancer. The medical data sets are obtained from the open-source UCI machine learning repository. The research work will be investigating the performance of Decision Tree (i.e. AdaBoost.NC, C45-C, CART, and ID3-C) and Support Vector Machines. For experimentation, Knowledge Extraction based on Evolutionary Learning (KEEL), a data mining tool will be used. This research work provides the empirical performance analysis of decision tree-based classifiers and SVM on a specific dataset. Moreover, this article provides a comparative performance analysis of classification approaches in terms of statistics.

Phylogenetic characterization of Salmonella enterica from pig production and humans in Thailand and Laos border provinces.

Background and Aim:The genetic relationship among serotypes of Salmonella enterica from food animals, food of animal origin, and human is of interest as the data could provide an important clue for the source of human infection. This study aimed to determine the genetic relatedness of S. enterica from pig production and human in Thailand–Laos border provinces.Materials and Methods:A total of 195 S. enterica serotypes isolated from pig and pork (n=178) and human (n=17) including four serotypes (Typhimurium, Rissen, Derby, and Stanley) were randomly selected to examine their genetic relatedness using highly conserved sequence of three genes (fim A, man B, and mdh).Results:The results showed that 195 Salmonella isolates of four different serotypes were grouped into five different clusters, and members of the same Salmonella serotypes were found in the same cluster. Salmonella isolated from pig production and human in Thailand–Laos border provinces represented overlapping population and revealed a high degree of similarity, indicating close genetic relationship among the isolates.Conclusion:The results support that the determination of Salmonella serotyping combined with analysis of phylogenetic tree can be used track the clonal evolution and genetic diversity of Salmonella serotypes in different host species.

Variability of potassium concentration in the needles of Douglas-fir provenances

Douglas-fir is one of the most common conifer species in the forest plantations of Europe. The provenance test model is based on the analysis of the properties (growth, anatomical, physiological, chemical, mechanical and other properties) of Douglas-fir in order to justify the transfer of seeds from North America to the ecosystems of Serbia. This type of program has been implemented in Serbia on several locations using different Douglas-fir provenances. Given that the analysis of different physiological properties of trees is important for the introduction of specified provenances into habitats in Serbia, in this paper the variability of potassium concentration in young Douglas-fir needles of different provenances was examined in an experimental field in Serbia. Potassium is very important in the physiological processes of plants. It is an essential element involved in a number of biochemical and physiological processes and plays a significant role in the adaptation of plants on biotic and abiotic stress factors. The highest potassium concentration was found in the ?Oregon 205-14? provenance - the only provenance in which the potassium concentration was significantly higher than the average value, so it can be characterized as a superior provenance for the uptake and accumulation of this element. It was found that, at this stage of development, the differences in the potassium concentration in trees in the provenance test have no significant effect on growth parameters. Further studies should show whether the concentration of this biogenic element in any way affects other properties important for the selection of provenances during the introduction process, such as resistance to stress factors.

Human wrist motion classification using decision tree and principle component analysis

Abstract This study investigates and acts as a trial clinical outcome for human motion and behaviour analysis in consensus of health related quality of life in Malaysia. Both methods were developed in MATLAB platform by managing and analyzing motion data in graphical user interface (GUI) form. By attaching the wearable sensors to each segments of interest, the collected data can be reconstructed in real time basis. Artificial intelligence technique is proposed to classify the subjects’ motions. Data reconstruction technique can be used to regenerate the motion of subjects’ limbs movement in 2D representation. Corresponding tests are performed to validate the accuracy of the application. The application is potentially to be used to access the quality of human motion in hospitals, clinics and human motion research. An experiment was set up in a laboratory environment for data collecting. Subjects were asked to perform three shape drawings using left and right hands. The instruments demonstrate adequate internal consistency of optimum average accuracy of 52 % for decision tree and 80 % for principle component analysis. Results were presented in tabular, image and graphical forms. The expected output of the study can be used to estimate joint angles in predicting Parkinson Disease for early stage symptoms, to track the moving behaviour in clinical gait analysis, to analyse limb movement in detecting resting tremor, to trace wrist motion in regenerating children handwriting difficulty, and to measure joint motion in evaluating patient rehabilitation progress.

Relationship of Food Groups Intake and a Social Inclusion and Welfare Strategy among Mexican Beneficiaries Younger than 5 Years Old

Introduction: A social inclusion and welfare strategy focused on the population living in poverty conditions and without food access was implemented during 2014 in Mexico. Objective: Assess the association of the participation in the social inclusion and welfare strategy and food insecurity condition with differences in food groups’ intake among children younger than five years of age. Methods: Comparative study of children under five years of age, including beneficiaries and no beneficiaries from a social inclusion and welfare strategy and two study periods (2014 and 2015). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to assess the association of the intervention group, study period and food insecurity classification (FI), with the consumption of food groups. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis was used to establish classification criteria for food group intake, FI and socioeconomic index. Results: Belonging to the second study period and being beneficiary from the social inclusion and welfare strategy were associated with increased consumption levels of meat, sugary drinks, fruits and vegetables; the consumption of these foods increased with food security. Conclusion: The social inclusion and welfare strategy had a significant positive effect on the diet of the beneficiary population. Nevertheless, it is necessary to encourage efficient public policies that guarantee food and nutrition security in Mexico.

Improving Decision-Making Grid based on interdependence among failures with a case study in the steel industry

Purpose Decision-Making Grid (DMG) is used for determining maintenance tactics and is associated with the reliability and risk management of assets. In this grid, decision making is performed based on two indicators of Mean Time to Repair (MTTR) and frequency of failures. The purpose of this paper is to improve DMG by recognizing interdependence among failures. Design/methodology/approach Fault Tree Analysis and Reliability Block Diagram have been applied for improving DMG. The proposed approach has been examined on eight equipment of the steel making and continuous casting plant of Mobarakeh Steel Company. Findings Findings indicate different positions of equipment in the cells of the new grid compared to the basic grid. Research limitations/implications DMG is limited to two criteria of frequency of failures and MTTR values. In both basic and new DMGs, cost analysis has not been performed. The application of the proposed approach will help the reliability/maintenance engineers/analysts/managers to allocate more suitable maintenance tactics to equipment. This, in turn, will enhance the equipment life cycle and availability as the main objectives of physical asset management. Originality/value A major limitation of basic DMG is that the determined tactic based on these two indicators might not be an appropriate solution in all conditions, particularly when failures are interdependent. This has been resolved in this paper.

Exploring the genomic resources of carrot for cross-genera transferability and phylogenetic assessment among orphan spices and vegetables of Apiaceae family

Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is a member of the Apiaceae family that includes economically important medicinal, ornamentals, seed spices and vegetables. However, the genomic resources in these crops are limited compared to carrot, which is enriched with a number of molecular markers that are publicly available. Hence, we studied the usefulness of the 30 carrot molecular markers for eight different genera composed of five seed spices/condiments and three vegetables. The study revealed the transferability of these carrot markers and the genetic diversity across the genera for respective loci were compared by phylogenetic assessment using an un-rooted neighbour joining tree (NJ) and principle coordinate analysis (PCoA). An average of 66.66% amplification with a total of 73 alleles from 30 loci was observed across eight crops with an average of 3.39 alleles/loci. The average polymorphic information content was 0.50, the effective number of alleles was 2.92, gene diversity was 0.56 with a highest fixation index of 0.82 observed among 18 polymorphic markers. These results indicate the practical use of these markers in the respective crops. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis grouped the eight crops into three clusters, but the PCoA identified four groups in which carrot was out grouped and kept the other cluster composition intact. Comprehensive study of these eight crops with many more molecular markers would help to understand the evolutionary relatedness for distant hybridization among Apiaceae family members to either transfer genes of interest or to create novel crops.

Genotyping of octoploid strawberry inbred lines by SNP discovery using genotyping-by-sequencing

The ‘common’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is a popular fruit in Korea and is often consumed fresh. Polyploidy is common in horticultural crops, and Fragaria × ananassa is octoploid, having 8 sets of each chromosome; however, the molecular genetic information of octoploid strawberry is still insufficient to develop effective markers for agronomic traits. In this study, a set of high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was collected via the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) method to genotype the strawberry inbred lines developed in Korea. We used a population of 89 strawberry inbred lines, which were derived from nine strawberry cultivars. The FANhybrid_r1.2 octoploid assembly was used as a reference genome. The average length of reads was 87,458,702 bp, and a total of 437,058 SNPs were collected. Several filtering criteria (SNP quality, read depth, and genotype quality) were used to identify 20,923 potential SNPs. Finally, 2863 high-quality SNPs were selected for the study. The genetic diversity of the inbred lines was analyzed by phylogenetic tree and structure analysis using the SNP genotype data. This is the first report of genotyping strawberry inbred lines using the GBS technique, and can be used to accelerate strawberry molecular breeding.

96 Association between metabolic diseases and fertility of high-yielding dairy cows in a transition management facility using survival analysis and machine-learning models

This study aimed to evaluate the association between individual and multiple metabolic diseases (MD and MD+) diagnosed during the transition period (±3 wk relative to calving) and the probability of pregnancy until 210 days in milk (DIM) in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Disease and reproductive data from a dairy herd with 1946 calvings (n=542 primiparous and n=1404 multiparous cows) were analysed using a 1-year cohort. The recorded MD were milk fever, ketosis, displaced abomasum, retained placenta, metritis, twinning, and clinical mastitis. The association between the 210-DIM pregnancy risk and the MD was evaluated as MD cows (uncomplicated cases) v. MD+ cows (complicated cases) v. healthy cows (3 groups of cows). Univariable survival models were used to analyse the association of MD and MD+ with pregnancy until 210 DIM, accounting for parity. Univariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to quantify the relative risk of pregnancy per day. A hierarchically ordered decision tree and a random forest model were built to explore the importance of MD and parity on the pregnancy risk within the first 210 DIM. Parity affected the 210-DIM pregnancy risk (P<0.001); therefore, all further analyses were stratified by parity. The incidence of MD and MD+ for primiparous and multiparous cows were 29 (n=159) and 9% (n=48), and 23 (n=317) and 11% (n=160), respectively. The overall 210-DIM pregnancy risk was 77% (n=415) for primiparous cows and 62% (n=879) for multiparous cows. Among healthy cows (no MD) the 210-DIM pregnancy risk was 80% (n=269) for primiparous cows and 82% (n=537) for multiparous cows. Conversely, the 210-DIM pregnancy risk for cows with MD or MD+ were 73 (n=116) and 63% (n=30) for primiparous and 48 (n=152) and 46% (n=74) for multiparous cows, respectively. Using the healthy cows as the reference, the 210-DIM hazard ratios for conception were 0.8 for MD [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.6-1.0; P=0.05] and 0.5 for MD+ (95% CI=0.4-0.8; P=0.005) for primiparous cows and 0.5 for MD (95% CI=0.4-0.6; P<0.001) and 0.4 for MD+ (95% CI=0.3-0.6; P<0.001) for multiparous cows. Parity had profound effect on the 210-DIM pregnancy risk. The hazard ratio for conception was reduced when a MD was complicated with another MD (MD+) in both primiparous and multiparous cows. Both the decision tree and random forest analysis also indicated that parity was the most influential variable reducing fertility among cows, followed by (in order of magnitude of effect) milk fever, displaced abomasum, ketosis, and clinical mastitis. Including multiple disease interactions into multivariable Cox proportional hazard models are highly likely to violate the proportional hazards assumption due to complex disease interactions. Machine-learning models represent a valid alternative to accommodate large datasets in the presence of missing values and intricate dependencies among explanatory variables.

Genome-wide assessment of genetic diversity and population structure insights into admixture and introgression in Chinese indigenous cattle

BackgroundChina exhibits a great diversity of ecosystems and abundant cattle resources, with nearly 30 million cattle from 53 indigenous breeds reared in specific geographic regions. To explore the genetic diversity and population structure of Chinese indigenous cattle, a population genetic analysis at both the individual and population levels was conducted and the admixture analysis was performed. We genotyped 572 samples from 20 Chinese indigenous cattle breeds using GeneSeek Genomic Profiler Bovine LD (GGP-LD, 30 K) and downloaded the published data of 77 samples from 4 worldwide commercial breeds genotyped with Illumina BovineSNP50 Beadchip (SNP50, 50 K).ResultsIn principal component analysis (PCA) and neighbour-joining (NJ) tree analysis, samples of the same breeds were grouped together, leading to clear separation from other breeds. And Chinese indigenous cattle were clustered into two groups of southern and northern breeds, originated from Asian Bos indicus lineage and Eurasian Bos taurus lineage, respectively. In STRUCTURE K = 2, a clear transition occurred from the northern breeds to the southern breeds. Additionally, the northern breeds contained a smaller Eurasian taurine (62.5%) descent proportion than that reported previously (more than 90%). In STRUCTURE K = 3, a distinct descent was detected in the southern Chinese breeds, which could reflect a long-term selection history of Chinese indigenous cattle. The results from TreeMix and f3 statistic provided the evidence of an admixture history between southern breeds and northern breeds.ConclusionsConsistent with the observed geographical distributions, Chinese indigenous cattle were divided into two genetic clusters, northern indigenous cattle and southern indigenous cattle. Three improved breeds in the northern area also exhibited northern indigenous ancestry. We found that the breeds distributed in the northern China showed more southern lineage introgression than previously reported. Central-located populations appeared to the admixture between southern and northern lineages, and introgression events from European cattle were observed in Luxi Cattle, Qinchuan Cattle and Jinnan Cattle. The study revealed the population structures and levels of admixture pattern among Chinese indigenous cattle, shedding light on the origin and evolutionary history of these breeds.

Psychosemantic Research into the Phenomenon of Risk

The psychological aspect of risk constitutes one of the most discussed issues of modern interdisciplinary research. The profession of the psychologist implies a range of situations of risk for a specialist at various stages of career development. This article presents the results of a psychosemantics research into perceptions of the phenomenon of risk as seen by the students of the Department of Psychology. The findings clarify the peculiarities of the semantic sphere regarding the risks at the initial stage of acquiring the profession. The research was conducted in 2017. The sample comprised 60 students of the Department of Psychology. This research was based on the semantic differential technique modified by I.L. Solomin. We altered and extendedthe list of objects in accordance with the research goals. The results were processed by means of cluster and factor analysis. The analysis of individual clustering trees revealed rather significant semantic variability between the researched objects. A few subgroups of respondents were distinguished according to the individual peculiarities of semantic fields regarding the object ‘risk’. With the help of factor analysis, thespecifics of the affective attitude toward the object ‘risk’ were determined for both the whole sample and the individual subgroups of respondents. The psychosemantics approach completes the picture of the study into the psychological aspect of risk in professional activity and enables to identify the topics, which clarify the subtle nuances of the meaning of the notion ‘risk’ in the conscience of a specialist. Thus,there are vagueness and ambiguity of the subjective view of risk by psychology students, ambivalence of the affective attitude to risk, and a range of semantic subgroups toward the notion ‘risk’.
 Keywords: risk, professional risk, psychology of risk, risks of a psychology-related profession, situation of risk, subjective perception of risk, students, psychosemantics approach, semantic differential technique, semantic field

Genetic Diversity, Phylogenetic Tree and Principal Component Analysis Based on Morpho-Metric Traits of Assam Chilli

We evaluated a set of 37 chilli genotypes collected and maintained at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat for 27 different traits related to plant habit (5), leaf (6), flower (2), fruit (13) and biotic stress (1). The variation in fruit yield among the genotypes could be attributed to high coefficients of variability for component traits viz., number of fruits per plant (91.7%), plant height (80.8%), leaf breadth (55.9 %), fruit weight (49.7%), leaf length (45.4%) fruit length (35.8%), fruit breadth (35.5%) and number of branches per plant (22.2%). Maximum phenotypic variants were observed for fruit traits followed by leaf characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis revealed Euclidean distances varying from a minimum of 2.065 and a maximum of 13.311 indicating the diverse nature of the genotypes. UPGMA clustering grouped the genotypes into 5 distinct clusters. The largest one, cluster I, had 26 genotypes belonging to Capsicum annuum var. acuminatum. Cluster II consisted of Capsicum annuum var. conoides with cone-shaped fruits. Cluster III included Moni Jolokia, a perennial shrub with cone-shaped globose erect fruits which clustered in between the other local C. annuum sp. Bireek and Mem Jolokia. The fourth cluster (IV) included the local chilli genotypes - Mem Jolokia, Bhekuri Jolokia and Haitha Jolokia which were perennial, with green stem and leaves. Cluster V included the C. chinense genotypes consisting of Manipuri Bhut, Bor Bhut and Lota Bhut. The first principal component explained 34.93% of the total variation contributed by mostly leaf and fruit characteristics. The fruit characters in this component showed significant positive correlation with leaf length, breadth and plant height indicating their importance in the morphological characterization of the chilli genotypes.

Prediction of neurological outcomes following the return of spontaneous circulation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Retrospective fast-and-frugal tree analysis

AimAlthough various quantitative methods have been developed for predicting neurological prognosis in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), they are too complex for use in clinical practice. We aimed to develop a simple decision rule for predicting neurological outcomes following the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in patients with OHCA using fast-and-frugal tree (FFT) analysis. MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data archived in a multi-centre registry. Good neurological outcomes were defined as cerebral performance category (CPC) values of 1 or 2 at 28-day. Variables used for FFT analysis included age, sex, witnessed cardiac arrest, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, initial shockable rhythm, prehospital defibrillation, prehospital ROSC, no flow time, low flow time, cause of arrest (cardiac or non-cardiac), pupillary light reflex, and Glasgow Coma Scale score after ROSC. ResultsAmong the 456 patients enrolled, 86 (18.9%) experienced good neurological outcomes. Prehospital ROSC (true = good), prompt or sluggish light reflex response after ROSC (true = good), and presumed cardiac cause (true = good, false = poor) were selected as nodes for the decision tree. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the decision tree for predicting good neurological outcomes were 100% (42/42), 64.0% (119/186), 38.5% (42/109), and 100% (119/119) in the training set and 95.5% (42/44), 57.6% (106/184), 35.0% (42/120), and 98.1% (106/108) in the test set, respectively. ConclusionA simple decision rule developed via FFT analysis can aid clinicians in predicting neurological outcomes following ROSC in patients with OHCA.

Unsupervised cluster analysis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp using routinely available clinical markers and its implication in treatment outcomes.

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a multidimensional disease. In this study, we performed an unsupervised cluster analysis of CRSwNP using routinely available clinical markers. We conducted a retrospective review of patients treated with endoscopic sinus surgery due to medically intractable bilateral CRSwNP from 2009 to 2017. Unsupervised cluster analysis was performed using a patient's clinical features, including age, peripheral blood eosinophil, tissue eosinophilia, Lund-Mackay computed tomography (CT) scores, ratio of the CT scores for the ethmoid sinus and maxillary sinus (E/M ratio), and comorbid asthma. Tree analysis was performed to develop a clustering algorithm. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to determine the revision surgery-free probability corresponding to each cluster. Data were available on 375 patients. Patients were categorized into 6 clusters comprising 2 asthmatic clusters and 4 non-asthmatic clusters. The labels for the 2 asthmatic clusters were: asthmatic non-eosinophilic polyp (cluster A1) and asthmatic eosinophilic polyp (cluster A2). The labels for the 4 non-asthmatic clusters were: non-eosinophilic polyp with older age (cluster NA1); non-eosinophilic pol'yp with younger age (cluster NA2); eosinophilic polyp with lower E/M ratio (cluster NA3); and eosinophilic polyp with higher E/M ratio (cluster NA4). The 4-year revision-free rates were 100% (cluster NA1), 80.3% (NA2), 98.0% (NA3), 66.7% (NA4), 100% (A1), and 66.7% (A2). The clusters showed statistically significant differences in terms of 4-year revision-free rates (log-rank p < 0.05). Cluster analysis identified 2 asthmatic clusters and 4 non-asthmatic clusters in CRSwNP. Each cluster corresponded to a different clinical outcome.

Mythological Image in Olonkho of the North-Eastern Yakut Tradition: Sacred Tree

The article discusses the problem of studying the North-Eastern tradition of the Yakut epic. This tradition is part of the Northern regional tradition of the Yakuts. At the moment, the problem of studying the Northern regional tradition remains open. The study was based on the works of P. Ergun, V.N. Toporov, L.V. Dmitrieva, I.V. Pukhov, N.V. Emel'yanov, L.N. Semenova and others. The images and semantics of the sacred tree in the Olonkho of the North-Eastern tradition are considered in detail. This image is characteristic for the 8 texts of the 14 considered Olonkho from momskiy, verkhoyanskiy, abyiskiy and srednekolymskiy districts or Sakha (Yakutia) Republic local traditions. In Olonkho texts of studied tradition the sacred larch image is widespread. As the researchers note, the sacred larch image is the most archaic. Carried out a comparative analysis of the sacred tree in Olonkho from three traditions (Vilyui, Central and North-Eastern). The sacred tree descriptions in the three traditions had their own regional differences. As a result of sacred tree semantics comparison in Olonkho of three traditions had been revealed the following. In the Central tradition, the sacred tree does not reach the Upper and the Lower worlds. In the Vilyui tradition, the tree penetrates through the Middle world and reaches the Upper world, becomes the horse standing for the Supreme deity Urung Ayý toyon ‘White Creator Lord’. In Olonkho of the studied tradition the top of the sacred tree goes to the Upper world and roots penetrate deep into the Lower world. In the middle world the tree Al Luk Mas appears as a center of the world and a sacred place. In the Lower world the sacred tree appears as a hook for the things of its Lord Arsan Tolaya. The main results of the work allows to suggest that the sacred tree semantics in the Olonkho of this tradition is more interesting and distinctive from the Olonkho of other regional traditions.

An assessment of plant DNA barcodes for the identification of cultivated Lavandula (Lamiaceae) taxa

Abstract Historically, species identification in plants has relied upon detailed comparisons of morphological and anatomical features. Among Lavandula, morphological assessments are often paired with essential oil biochemistry to identify species, and the use of molecular taxonomic approaches has been limited mostly to wild species. We tested a molecular approach to identify three related, commercially important lavender taxa, two of which (L. angustifolia and L. x intermedia) are widely cultivated in British Columbia, Canada for commercial essential oil production. We tested the plant DNA barcode markers matK and rbcL as well as the plastid trnH-psbA spacer and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS), which have been used for species discrimination in other closely related plant species. Among tested markers, the selected primers were unable to amplify the matK region, a finding that has been reported for several genera in the Lamiaceae. Based on sequence comparison and tree analysis, the plastid markers, rbcL and trnH-psbA alone did not discriminate between L. angustifolia, L. latifolia and L. x intermedia, perhaps due to hybridization and/or introgression that occurs naturally between these two taxa. The ITS delineated the three species with few exceptions between L. angustifolia and L. x intermedia. The ITS concatenated with rbcL, trnH-psbA and rbcL+ trnH-psbA were able to discriminate the cultivated L. latifolia from that of L. angustifolia and L. x intermedia.

Recognition of the Gastric Molecular Image Based on Decision Tree and Discriminant Analysis Classifiers by using Discrete Fourier Transform and Features

ABSTRACTThis article presents the development and evaluation of a computerized decision support system (DSS), aiming to Show the feasibility and potential toward maximizing the benefits of a new algorithm by combining the machine-learning techniques which are not used in the literature for automatic recognition of the gastric images. The object of this article is fivefold: first, the features Maximally Stable Extremal Regions (MSER), Speeded Up Robust Features (SRF), and Binary Robust Invariant Scalable Keypoints (BRISK) of histopathological gastric images were analyzed. Second, the Fourier Transform (FT) was applied to these properties which were calculated to equalize the dimensions of the obtained features. Third, MS and LE size reduction methods have been applied. Fourth, the decision tree (DT) and discriminant analysis (DA) classifiers are used to classify the histopathological gastric images. Fifth, these classification results have been compared. In this article, the highest accuracy result obtained by using the SRF_FT_MS_DT method is found to be 86.66%. Fast and multimodality computerized DSS can beneficial to patients for early detection of gastric diseases. It may facilitate early diagnosis of the disease.

ANALYZING WRITE-AHEAD LOGGING USING DECENTRALIZED INFORMATION

The implications of perfect information have been far-reaching and pervasive. In this paper, we confirm the visualization of replication, which embodies the extensive principles of e-voting technology. Our focus in this position paper is not on whether the famous cooperative algorithm for the analysis of suffix trees runs in O(2n) time, but rather on proposing a novel framework for the investigation of journaling file systems (Acorn).

Abstract 3389: Clonal evolution of atypical proliferative lesions into breast cancers

Abstract [Introduction] Non-malignant proliferative lesions in the breast have been implicated in the development of invasive breast cancer. Previous studies showed that adjacent atypical proliferative lesions and breast cancers shared common genetic alterations, suggesting that these evolved from the same ancestral cell. However, the clonal structure of atypical proliferative lesions and their clonal dynamics during progression to cancer are poorly understood. In this study, we compared genetic profiles of normal ducts, non-malignant proliferative lesions and cancers in the same patients to illustrate the clonal evolution of cancer from a non-malignant epithelial cell. [Methods] Multiple samples were collected from different atypical proliferative lesions within the cancer-borne breast, including invasive cancers, using micro-dissection from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded surgical specimens. Somatic mutations and copy number alterations (CNAs) were then evaluated by whole exome sequencing. [Results] A total of 34 samples from 5 premenopausal females carrying estrogen receptor-positive cancers were analyzed, where the samples were obtained from normal ducts (N = 6), non-atypical (N = 1) and atypical (N = 8) proliferative lesions, and invasive (N = 3) and non-invasive (N = 16) cancers. The number of somatic mutations per sample was ranging from 1 to 276 and increased with an elevation of atypical-level. Two cases with bilateral cancers had a pathogenic germline mutation of either BRCA2 and TP53, where no somatic mutations or CNAs were shared by individual proliferative lesions, suggesting multifocal independent cancerous evolutions. By contrast, in the remaining three unilateral cases, no pathogenic germline mutations were detected, but all proliferative lesions, which were separated by a distance of 7-25 mm, shared one or more driver alterations, such as an AKT1 mutation (UID: KU01), concurrent 1q gain and 16q loss (der(1;16)) (UID: KU02), and a GATA3 mutation and der(1;16) (UID: KU03), while harboring private mutations/CNAs of their own. The analysis of phylogenic trees based on the number of shared mutations predicted an early origin of these founder mutations, which frequently predated decades before the onset of cancer. [Conclusions] Early breast cancer development is thought to be shaped by the simultaneous evolution of multiple precancerous clones. It may be multi-focally initiated by a germline mutation, frequently terminated in bilateral cancers. Otherwise, in unilateral cases, cancer clones might be derived from a common ancestral clone, which has acquired a driver founder mutation long before the onset of cancer, and undergo independent evolution, giving rise to multiple proliferative lesions, from which invasive cancer finally evolves. Our findings provide unique insight into the early development of breast cancer. Citation Format: Tomomi Nishimura, Kenichi Yoshida, Yukiko Kawata, Yasuhide Takeuchi, Nobuyuki Kakiuchi, Yusuke Shiozawa, Kosuke Aoki, Masahiro Hirata, Tatsuki R. Kataoka, Takaki Sakurai, Yuichi Shiraishi, Kenichi Chiba, Kengo Takeuchi, Hironori Haga, Satoru Miyano, Masakazu Toi, Seishi Ogawa. Clonal evolution of atypical proliferative lesions into breast cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3389.