Treaty Of Berlin Research Articles

Bram Stoker and the Treaty of Berlin (1878)

Bram Stoker and the Treaty of Berlin (1878)

The modern legal status of the Mount Athos

The modern legal status of the Mount Athos

İngiliz Konsolosu Longworth'a Göre Trabzon Vilayeti (1892-1898)

Tarihimizde 93 harbi olarak geçen 1877-78 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi Türkiye'nin bir ölçüde kaderini belirlemiş olması bakımından önemli bir savaştır. Savaş sonunda Rusya, Osmanlı Devletinin imzalamak zorunda kaldığı Ayastefanos Antlaşması (3 Mart 1878) ile hem Balkanlarda, hem de Kafkasya'da mutlak bir üstünlük ele geçirmiştir. Ancak Osmanlı Devletinin istemeden de olsa imzalamak zorunda kaldığı bu antlaşma Avrupalı büyük devletlerin, özellikle de İngiltere'nin ve Avusturya'nın menfaatlerine ters düşmekteydi. Onlara göre bu antlaşmanın kabulü kendi milli menfaatlerine ters düşeceği gibi, uzun vadede Avrupa barışı için de tehdit arz etmekteydi. Nitekim Rusya, Almanya, ve Fransa'nın da desteğini alan İngiltere ve Avusturya'nın kararlı tavırları sonucunda Berlin'de milletlerarası bir konferansın toplanmasına razı olmuş ve 13 Haziran 1878'de Berlin Kongresi toplanarak, 13 Temmuz'da antlaşma imzalanmıştır.

BRITISH AND ISRAELI MAINTENANCE OF THE STATUS QUO IN THE HOLY PLACES OF CHRISTENDOM

The concept of the “status quo”1 was introduced in 1852, when the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Mejid, in a futile attempt to avoid a war, issued a decree freezing the rights of worship and possession of the religious communities in the Holy Places of Christendom. The decree terminated the bloody rivalry between the Greek Orthodox patriarchate and the Roman Catholic church for predominance in the Christian sanctuaries and recognized the paramount rights of the Greek Orthodox church in the Holy Places affirmed since 1757.2 In 1853, the sultan issued another decree, which transferred the power of jurisdiction over the sanctuaries from the local officials in Palestine to the Sublime Porte. Subsequently, Article 62 of the Treaty of Berlin (1878) proclaimed the inviolability of the decree of 1852 and declared it the “Status Quo of the Holy Places.” The successive governments of Palestine, the British Mandate, and the State of Israel further maintained the regulations as set forth by the status quo of 1852.3

Macedonian Reforms and Muslim Opposition during the Hamidian Era: 1878-1908

This article investigates Muslim opposition to European reforms within the framework of the Macedonian Question as it developed between 1878 and 1908. Reforms granted to the Christian communities in the Macedonian provinces after the Berlin Treaty (1878) did not bring tranquillity but rather contributed to the escalation of the existing turmoil. In addition, the worsening situation and the diminishing role of the Ottoman administration as a result of European interference created concern, but more importantly caused an intensification of religious sentiment among the Muslims. As a result, various classes of Macedonian Muslims, urban and rural, peasants and professionals, joined forces to prevent a further decline in their circumstances by demanding reform to the central administration.

The Habsburg Industrial Achievement in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1878–1914: An Economic Spurt That Succeeded?

In 1878 The Habsburgs exercised their rights under the Treaty of Berlin and marched an army of occupation into the former Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Hercegovina. Between then and their expulsion in 1918, the Habsburg authorities attempted to weld their new province into the Austro-Hungarian polity and economy. Responsibility for governing Bosnia-Hercegovina was entrusted to the Common Finance Ministry. Its officials, especially during the administration of Count Benjamin Kalláy (1882–1903), saw their task as a “civilizing mission” and the Bosnian economy as clay to be worked according to their prescriptions. The developmental outcome of their endeavors forms the subject of this paper.

Romania in the First World War: The Pre-War Crisis, 1912–1914

(1992). Romania in the First World War: The Pre-War Crisis, 1912–1914. The International History Review: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 441-451.

シェムセッティン・サーミーと『ハフタ』-文化的トルコ・ナショナリズムの源流-

Semseddin Sami, a famous journalist and philologist, is recognized as one of the nationalist intellectuals in the modern period of the Ottoman Empire. His activities and ideas are specified by two kinds of national consciousnesses; The one is Albanian identity, the other is Turkish identity.Originally he was an Albanian, born in Frasheri (now the town in Greece) in 1850, and so he was influenced by the Albanian movements for autonomy under the Ottoman rule.He started to develop his ideas of nation (kavim) after the Russo-Turkish war and the Berlin Treaty in 1878. By this treaty, the Albanian people's areas under the Ottoman rule were pressured to be divided by the surrounding Balkan states—Serbia, Montenegro and Greece, thereby he found it necessary to save the weakened Ottoman Empire from the foreign intrusions and then intended to awaken the national consciousnesses among the Ottoman peoples. From this point, we can say that his idea is a sort of Ottomanism.After finishing the high school, he came up to Istanbul and there he continued to undertake the editorial works of various periodicals, including the weekly newspaper Hafta publised in 1881. He gave a great importance to these jounalistic activities in order to enlighten the peoples and then to inform them of the knowledges of the progressive Western civilisation, especially those of modern technology that could save the deceased Ottoman Empire.In Hafta he maintained that each people (ethnic groupes), having their own languages, could become kavim (nation) within the Empire, and could have the political and cultural equality in the Ottoman nationality. He did not give more superiority to the Ottoman Turkish people (language) than to any other peoples (languages) in the Empire. He thought that the cultural development of each kavim by their own written languages would bring political and social stability to the Ottoman Empire. But unfortunately Sami's Ottomanism was not generally accepted by the intellectual elites of that period.

The Turco-Armenian 'Adana Incidents' in the Light of Secret British Documents (July 1908-December 1909)

For almost six centuries the position of the Armenian nation (millet) within the Ottoman Empire, was one of relative peace, order, security and prosperity until the genesis, in the 1870s, of the so-called "Eastern Question". The Turco-Russian war of 1877 had resulted in the abortive Treaty of San Stefano, and had brought about the signature of the Cyprus Convention and the Treaty of Berlin. These treaties were supposed to procure more privileges for the Ottoman Armenians, but they were actually intended to enable the Great Powers, in particular Britain and Russia, to interfere in the internal affairs of the Ottoman Empire with the hope of snatching a greater share of the spoils when the Empire ultimately collapsed.

The Public International Law of Bulgaria: Development and Status

The formation of modern Bulgaria was a direct result of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and the Treaty of Berlin of July 13, 1878. These events terminated almost five centuries of Turkish rule over the Bulgarian lands. The Treaty of Berlin established a Bulgarian Principality north of the Balkan range under the nominal suzereignty of the Sultan, and Eastern Rumelia as part of the Ottoman Empire but subject to administrative autonomy. Pursuant to this Treaty a Constitutional Assembly convened at Tirnovo, the medieval capital of Bulgaria, and on April 16, 1879, adopted a basic act known as the Tirnovo Constitution. In 1885, the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia merged into one political unit which declared itself an independent Kingdom on October 5, 1908.

Jurisdiction and Holiness: Reflections on the Coptic-Ethiopian Case

The Coptic-Ethiopian case is the first dispute between Christian Churches over their rights in the Holy Places to come before the Supreme Court of Israel. It concerns only a small area, but the legal issues involved are far-reaching. They deal with the jurisdiction over Holy Sites, and therefore affect potentially all Christian communities which claim rights in the Sanctuaries.The history of the jurisdiction over the Holy Places is dramatic and rich in contradictions. For many centuries control over the Sanctuaries was in the hands of Moslem rulers who decided disputes according to their discretion. In view of the widespread impact of these decisions on the Christian world as a whole, the tendency gradually developed to avoid all changes, and in 1878 the Treaty of Berlin suspended every jurisdiction by its Art. LXII which prescribed “that no alteration can be made in thestatus quoin the Holy Places”.

The 1878-79 Kresna-Razlog Uprising

AbstractThe Kresna-Razlog Uprising marks the boundary of two epochs in the Bulgarian people's historical development: it completes the Pre-Liberation national and revolutionary struggles, and is the beginning of the efforts, both heroic and tragic of Macedonian and partly of Thracian Bulgarians to abolish the remnants of Ottoman feudalism. Due to the fact that the Uprising was overshadowed by great historical events as the 1876 April Uprising, the 1877-78 Russo-Turkish War of Libera-tion, and the 1903 Ilinden-Preobraznenié Uprising, it has not achieved the place it deserves in Bulgarian and foreign historiography. The study by the Bulgarian Patriarch Kiril The Resistance against the Berlin Treaty: The Kresna Uprising (Sofia, 1955) is an exception. However it is not comprehensive, and after its publication new documents, were utilized which further enriched the history of the Uprising.1 All this, plus the centenary celebration of the Uprising present a favorable occasion to sum up the achievements of historical enquiry and to elucidate its causes and scope.

German-Soviet Relations and the Anglo-Soviet Break, 1927

In May 1927 Sir Austen Chamberlain precipitated the first great international crisis of the post-Locarno period by denouncing the Anglo-Soviet trade agreement and severing Britain's diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. Although Germany was not directly involved, the dispute nevertheless was to have a profoundly disturbing effect on German-Soviet relations. By raising the possibility of a wide-ranging diplomatic, economic, and perhaps even military confrontation between London and Moscow, it strained Germany's diplomatic system, which rested on the Locarno Pact (1925) and the Treaty of Berlin (1926). Thus it posed some fundamental questions for the German Foreign Ministry: Were the policies associated with those agreements compatible with each other only in fair weather? Did Germany have the freedom to remain neutral if the dispute should deepen? In short, was it still realistic to believe that Germany could maintain equally intimate ties with London and Moscow? Because Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann had previously denned a balancing role as the sine qua non of Germany's international revival, the imbroglio soon led to a great debate in the Wilhelmstrasse. The issue on which it turned was, as a leading participant observed, “whether Germany's ties with Russia are worth enough to our present and future political interests so that it pays to assume the political expenses and risks involved in maintaining them.”

The Berlin Treaty and the River Niger Commission

The Berlin Treaty and the River Niger Commission

Colonialism and the African Liberation Committee

Each century has its dominant themes, which invest with particular significance all the varied events and situations which are chronicled as history. As “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité” dominated the eighteenth century, and slavery, abolition and emancipation agitated the nineteenth, so the liberation movement or decolonization is one of the outstanding phenomena of the twentieth century. Save for the great issues of communism versus capitalism, and the geopolitical and ethical considerations surrounding nuclear weapons and rocketry, no other issue has so captured men's imaginations and allegiance or wrought such dramatic transformation in the status and condition of peoples. The remarkable effect of this phenomenon can be demonstrated by reference to the continent of Africa alone, although the full significance and effect can be grasped only by appreciating similar transformations in Asia, in the Caribbean, and miscellaneous other places in the world. For many decades prior to 1957, there had been only two independent states in the whole of Africa. The continent which had been the cradle of human civilization and enriched the cultures of many other distant lands and nations had seen its lights of freedom snuffed out one by one. My own country, in which the oldest surviving evidences of early human society exist, struggled valiantly but vainly to resist the tide of European imperialism which flowed irresistibly over Africa -- indeed over most of the world -- and was at its full flood during the latter half of the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth century. Only Ethiopia, with its proud dynasty tracing its lineage backward through two thousands of years, and Liberia -- a symbol of the brave efforts of the emancipation movement -- survived the blandishments and violence of the imperialist forces. Those forces had signified their ascendancy in the Berlin Treaty of 1885, and for another three-quarters of a century the eclipse of freedom in this part of the world justified its description as “the Dark Continent.”

Unholy Alliance: Russian-German Relations from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the Treaty of Berlin. By <italic>Gerald Freund</italic>. With an introduction by <italic>J. W. Wheeler-Bennett</italic>. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1957. Pp. xix, 283. $6.00.)

Unholy Alliance: Russian-German Relations from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the Treaty of Berlin. By Gerald Freund. With an introduction by J. W. Wheeler-Bennett. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1957. Pp. xix, 283. $6.00.) Unholy Alliance: Russian-German Relations from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the Treaty of Berlin. By Freund Gerald. With an introduction by Wheeler-Bennett J. W.. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1957. Pp. xix, 283. $6.00.) Hans W. Gatzke Hans W. Gatzke Johns Hopkins University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 63, Issue 4, July 1958, Pages 960–961, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/63.4.960 Published: 01 July 1958

Unholy Alliance: Russian-German Relations from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the Treaty of Berlin

Unholy Alliance: Russian-German Relations from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the Treaty of Berlin

Book Review: Unholy Alliance. Russian-German Relations from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the Treaty of Berlin

Book Review: Unholy Alliance. Russian-German Relations from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the Treaty of Berlin

Unholy Alliance: Russian-German Relations from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the Treaty of Berlin

Unholy Alliance: Russian-German Relations from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the Treaty of Berlin

The Export of Arms to Germany and the Treaty of Berlin

The Export of Arms to Germany and the Treaty of Berlin