Treatment T1 Research Articles

Influence of Different Planting Methods and High-Density Planting on Yield and Economic Parameters in Banana cv. Williams

High density planting is one of novel concepts and it’s effectively increase productivity of per unit area without affecting the fruit quality. Gross yield of banana per hectare mainly depends on yield of per plant and number of plants per hectare. The study was carried out at ICAR- All India Coordinated Research Project on Fruits, Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi in Belgavi district, Karnataka to study influence of different planting density on both yield and economic parameters of banana cv. Williams during 2021-22. It was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications and eight treatments. The results revealed that, the highest values for bunch parameters like bunch length (97.77 cm), bunch width (93.57 cm), number of hands per bunch (11.93), number of fingers in third hand (21.53) and weight of third hand (2.97 kg) was recorded in wider spacing treatment T4 (Single row - 2.4×1.8 m). Regarding to yield parameters like highest bunch weight per hill (36.09 kg) was recorded in T6 (3 plants per hill- 2.7×1.8×0.3 m). While, highest yield per hectare (108.75 t/ha) was found in treatment T8 (Paired row with zig-zag - 2.1×1.2×1.2 m). With respect to the highest gross returns (10,33, 125.00 Rs/ha), net returns (5, 53,725.00 Rs/ha) and highest benefit cost ratio (2.15) was observed in T8 (paired row system of with zig-zag planting).

Water Quality Parameters of Sodic Soil Ponds Fertilized with Cattle Dung and Poultry Manure

A field experiment was conducted from August to November 2023 at the Instructional Fish Farm, College of Fisheries, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh. The study aimed to assess water quality parameters. The experimental design included fifteen earthen ponds (8m × 8m × 1m), divided into five treatments with three replicates each. The treatments were as follows: (T1) control with pond bottom soil base, (T2) pond bottom soil with cattle dung at 20 t/ha, (T3) pond bottom soil with cattle dung at 15 t/ha, (T4) pond bottom soil with poultry droppings at 10 t/ha, and (T5) pond bottom soil with poultry droppings at 7.5 t/ha. Over the 90-day experimental period each pond evaluated the effects of cattle dung andpoultry droppings on water quality parameter. Results demonstrated that the treatment with poultry droppings at 10 t/ha (T4) significantly enhanced water quality, proving to be superior to treatments with cattle dung, followed by treatment T2 (20 t/ha cattle dung).

Effect of in Ova Injection with Nano Selenium and Vitamin E on Hatch and Some Blood Biochemical Traits of Broiler Chicks Exposed to Fasting Condition

This investigation in the hatchery operated by Al-Anwar Poultry Group in Babylon governorate utilized 750 fertilized eggs from January 15 to February 6, 2019. The eggs were partitioned into 5 groups, as follows: T1, serving as a negative control treatment without injection, and T2, serving as a positive control therapy injected with distilled water. Each group included 150 fertilized eggs. Treatments T5, T4, and T3 involved administering a nutritional solution comprising Nano- selenium coupled with vitamin E at dosages of 15-30-45 ppm, respectively, via injection. Subsequently, the chicks were isolated from the injected egg treatments, and each treatment was further divided into three repetitions. The chicks were then cultivated experimentally for 48 hours without any food and were just provided with water. The subsequent outcomes were achieved: Treatment T3 showed a statistically significant difference (P ≤0.01) in the relative hatchability percentage. The treatment T2 (P ≤0.01) markedly outperformed the other treatments in terms of embryonic mortality percentage. There was also a significant excelled(P ≤0.05) for the treatment T1 in the concentration of blood cholesterol and during times 0-12-24-48 hours after hatching, a significant excelled (P ≤0.05) for the treatments T2, T1 in the concentration of triglycerides during the times 0-48 hours after hatching, and the treatment T2 excelled during the times 12-24 hours, a significant excelled (P ≤0.05) for the treatment T2 in the concentration of glucose Blood when hatching, and T3 and T1 treatments excelled12 hours, Treatment T2 at time 24 hours, and highly significant (P ≤0.01) for T2 and T1 at 48 hours after hatching, significant difference (P ≤0.05) for T5 in the concentration of GpX, was significant. Treatment T1 surpassed the established concentration of Malonaldehyde within the first 48 hours after hatching.

Growth and Yield Performance of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) Swayed by Mulching and Organic Fertilizers

The utilization of organic fertilizers is currently on the rise to sustain higher food quality while minimizing environmental pollution. Mulching with organic materials maintains soil physical conditions, crucial for realizing a crop’s genetic yield potential even when all other requirements are met. Hence, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mustard oil cake (MOC), poultry manure (PM) and vermicompost (V) alone and in combination with mulching (Mu) on growth and yield parameters of Tomato. Significant increases were (p ≤ 0.05) observed in plant height, leaf number, leaf area, stem girth, root length and root girth of tomato plants compared to the control (T1), where no fertilizers were applied. At 90 days after transplantation (DAT), the T9 (V8Mu0) treatment resulted in the highest plant height (142 cm) and the longest root length (25 cm) while the maximum quantity of fresh weight (154.63 g plant-1) for tomato plant was obtained from the treatment T6, which received vermicompost at 4 t ha-1 with mulching. Application of poultry manure at the rate of 8 t ha-1 without mulching (T8) resulted in a significant higher number (14 fruits plant-1) of green tomatoes. Fresh weight of green tomatoes were varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) among the treatments with the maximum fresh weight obtained from the T₉ (128.97 g plant-1) and the minimum from T₁ (12.73 g plant-1) treatments. Nitrogen, P, K, Ca, Mg and S of green tomatoes varied significantly among the treatments. The utmost P, K, S, Ca and Mg contents (0.72, 6.26, 0.23, 0.54 and 0.31 g kg-1, respectively) of green tomatoes were recorded in the treatment T₆ (V₄Mu). Hence, the utilization of organic fertilizers, either alone or in conjunction with mulching, markedly enhanced the growth and yield of the tested vegetable, offering viable strategies for enhancing the yield potential. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 33(2): 53-65, 2024 (July)

Effect of integration of eco-friendly components for the management of stem rot of berseem caused by Sclerotinia spp under in vivo conditions

Stem rot of berseem caused by Sclerotinia spp. is the most devastating and cosmopolitan plant disease, infecting more than 400 species of plants worldwide. The disease is reported to cause by a soil-borne plant pathogen and is responsible for significant amount of green fodder and seed yield losses in the forage crop. Integrated disease management is the practice of using a range of measures to prevent and manage diseases in crops. Total seven different combinations of eco-friendly components were integrated for their effect on the management of stem rot of berseem caused by Sclerotinia spp. under in vivo conditions. The experiment was conducted in a polyhouse using sick soil pots. Out of them, treatment T7 (TRN-10 + Eupatorium adenophorum + panchgavya + ghanjeevamrit) was found the most promising integration for the management of the stem rot disease, with terminal disease severity (13.17%) & AUDPC value (177.33) and maximum disease control (75.00%) after 35 days of inoculation. Thus it was inferred that the integration of various eco-friendly management components proved to be most effective in reducing the disease severity of stem rot of berseem.. KEYWORDS :Berseem, fodder, stem rot, Sclerotinia spp. , yield loss

Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on trigeminal-mediated headshaking in 17 horses.

Trigeminal-mediated headshaking is a neuropathic facial pain condition in horses. No treatment has been entirely successful. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is used in human medicine as a treatment for various neuropathic pain conditions, and good results have been achieved in cases of trigeminal neuralgia. Apply rTMS to horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking (TMHS) and to evaluate tolerability, application of the setting, and success rate. Seventeen horses with nonseasonal signs of TMHS. Other underlying causes of headshaking were ruled out. The rTMS was performed under standing sedation on 5 consecutive days applying 3 sets of 500 stimulations each, with a stimulation strength of 5 Hz. Horses were evaluated on Day 1 (t0) and Day 5 (t1) of the treatment and 2 (t2) and 4 weeks (t3) afterwards using a special scoring system. The rTMS was well tolerated. Headshaking signs during exercise were decreased by 70% (Day 5; t1). Four weeks after rTMS, signs were still decreased (mean reduction of 50%) during exercise. Improvement of mean resting and exercise scores was significant (P < .05) and effect sizes between pretreatment and all time points after treatment (t1, t2, t3) were large (>±0.8). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation may be a promising treatment for neuropathic pain and headshaking in affected horses. Pain-free periods after treatment differ individually, and repeated treatment may be necessary. More studies should be performed to determine ideal settings for horses.

Optimizing Insecticide Application: Evaluating Frequency and Timing for Effective Management of Pink Bollworm Infestation

The pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), a significant pest affecting cotton crops, necessitates an optimized approach to insecticide application. This study investigates the critical factors of frequency and timing in insecticide application to enhance the efficacy of pest control measures. An experiment conducted at the Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), University of Agricultural Sciences Raichur, focused on managing pink bollworm in Bt cotton using newer insecticides registered for cotton. Various spray frequencies and intervals were tested as part of an ETL (Economic Threshold Level) and prophylactic spray regimen. The results indicated that the treatment T1, which involved four sprays of profenofos 50 EC, chlorantraniliprole 18.50 SC, emamectin benzoate 5 SG, and bifenthrin 10 EC at 65, 80, 95, and 110 days after sowing (DAS), respectively, showed the lowest incidence of pink bollworm larvae, green boll damage, bad boll opening, locule damage, and the highest rate of good boll opening. This performance was comparable to treatment T5, which followed the same spraying schedule but with spinetoram 11.70 SC and fenpropathrin 10.00 EC instead of emamectin benzoate and bifenthrin, and treatment T9, which employed an ETL-based spray schedule using chlorantraniliprole 9.3 + lambda-cyhalothrin 4.6 ZC. Similarly, the highest yield of seed cotton was obtained from treatment T1 (18.10 q/ha), which was statistically equivalent to treatments T5 (18.12 q/ha) and T9 (18.10 q/ha). Additionally, the cost-benefit analysis revealed the highest benefit-cost ratio in treatment T1 (1.55), followed by treatments T9 (1.46) and T5 (1.44).

Early Growth and Physiological Acclimation to Shade and Water Restriction of Seven Sclerophyllous Species of the Mediterranean Forests of Central Chile.

The success of using active restoration in Mediterranean-type climate zones mostly depends on an appropriate matching of plant species and specific management prescriptions upon establishment. In this study, we assessed the early growth and short-term physiological acclimation of seven common species found in the sclerophyllous forests in central Chile to water restriction and shading. We established a nursery experiment that included three treatments (T0: sun-exposed and water-restricted, T1: sun-exposed and fully irrigated, and T2: shaded and fully irrigated) and seven tree species differing in their shade and drought tolerance (Quillaja saponaria Molina, Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz, Peumus boldus Molina, Lithraea caustica (Mol.) Hook. and Arn, Luma apiculata (DC.) Burret, Colliguaja odorifera Molina, and Escallonia pulverulenta (Ruiz and Prav.) Pers). We measured the increment in seedling height and different leaf morpho-physiological traits during two months in the dry season. Based on the measured traits, none of the species took advantage of the higher water availability in T1 relative to T0, but most of the species responded to the shade in T2, regardless of their shade or drought tolerance. Height increments due to shade varied from 0% in P. boldus to 203% in L. apiculata. Overall, all the species responded similarly to the treatments in specific leaf area, chlorophyll content index, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and intrinsic water use efficiency. This suggests that the species exhibited similar acclimation patterns of these parameters to shade and drought, even regarding the variation in midday xylem water potential found in the water-restricted treatment T0 (from -1.5 MPa in P. boldus to -3.1 MPa in E. pulverulenta). In this study, shading had a higher positive effect on the seedling performance of sclerophyllous species than watering, which at operational level highlights the need for investing in tree shelters when using these species in restoration programs.

Advanced Dehydration Techniques Standardized for Flowers of Gomphrena globosa L.

The present experiment was conducted on standardizing dehydration technique for Gomphrena globose flower by using embedding drying methods in room temperature and hot air oven at 55°C was done. The experiment consisted of 10 treatments with 3 replications designed in completely randomized design. Treatments used were as; T1-Boric acid (room temperature), T2-Silica gel (room temperature), T3-Sand (room temperature), T4-Sawdust (room temperature), T5-Cocopeat (room temperature), T6-Boric acid (hot air oven at 55 °C), T7-Silica gel (hot air oven at 55 °C), T8-Sand (hot air oven at 55 °C), T9-Sawdust (hot air oven at 55 °C), T10-Cocopeat (hot air oven at 55 °C). The most reduction in flower fresh and dry weight, measuring 2.36 and 2.12 g, was observed in Treatment T7 (Silica gel with hot air oven at 55°C), where silica gel was employed as the desiccant. The least reduction in flower fresh and dry diameter, measuring 1.92 and 1.81 g, was observed in Treatment T7 (Silica gel with hot air oven at 55°C), where silica gel was employed as the desiccant. The highest drying duration for gomphrena in T3 (Sand) and T4 (Sawdust) treatments was 234.21 and 210.40 hrs at room temperature. The boric acid and silica gel demonstrated outstanding performance in terms of quality parameters, including texture, color, and overall appearance. Among all treatment, embedding drying with silica with hot air oven dehydration at 55°C was found to be best in term of reduction in weight, diameter and overall colour, appearance and texture of Gomphrena globose flowers.

Impact of Organic Manures and Liquid Formulations on Garlic Growth, Yield and Quality in Uttarakhand, India

The field study was carried out to VCSG, UUHF, Pauri Garhwal in 2022-2023 to investigate the integrated effect of organic manures and organic liquid formulations on the growth and yield of garlic. The main objective of this study was to determine the benefits of using organic manures and liquid formulations over conventional farming because the abundant use of nitrogenous fertilizers causes excessive vegetative growth at the expense of bulb formation. Among fourteen different treatment combinations that consist of various combinations of organic manures (FYM and Vermicompost) and organic liquid formulations (Panchgavya and Jeevamrit) treatment T3 i.e., FYM (10t/ha) + Panchgavya (2%) emerged as the best treatment concerning growth and yield of garlic. The findings showed that the maximum plant height (69.080 cm), number of leaves (8.400), leaf length (47.880 cm) and breadth (3.207 cm), and leaf area index (1.023) at all the 30 days intervals after sowing of garlic has been observed with the application of Treatment T3. The fundamental reason for the increased growth might be due to growth-promoting substances like auxins and gibberellins in panchgavya and high nitrogen and phosphorus in FYM. Concerning yield and quality attributes, the bulb diameter (5.657 cm), fresh weight of bulb (64.643 cm), length of the bulb (5.853 cm), number of cloves per bulb (12.200), bulb yield (120.833 q), total chlorophyll content (2.127 mg/g) and ascorbic acid content (15.333 mg/100g) was obtained maximum with the application of same treatment T3 i.e., FYM (10t/ha) + Panchgavya (2%) with yield increases up to 30% compared to control. However, the harvest index percent was found to be maximum (89.243 %) in treatment T13 i.e., Vermicompost (5t/ha) + Jeevamrit (6%). These findings suggest that organic farming practices can effectively enhance garlic production, offering a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers. Moreover, this study provides practical insights for farmers and contributes to the growing body of research on sustainable agriculture.

Influence of Different Levels of Hydrogel on Root Nodulation in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

This study investigated the impact of varying levels of hydrogel on the root nodules of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during Rabi seasons of 2019-20 and 2021-22 at the Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences, (U.P). The experimental design was a randomized block design with four levels of hydrogel (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and two levels of irrigation (one irrigation and two irrigation) and all treatments replicated thrice. Observations on the number of nodules per plant, active nodules, and inactive nodules were recorded at 30, 60, and 90 days after sowing (DAS) and at maturity and analysed using Fisher's ANOVA. The results indicated that hydrogel application significantly affected nodule formation at all growth stages across both years. The highest number of nodules, active nodules, and inactive nodules were recorded in treatment T10 (2 irrigations + 100% hydrogel), followed by T9 (2 irrigations + 75% hydrogel), in both years. The enhanced nodule formation with hydrogel application was attributed to improved water availability to the roots during periods of water scarcity, highlighting hydrogel's role in optimizing nitrogen availability and promoting chickpea growth, which is crucial for enhancing soil fertility.

Understanding the Impact of Zinc and Boron Applications on Growth and Yield Attributes in Potato

Research examines the impact of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) on the growth, and yield of potato plants. The screen house experiment used four treatments: T1 (Control), T2 (Zn 5g/L), T3 (B 2g/L), and T4 (Zn 5g/L + B 2g/L). Growth characteristics were evaluated, such as the emergence percentage, plant vigor, number of stem /meter2, plant height, and stem diameter. In addition, essential yield metrics such as number of tubers, tuber weight (g), dry matter content, and specific gravity were also assessed. The findings indicated that concurrent administration of T4 had a substantial positive impact on the plant's vitality, height, stem thickness, and stem density per square meter compared to the control group. This suggests a cooperative influence of these micronutrients on the growth of plant structures. However, in terms of yield qualities, the use of Zn alone T2 led to the greatest tuber weight, dry matter content, and specific gravity. Showing that Zn plays a crucial role in maximizing tuber growth and quality. The treatment T4 enhanced yield parameters compared to the control, but it did not exceed the effects of either Zn or B individually in T2 and T3. This emphasizes the intricate interaction between these nutrients. However, when it comes to maximizing yield attributes in potato cultivation, using Zn alone may be more successful. The results indicate that customizing the management of micronutrients could optimize the growth and output of potatoes, hence enhancing agricultural productivity. Additional research is advised to investigate the most effective dosages and combinations

Pengaruh Suhu dan Waktu Penyeduhan Teh Daun Kelakai (Stenochlarna Palutris) Dengan Treatmen Asam Lemon (Citrus Limon) Terhadap Kadar Besi (Fe)

Iron (Fe) is one of the many nutrients found in kelakai. Lemon acid treatment (Citrus lemonade) is used in the processing of kelakai tea powder as an effort to increase the nutritional value of the plant. The aim of this research is to determine how temperature and brewing time affect the iron (Fe) content in kelakai leaf tea (Stenochlarna palutris) prepared with lemon acid (Citrus lemonade). This research used a 2 factorial completely randomized design (CRD) and was experimental. There are two factors: the first is the temperature at which the brewing is done (40, 50 and 60 degrees Celsius), and the second is the brewing time (1, 5 and 10 minutes) with three repetitions. Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used in data analysis, along with an additional 5% Honestly Significant Difference (BNJ) test. These findings show a very significant influence of brewing temperature, brewing time, and the combination of temperature and brewing time. The results of the research show that moderate temperatures produce high iron (Fe) levels, moderate brewing results in high iron (Fe) levels. The brewing temperature treatment T2 (50oC) had the highest amount of calcium at 2.73778 ppm. Iron (Fe) levels are low at temperature T1 (400C) of 1.42000 ppm. The effect of brewing time on high iron (Fe) levels at F2 time (5 minutes) is 2.73778 ppm. The lowest iron (Fe) content was located at the longest brewing time, namely F3 (10 minutes) at 1.12267 ppm. T3F2 (600C, 5 Minutes) with iron (Fe) content of 3,707 ppm. The treatment that produces the lowest iron (Fe) content is T2F3 (500C, 10 minutes) with a value of 0.702 ppm

Assessment of Hast Bahar (Flowering Season) for Yield and Quality of Pomegranate at Farmer’s Field

An on-farm trail (OFT) on assessment of flowering season of pomegranate was tested. The experiment was conducted with three treatments comprising mrig bahar flowering as a control and hast bahar flowering with and without application of micronutrients and kaolin clay during June to February for three consecutive years from 2019–2022 in the different farmer fields at the Tharad taluka of Banskantha district, Gujarat, India. The treatment T1 Mrig bahar (June-July) flowering recorded the maximum total number of flowers (293.67) hermaphrodite flowers (108.9) and fruit setting (71.85%). Further, T1 exhibited the highest average number of fruits plant-1 (79.0) and maximum fruit yield (11.78 kg plant-1) followed by T3 and T2 treatments (10.14 kg plant-1 and 9.02 kg plant-1) respectively. In terms of total fruit yield, Treatment T1 exhibited the highest fruit yield of (9813 kg ha-1). Whereas, maximum individual fruit weight 179.44 g plant-1 and Total Soluble Solids (15.75°Brix) were found in Treatment T3. Moreover, treatment T3 Hast Bahar (Sept–Oct) flowering with foliar spray of micromix 0.2% and kaolin Clay 4.0%) has the lowest average fruit cracking (6.30%) and the lowest incidence of sunburn (8.80%) across the three years. However, treatment T1 recorded highest average fruit cracking (18.90%). Further, during the Mrig bahar season, incidence of leaf spots and fruit rot was observed higher compared to the Hast bahar flowering. In case of economics, treatment T3 obtained the highest average income of 411813 ha-1 as compared to treatment T2 and T3 ` 353074 ha-1 and 333425 ha-1, respectively.

Productivity and Profitability of Moringa-Brinjal-Based Agroforestry Farming System

An investigation was carried out to assess the productivity and profitability of brinjal during the initial phase of Moringa establishment. Experimental design employed a Randomized Complete Block Design with four distinct treatments: (i) T1 (30 cm distance from the tree base), (ii) T2 (40 cm distance from the tree base), (iii) T3 (50 cm distance from the tree base), and (iv) T4 (open field, control), each treatment being replicated four times. Data were systematically collected from randomly selected plants within each plot and subjected to statistical analysis. The findings indicated that the T4 (control) treatment exhibited superior performance for various parameters, namely plant height, leaf number, branch number, fruit number, fruit weight, and yield. Treatment T4 produced the highest values for fruit weight per plant (1.9 kg), single fruit weight (72.6 g), and fruit yield (34.2 t/ha). Following closely, T3 ranked second with values of 1.6 kg, 67.4 g, and 28.3 t for fruit weight per plant, single fruit weight, and fruit yield per hectare, respectively. In contrast, T1 yielded the lowest results in fruit weight per plant (0.76 kg), single fruit weight (59.6 g), and fruit yield (13.4 t/ha). The analysis of the land equivalent ratio revealed that treatment T3 achieved the highest ratio at 1.81, indicating a positive correlation between a greater distance from the Moringa tree base and an increased brinjal yield. The study concludes that cultivating brinjal in association with one-year-old Moringa trees, while maintaining a 50 cm distance from the tree base, results in optimal yield. J. of Sci. and Tech. Res. 5(1): 09-20, 2023

Effect of Nano Urea on Leaf Nutrients and Some Quality Parameters of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze)

Some important parameters of tea on mature plants of TV 23 clone were studied after application of Nano-urea as foliar spray at Experimental Garden for Plantation Crops, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during the period 2021-2022. The usage of "Nano Urea" (Liquid), a novel product created and patented by Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited (IFFCO), is projected to replace the use of urea granules, one of the most widely used fertilizers in the world. Leaf nutrients i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and quality parameters i.e., Caffeine, polyphenol were observed after application of nano urea. Leaf nitrogen, leaf phosphorus and leaf potassium were found to be increased with the application of higher dose of Nano Urea. Leaf nitrogen was observed maximum (4.57%) in the plot where 0.4% Nano-urea applied in three sprays. Total phosphorus content of leaf was found to be the highest in treatment T7(0.423%) the lowest was observed in treatment T0 (0.370%). Total potassium content of leaf was the highest in treatment T7 (2.517%) and lowest K2O content was observed in treatment T0 (2.013%) which was a control. In quality parameters, it was found that application of Nano Urea showed significant impact on the total caffeine content of tea leaf. The highest value of caffeine was found in treatment T7 (3.233%) and lowest was found in treatment T0 (3.10%) (control).

Growth and Economics of Production of Rooted Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Cuttings as Affected by Drenching Cattle Urine

An experiment on survival and growth of rooted black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) cuttings as affected by drenching cattle urine was conducted at Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, College of Horticulture, Dapoli, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli during the year 2023-24. Eleven treatments and 3 replications in Randomized Block Design viz. T1 Cattle urine 5 %, T2 Cattle urine 7.5 %, T3 Cattle urine 10 %, T4 Cattle urine 12.5 %, T5 Cattle urine 15 %, T6 Cattle urine 17.5 %, T7 Cattle urine 20 %, T8 Cattle urine 22.5 %, T9 Cattle urine 25 %, T10 Keradix powder and T11 Control with the aim to investigate effect of drenching cattle urine on growth and economics of production of rooted black pepper cuttings. The highest length of sprout (65.17 cm), number of leaves per cutting (14.32) and leaf area (78.16 cm2) were recorded in treatment T7 i.e. drenching cattle urine 20 %. The maximum survival percentage (90.33%), net profit (₹ 2515.00) and B: C ratio (1.87) found in treatment T7.

Influence of Bioformulation on Growth, Yield and Quality of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.)

Panchagavya, an organic product has the potential to play the role of promoting growth and providing immunity in plant system. Panchagavya consists of nine products viz. cow dung, cow urine, milk, curd, jaggery, ghee, banana, Tender coconut and water. When suitably mixed and used, these have miraculous effects. Nigella sativa L. is an annual herb possessing wide range of medicinal uses apart from its commercial significance as a spice-yielding plant. It is used in folk (herbal) medicine all over the globe for the treatment and prevention of a number of diseases and its organic cultivation has gained importance in recent times. Keeping this in view, a field experiment was conducted. The treatments composed of T1 (Panchagavya foliar spray @ 4%), T2(Panchagavya foliar spray @ 8%), T3(Panchagavya foliar spray @ 12%), T4(Panchagavya foliar spray @ 16%), T5(Panchagavya foliar spray @ 20%) and T6 (water spray- Control) were evaluated. Among treatment T5 (Panchagavya as foliar spray @ 20%) recorded the maximum plant height of 29.95cm, 60.45cm and 73.09cm respectively at 60,90 and 120 DAS, the maximum number of primary branches and secondary branches of 7.18/plant and 24.54/plant were recorded at 120 DAS. Highest projected seed yield of 566.39 kg/ha along with highest dry pod weight (0.32g) pod diameter (0.93cm), seed yield/plant (2.62g), 1000 seed weight (2.10g) along with the maximum essential oil content (1.06%) and highest B:C ratio of 1.88 with a highest net return of Rs.52982/ha recorded under the same treatment. T4 (Panchagavya as foliar spray @ 16%) recorded 2nd highest plant height of 29.51cm, 59.26cm and 72.71 cm at 60,90 and 120 DAS and 2nd highest Projected seed yield of 547.73 kg/ha with other characters like dry pod weight (0.30g), pod diameter (0.92cm), seed yield/plant (2.09g) and 1000 seed weight (2.09g) along with essential oil content of 1.01% and 2nd highest cost benefit ratio of 1.84 and net return of Rs.49850/ha which were at par with T5(Panchagavya foliar spray at 20%).

Response of postharvest treatments on shelf life, biochemical and microbial quality of banana variety Red Banana.

The popular Red Banana variety faces transportation challenges and has a limited postharvest shelf life due to its ripe fruits being less resistant and being a climacteric fruit. This study aims to prolong the shelf life of Red Banana fruits through different postharvest treatments. Fruit bunches of Red Banana were harvested at the mature green stage, separated into hands, precooled, subjected to 12 treatments and stored in corrugated fibre board boxes till the end of shelf life under ambient conditions. Fruits coated with 10% bee wax + 0.5% clove oil (T4), fruits subjected to coating with 10% bee wax and packaging with potassium permanganate (T9) and fruits dipped in hot water at 50 °C for 10 min. and packaging with potassium permanganate (T11) registered highest shelf life of 18.67 days. The highest TSS of 26.33°Brix was noticed in fruits stored with potassium permanganate (T8) after 12.67 days of storage and lowest titratable acidity of 0.19% and the highest sugar-acid ratio of 79.76 was noticed in control (T12) after 11.33 days of storage. Moreover, the highest vitamin C content (7.74 mg 100 g?¹), total sugar content (18.47%), reducing sugar content (15.49%), total carotenoid content (24.13 µg 100 g-1) was noticed in treatment T7 (hot water dipping at 50 °C for 10 min.) after 17.67 days, T10 (coating with 40% aloe vera extract and packaged with potassium permanganate) after 13.33 days, T4 (coating with 10% bee wax + 0.5% clove oil) after 18.67 days and T9 (coating with 10% bee wax + potassium permanganate) after 18.67 days of storage respectively. Furthermore, the lowest fungal and bacterial count was observed in treatments T2 (dipping in 30ppm sodium hypochlorite solution), T7 (hot water dipping at 50 °C for 10 min.), T9 (coating with 10% bee wax + potassium permanganate) and T10 (coating with 40% aloe vera extract + potassium permanganate) .

Effectiveness of a dental simulation game on reducing pain and anxiety during primary molars pulpotomy compared with tell-show-do technique in pediatric patients: a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundDental simulation games are virtual educational games that help children get familiar with different dental procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the pretreatment exposure to the “Baby Panda Dental Care” game in reducing pain and anxiety in comparison with the tell-show-do (TSD) technique during primary molars pulpotomy for patients aged 6–10 years.Materials and methodsIt was a triple-blinded, two-arm, parallel-group, randomized, active-controlled trial. It was done on 60 patients, who were randomly divided into two groups: the control group, TSD technique (n = 30), and the experimental group, “Baby Panda Dental” Care (n = 30). For the TSD technique, children were provided with a verbal explanation followed by a demonstration of the dental treatment in a non-threatening way. The “do” phase is then initiated during performing treatment. For the “Baby Panda dental care” game, children were asked to play for 5 min before treatment, selecting root canal therapy procedures. Pulse rate and RMS pictorial scale were recorded at four time points: (1) at the baseline (t0). (2) After conditioning the child (t1). (3) During treatment (t2). (4) After finishing the treatment (t3). Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) behavioral pain scale was recorded during treatment (t2).ResultsThe pulse rate is higher in the control group at t1 (p = 0.012) and t2 (p = 0.015). There was a statistically significant difference in the mean RMS pictorial scale score at t1 (p < 0.001), t2 (p = 0.006), and t3 (p < 0.001), a statistically significant difference was noticed in FLACC behavioral pain assessment between the two groups (p = 0.033).ConclusionsThe mobile dental game showed better results than the TSD technique, but neither technique did not reduce anxiety and pain effectively during dental treatment.Trial registrationThe trial was registered at the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN30470866) on 19/04/2024.