Treatment T1 Research Articles

Advanced Dehydration Techniques Standardized for Flowers of Gomphrena globosa L.

The present experiment was conducted on standardizing dehydration technique for Gomphrena globose flower by using embedding drying methods in room temperature and hot air oven at 55°C was done. The experiment consisted of 10 treatments with 3 replications designed in completely randomized design. Treatments used were as; T1-Boric acid (room temperature), T2-Silica gel (room temperature), T3-Sand (room temperature), T4-Sawdust (room temperature), T5-Cocopeat (room temperature), T6-Boric acid (hot air oven at 55 °C), T7-Silica gel (hot air oven at 55 °C), T8-Sand (hot air oven at 55 °C), T9-Sawdust (hot air oven at 55 °C), T10-Cocopeat (hot air oven at 55 °C). The most reduction in flower fresh and dry weight, measuring 2.36 and 2.12 g, was observed in Treatment T7 (Silica gel with hot air oven at 55°C), where silica gel was employed as the desiccant. The least reduction in flower fresh and dry diameter, measuring 1.92 and 1.81 g, was observed in Treatment T7 (Silica gel with hot air oven at 55°C), where silica gel was employed as the desiccant. The highest drying duration for gomphrena in T3 (Sand) and T4 (Sawdust) treatments was 234.21 and 210.40 hrs at room temperature. The boric acid and silica gel demonstrated outstanding performance in terms of quality parameters, including texture, color, and overall appearance. Among all treatment, embedding drying with silica with hot air oven dehydration at 55°C was found to be best in term of reduction in weight, diameter and overall colour, appearance and texture of Gomphrena globose flowers.

Impact of Organic Manures and Liquid Formulations on Garlic Growth, Yield and Quality in Uttarakhand, India

The field study was carried out to VCSG, UUHF, Pauri Garhwal in 2022-2023 to investigate the integrated effect of organic manures and organic liquid formulations on the growth and yield of garlic. The main objective of this study was to determine the benefits of using organic manures and liquid formulations over conventional farming because the abundant use of nitrogenous fertilizers causes excessive vegetative growth at the expense of bulb formation. Among fourteen different treatment combinations that consist of various combinations of organic manures (FYM and Vermicompost) and organic liquid formulations (Panchgavya and Jeevamrit) treatment T3 i.e., FYM (10t/ha) + Panchgavya (2%) emerged as the best treatment concerning growth and yield of garlic. The findings showed that the maximum plant height (69.080 cm), number of leaves (8.400), leaf length (47.880 cm) and breadth (3.207 cm), and leaf area index (1.023) at all the 30 days intervals after sowing of garlic has been observed with the application of Treatment T3. The fundamental reason for the increased growth might be due to growth-promoting substances like auxins and gibberellins in panchgavya and high nitrogen and phosphorus in FYM. Concerning yield and quality attributes, the bulb diameter (5.657 cm), fresh weight of bulb (64.643 cm), length of the bulb (5.853 cm), number of cloves per bulb (12.200), bulb yield (120.833 q), total chlorophyll content (2.127 mg/g) and ascorbic acid content (15.333 mg/100g) was obtained maximum with the application of same treatment T3 i.e., FYM (10t/ha) + Panchgavya (2%) with yield increases up to 30% compared to control. However, the harvest index percent was found to be maximum (89.243 %) in treatment T13 i.e., Vermicompost (5t/ha) + Jeevamrit (6%). These findings suggest that organic farming practices can effectively enhance garlic production, offering a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers. Moreover, this study provides practical insights for farmers and contributes to the growing body of research on sustainable agriculture.

Influence of Different Levels of Hydrogel on Root Nodulation in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

This study investigated the impact of varying levels of hydrogel on the root nodules of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during Rabi seasons of 2019-20 and 2021-22 at the Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences, (U.P). The experimental design was a randomized block design with four levels of hydrogel (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and two levels of irrigation (one irrigation and two irrigation) and all treatments replicated thrice. Observations on the number of nodules per plant, active nodules, and inactive nodules were recorded at 30, 60, and 90 days after sowing (DAS) and at maturity and analysed using Fisher's ANOVA. The results indicated that hydrogel application significantly affected nodule formation at all growth stages across both years. The highest number of nodules, active nodules, and inactive nodules were recorded in treatment T10 (2 irrigations + 100% hydrogel), followed by T9 (2 irrigations + 75% hydrogel), in both years. The enhanced nodule formation with hydrogel application was attributed to improved water availability to the roots during periods of water scarcity, highlighting hydrogel's role in optimizing nitrogen availability and promoting chickpea growth, which is crucial for enhancing soil fertility.

Understanding the Impact of Zinc and Boron Applications on Growth and Yield Attributes in Potato

Research examines the impact of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) on the growth, and yield of potato plants. The screen house experiment used four treatments: T1 (Control), T2 (Zn 5g/L), T3 (B 2g/L), and T4 (Zn 5g/L + B 2g/L). Growth characteristics were evaluated, such as the emergence percentage, plant vigor, number of stem /meter2, plant height, and stem diameter. In addition, essential yield metrics such as number of tubers, tuber weight (g), dry matter content, and specific gravity were also assessed. The findings indicated that concurrent administration of T4 had a substantial positive impact on the plant's vitality, height, stem thickness, and stem density per square meter compared to the control group. This suggests a cooperative influence of these micronutrients on the growth of plant structures. However, in terms of yield qualities, the use of Zn alone T2 led to the greatest tuber weight, dry matter content, and specific gravity. Showing that Zn plays a crucial role in maximizing tuber growth and quality. The treatment T4 enhanced yield parameters compared to the control, but it did not exceed the effects of either Zn or B individually in T2 and T3. This emphasizes the intricate interaction between these nutrients. However, when it comes to maximizing yield attributes in potato cultivation, using Zn alone may be more successful. The results indicate that customizing the management of micronutrients could optimize the growth and output of potatoes, hence enhancing agricultural productivity. Additional research is advised to investigate the most effective dosages and combinations

Pengaruh Suhu dan Waktu Penyeduhan Teh Daun Kelakai (Stenochlarna Palutris) Dengan Treatmen Asam Lemon (Citrus Limon) Terhadap Kadar Besi (Fe)

Iron (Fe) is one of the many nutrients found in kelakai. Lemon acid treatment (Citrus lemonade) is used in the processing of kelakai tea powder as an effort to increase the nutritional value of the plant. The aim of this research is to determine how temperature and brewing time affect the iron (Fe) content in kelakai leaf tea (Stenochlarna palutris) prepared with lemon acid (Citrus lemonade). This research used a 2 factorial completely randomized design (CRD) and was experimental. There are two factors: the first is the temperature at which the brewing is done (40, 50 and 60 degrees Celsius), and the second is the brewing time (1, 5 and 10 minutes) with three repetitions. Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used in data analysis, along with an additional 5% Honestly Significant Difference (BNJ) test. These findings show a very significant influence of brewing temperature, brewing time, and the combination of temperature and brewing time. The results of the research show that moderate temperatures produce high iron (Fe) levels, moderate brewing results in high iron (Fe) levels. The brewing temperature treatment T2 (50oC) had the highest amount of calcium at 2.73778 ppm. Iron (Fe) levels are low at temperature T1 (400C) of 1.42000 ppm. The effect of brewing time on high iron (Fe) levels at F2 time (5 minutes) is 2.73778 ppm. The lowest iron (Fe) content was located at the longest brewing time, namely F3 (10 minutes) at 1.12267 ppm. T3F2 (600C, 5 Minutes) with iron (Fe) content of 3,707 ppm. The treatment that produces the lowest iron (Fe) content is T2F3 (500C, 10 minutes) with a value of 0.702 ppm

Assessment of Hast Bahar (Flowering Season) for Yield and Quality of Pomegranate at Farmer’s Field

An on-farm trail (OFT) on assessment of flowering season of pomegranate was tested. The experiment was conducted with three treatments comprising mrig bahar flowering as a control and hast bahar flowering with and without application of micronutrients and kaolin clay during June to February for three consecutive years from 2019–2022 in the different farmer fields at the Tharad taluka of Banskantha district, Gujarat, India. The treatment T1 Mrig bahar (June-July) flowering recorded the maximum total number of flowers (293.67) hermaphrodite flowers (108.9) and fruit setting (71.85%). Further, T1 exhibited the highest average number of fruits plant-1 (79.0) and maximum fruit yield (11.78 kg plant-1) followed by T3 and T2 treatments (10.14 kg plant-1 and 9.02 kg plant-1) respectively. In terms of total fruit yield, Treatment T1 exhibited the highest fruit yield of (9813 kg ha-1). Whereas, maximum individual fruit weight 179.44 g plant-1 and Total Soluble Solids (15.75°Brix) were found in Treatment T3. Moreover, treatment T3 Hast Bahar (Sept–Oct) flowering with foliar spray of micromix 0.2% and kaolin Clay 4.0%) has the lowest average fruit cracking (6.30%) and the lowest incidence of sunburn (8.80%) across the three years. However, treatment T1 recorded highest average fruit cracking (18.90%). Further, during the Mrig bahar season, incidence of leaf spots and fruit rot was observed higher compared to the Hast bahar flowering. In case of economics, treatment T3 obtained the highest average income of 411813 ha-1 as compared to treatment T2 and T3 ` 353074 ha-1 and 333425 ha-1, respectively.

Productivity and Profitability of Moringa-Brinjal-Based Agroforestry Farming System

An investigation was carried out to assess the productivity and profitability of brinjal during the initial phase of Moringa establishment. Experimental design employed a Randomized Complete Block Design with four distinct treatments: (i) T1 (30 cm distance from the tree base), (ii) T2 (40 cm distance from the tree base), (iii) T3 (50 cm distance from the tree base), and (iv) T4 (open field, control), each treatment being replicated four times. Data were systematically collected from randomly selected plants within each plot and subjected to statistical analysis. The findings indicated that the T4 (control) treatment exhibited superior performance for various parameters, namely plant height, leaf number, branch number, fruit number, fruit weight, and yield. Treatment T4 produced the highest values for fruit weight per plant (1.9 kg), single fruit weight (72.6 g), and fruit yield (34.2 t/ha). Following closely, T3 ranked second with values of 1.6 kg, 67.4 g, and 28.3 t for fruit weight per plant, single fruit weight, and fruit yield per hectare, respectively. In contrast, T1 yielded the lowest results in fruit weight per plant (0.76 kg), single fruit weight (59.6 g), and fruit yield (13.4 t/ha). The analysis of the land equivalent ratio revealed that treatment T3 achieved the highest ratio at 1.81, indicating a positive correlation between a greater distance from the Moringa tree base and an increased brinjal yield. The study concludes that cultivating brinjal in association with one-year-old Moringa trees, while maintaining a 50 cm distance from the tree base, results in optimal yield. J. of Sci. and Tech. Res. 5(1): 09-20, 2023

Effect of Nano Urea on Leaf Nutrients and Some Quality Parameters of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze)

Some important parameters of tea on mature plants of TV 23 clone were studied after application of Nano-urea as foliar spray at Experimental Garden for Plantation Crops, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during the period 2021-2022. The usage of "Nano Urea" (Liquid), a novel product created and patented by Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited (IFFCO), is projected to replace the use of urea granules, one of the most widely used fertilizers in the world. Leaf nutrients i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and quality parameters i.e., Caffeine, polyphenol were observed after application of nano urea. Leaf nitrogen, leaf phosphorus and leaf potassium were found to be increased with the application of higher dose of Nano Urea. Leaf nitrogen was observed maximum (4.57%) in the plot where 0.4% Nano-urea applied in three sprays. Total phosphorus content of leaf was found to be the highest in treatment T7(0.423%) the lowest was observed in treatment T0 (0.370%). Total potassium content of leaf was the highest in treatment T7 (2.517%) and lowest K2O content was observed in treatment T0 (2.013%) which was a control. In quality parameters, it was found that application of Nano Urea showed significant impact on the total caffeine content of tea leaf. The highest value of caffeine was found in treatment T7 (3.233%) and lowest was found in treatment T0 (3.10%) (control).

Growth and Economics of Production of Rooted Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Cuttings as Affected by Drenching Cattle Urine

An experiment on survival and growth of rooted black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) cuttings as affected by drenching cattle urine was conducted at Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, College of Horticulture, Dapoli, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli during the year 2023-24. Eleven treatments and 3 replications in Randomized Block Design viz. T1 Cattle urine 5 %, T2 Cattle urine 7.5 %, T3 Cattle urine 10 %, T4 Cattle urine 12.5 %, T5 Cattle urine 15 %, T6 Cattle urine 17.5 %, T7 Cattle urine 20 %, T8 Cattle urine 22.5 %, T9 Cattle urine 25 %, T10 Keradix powder and T11 Control with the aim to investigate effect of drenching cattle urine on growth and economics of production of rooted black pepper cuttings. The highest length of sprout (65.17 cm), number of leaves per cutting (14.32) and leaf area (78.16 cm2) were recorded in treatment T7 i.e. drenching cattle urine 20 %. The maximum survival percentage (90.33%), net profit (₹ 2515.00) and B: C ratio (1.87) found in treatment T7.

Influence of Bioformulation on Growth, Yield and Quality of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.)

Panchagavya, an organic product has the potential to play the role of promoting growth and providing immunity in plant system. Panchagavya consists of nine products viz. cow dung, cow urine, milk, curd, jaggery, ghee, banana, Tender coconut and water. When suitably mixed and used, these have miraculous effects. Nigella sativa L. is an annual herb possessing wide range of medicinal uses apart from its commercial significance as a spice-yielding plant. It is used in folk (herbal) medicine all over the globe for the treatment and prevention of a number of diseases and its organic cultivation has gained importance in recent times. Keeping this in view, a field experiment was conducted. The treatments composed of T1 (Panchagavya foliar spray @ 4%), T2(Panchagavya foliar spray @ 8%), T3(Panchagavya foliar spray @ 12%), T4(Panchagavya foliar spray @ 16%), T5(Panchagavya foliar spray @ 20%) and T6 (water spray- Control) were evaluated. Among treatment T5 (Panchagavya as foliar spray @ 20%) recorded the maximum plant height of 29.95cm, 60.45cm and 73.09cm respectively at 60,90 and 120 DAS, the maximum number of primary branches and secondary branches of 7.18/plant and 24.54/plant were recorded at 120 DAS. Highest projected seed yield of 566.39 kg/ha along with highest dry pod weight (0.32g) pod diameter (0.93cm), seed yield/plant (2.62g), 1000 seed weight (2.10g) along with the maximum essential oil content (1.06%) and highest B:C ratio of 1.88 with a highest net return of Rs.52982/ha recorded under the same treatment. T4 (Panchagavya as foliar spray @ 16%) recorded 2nd highest plant height of 29.51cm, 59.26cm and 72.71 cm at 60,90 and 120 DAS and 2nd highest Projected seed yield of 547.73 kg/ha with other characters like dry pod weight (0.30g), pod diameter (0.92cm), seed yield/plant (2.09g) and 1000 seed weight (2.09g) along with essential oil content of 1.01% and 2nd highest cost benefit ratio of 1.84 and net return of Rs.49850/ha which were at par with T5(Panchagavya foliar spray at 20%).

Response of postharvest treatments on shelf life, biochemical and microbial quality of banana variety Red Banana.

The popular Red Banana variety faces transportation challenges and has a limited postharvest shelf life due to its ripe fruits being less resistant and being a climacteric fruit. This study aims to prolong the shelf life of Red Banana fruits through different postharvest treatments. Fruit bunches of Red Banana were harvested at the mature green stage, separated into hands, precooled, subjected to 12 treatments and stored in corrugated fibre board boxes till the end of shelf life under ambient conditions. Fruits coated with 10% bee wax + 0.5% clove oil (T4), fruits subjected to coating with 10% bee wax and packaging with potassium permanganate (T9) and fruits dipped in hot water at 50 °C for 10 min. and packaging with potassium permanganate (T11) registered highest shelf life of 18.67 days. The highest TSS of 26.33°Brix was noticed in fruits stored with potassium permanganate (T8) after 12.67 days of storage and lowest titratable acidity of 0.19% and the highest sugar-acid ratio of 79.76 was noticed in control (T12) after 11.33 days of storage. Moreover, the highest vitamin C content (7.74 mg 100 g?¹), total sugar content (18.47%), reducing sugar content (15.49%), total carotenoid content (24.13 µg 100 g-1) was noticed in treatment T7 (hot water dipping at 50 °C for 10 min.) after 17.67 days, T10 (coating with 40% aloe vera extract and packaged with potassium permanganate) after 13.33 days, T4 (coating with 10% bee wax + 0.5% clove oil) after 18.67 days and T9 (coating with 10% bee wax + potassium permanganate) after 18.67 days of storage respectively. Furthermore, the lowest fungal and bacterial count was observed in treatments T2 (dipping in 30ppm sodium hypochlorite solution), T7 (hot water dipping at 50 °C for 10 min.), T9 (coating with 10% bee wax + potassium permanganate) and T10 (coating with 40% aloe vera extract + potassium permanganate) .

Effectiveness of a dental simulation game on reducing pain and anxiety during primary molars pulpotomy compared with tell-show-do technique in pediatric patients: a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundDental simulation games are virtual educational games that help children get familiar with different dental procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the pretreatment exposure to the “Baby Panda Dental Care” game in reducing pain and anxiety in comparison with the tell-show-do (TSD) technique during primary molars pulpotomy for patients aged 6–10 years.Materials and methodsIt was a triple-blinded, two-arm, parallel-group, randomized, active-controlled trial. It was done on 60 patients, who were randomly divided into two groups: the control group, TSD technique (n = 30), and the experimental group, “Baby Panda Dental” Care (n = 30). For the TSD technique, children were provided with a verbal explanation followed by a demonstration of the dental treatment in a non-threatening way. The “do” phase is then initiated during performing treatment. For the “Baby Panda dental care” game, children were asked to play for 5 min before treatment, selecting root canal therapy procedures. Pulse rate and RMS pictorial scale were recorded at four time points: (1) at the baseline (t0). (2) After conditioning the child (t1). (3) During treatment (t2). (4) After finishing the treatment (t3). Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) behavioral pain scale was recorded during treatment (t2).ResultsThe pulse rate is higher in the control group at t1 (p = 0.012) and t2 (p = 0.015). There was a statistically significant difference in the mean RMS pictorial scale score at t1 (p < 0.001), t2 (p = 0.006), and t3 (p < 0.001), a statistically significant difference was noticed in FLACC behavioral pain assessment between the two groups (p = 0.033).ConclusionsThe mobile dental game showed better results than the TSD technique, but neither technique did not reduce anxiety and pain effectively during dental treatment.Trial registrationThe trial was registered at the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN30470866) on 19/04/2024.

Effectiveness of Organic Fertilizers in Improving Soil Fertility, Productivity and Quality of Carrots (Daucus carota) in Southern Côte d'Ivoire

In the context of agricultural resilience to climate change, a strategy of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers has been adopted to improve the production of vegetable crops, particularly carrots. This study promotes organic carrot farming in Côte d'Ivoire by applying an organic biofertiliser based on poultry droppings and traditional medicinal plants to the soil. Different doses of this organic biofertiliser, applied to the soil by fertigation (dilution at 0.5% (T1), 5% (T2) and 10% (T3)), were tested under a crop of carrots (Daucus carota) in a completely randomized Fisher block design with 4 replications. The results show that yields varied significantly according to the different doses applied (p&lt;0.05). High carrot yields of 27.5±1.29 t.ha-1 were obtained with treatment T2. However, plant growth indicators (plant height, number of leaves, root length and diameter) were similar for the three treatments T1, T2 and T3. According to the results obtained, treatment T2 would be suitable for achieving and maintaining an acceptable level of fertility and ensuring satisfactory yields for the carrot crop. Thus, the use of this biofertilizer should be encouraged for agro-ecological soil fertility management, and may be an alternative to synthetic fertilizers which, due to their high cost, are not accessible to growers.

Assessment of Different Organic Manures on Morphological and Floral Attributes of Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

Aims: The organic content in manure helps soil retain moisture, increases gas exchange, and introduces beneficial bacteria, loosens clayey soil, promoting root growth. Soil with a higher organic content is more resistant to erosion and produces superior crops. Using organic manure decreases farming's environmental impact. Unlike synthetic fertilizers, it recycles waste materials, nourishes the soil, and nurtures crops. Methods: This experiment was carried out during Rabi 2023-24 at the Organic Research farm Kargunwan ji, Jhansi, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bundelkhand University Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh). African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cultivar ‘Hazara’ was sown under randomized block design (RBD) with 09 treatment viz., Control, FYM at 10t/ha, FYM at 20t/ha, Compost 10t/ha, Compost 20t/ha, Poultry manure10t/ha, Poultry manure20t/ha, Vermicompost 10t/ha and Vermicompost 20t/ha with 3 replication accommodating spacing (40 × 45) cm2, plot size (2.5 × 2.5) m = 5.0 m2 with total gross experimental area of (23.5 x 9.6) m = 225.06 m2. Results: Results shows that at harvest, increasing the organic doses at recommended doses clearly expressed maximum morphological characters and floral attributes and was reported under the treatment T9 (vermicompost 20t/ha) followed by treatment T8 (vermicompost 10t/ha) and T6 (poultry manure 10t/ha). The minimum plant height was noticed with the treatment T7 (Water spray). Conclusion: The results clearly revealed that on application of organic manure in marigold had a positive and significant impact on morphological characters and floral attributes in Marigold. Thus it is recommended to opt for organic cultivation in place of in organic cultivation.

DIETARY EFFECTS OF TULSI LEAVES AND BLACK PEPPER EXTRACT ON BROILER GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS TRAITS

This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of the dietary effect of different levels of Tulsi leaves (Ocimum sanctum) and Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) Extract (TBE) on growth performance and carcass traits of commercial broiler. The study was conducted at the Poultry farm of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur during the period from 11 April to 08 May, 2019. A total of 96 day old broiler chicks (Lohman Meat) were randomly and equally distributed to 4 groups having 3 replicates of 8 birds each. The birds were grouped as T0, T1, T2 and T3 group with normal water (control group), 1% TBE 1ml /L of drinking water, 2% TBE 2 ml/L of drinking water and 3% TBE 3ml /L of drinking water, respectively. Body weight gains, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), mortality (%) and meat yield traits were recorded. The collected data were analyzed by using ANOVA with SPSS version 22. Feed intake (g/bird) was almost similar (P&gt;0.05) among the dietary treatment groups. Body weight gain (g) and FCR were significantly (P&lt;0.05) differed among the dietary treatment groups. The highest body weight gain (g) was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in T2 (1659.35g±2.19), followed by T1 (1631.05g±2.52), T3 (1590.67g±2.73) and T0 (1472.01g±4.58), respectively. The lowest FCR was found in T2 (1.41±0.00) and the highest FCR in T0 (1.52±0.01), the intermediate in T1 (1.45±0.01) and T3 (1.46±0.01), respectively. It was found that there was significant (P&lt;0.05) difference among the dietary treatment groups in case of live weight (g), carcass weight (g),dressing percentage (%), breast weight (g), liver weight(g), but there was almost similar (P&gt;0.05) among the dietary treatment groups in case of heart weight (g), spleen weight (g), gizzard weight (g), thigh weight (%), head weight (g), intestine weight (g) and shank weight (g). The carcass meat weight, Carcass yield (%), breast weight and breast meat weight (%) was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in treatment T2 group compared to control group T0. Liver weight was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in control group T0 compared to treatment group T2. No mortality was found among the dietary treatment groups during experimental period. Based on the result it could be concluded that 2% Tulsi leaves and Black Pepper Extract (TBE) 2 ml/L of drinking water may be used in broiler diet as growth promoter and it may also serve as an antioxidant.

Efficacy of nitrogen and Azolla spp. on growth and yield of black rice (Oryza sativa L.)

An experimental field study was carried out in the Kharif season of 2023 at the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P.). The experimental replications were conducted using a Randomized Block Design, with three levels of Nitrogen (0, 60, 90kg N/ha) and Azolla spp. (2, 4, 6t/ha), and one Control (NPK 120:60:60 kg/ha). In all, there were a total of ten treatments, each reproduced three times. The tested field had sandy loam soil texture with a neutral soil pH of 7.6, low organic carbon content of 0.372%, nitrogen content of 278.4 kg/ha, phosphorous content of 29.5 kg/ha, and potassium level of 217.3 kg/ha. The experimental results showed that treatment T₉ obtained significantly higher plant height (107.77 cm), dry weight (66.05 g), crop growth rate (57.27 g/m2/day), relative growth rate (0.0279 g/g/day), highest number of tillers per hill (22.07), panicles per m2 (282), test weight (15.23 g), grain yield (3.67 t/ha), stover yield (6.7 t/ha), and harvest index (35.74%). Transplanted Black Rice of variety BPT-2841 exhibited significantly greater maximum gross return (1,80,551.40 INR/ha), net return (1,05,496.30 INR/ha), and B:C ratio (1.41) in treatment T9. The investigation concludes that Nitrogen, being easily transportable in soil and plants, is a constituent of amino acids, nucleic acids, chlorophyll, enzymes, and hormones. These factors are essential in plant physiology and are associated with increased tillering, biomass production, protein synthesis, grain filling, yield, and quality. The availability, absorption, and utilization of nitrogen have a significant impact on these processes. Therefore, in the present experiment, the nitrogen requirements are met by applying 90kg of nitrogen through urea combined with 6t/ha of Azolla spp. This approach revealed superior performance in terms of both crop yield and economic returns .

Influence of Pre-harvest Application of NAA, Ca, and B on Fruit Drop, and Yield of Thailand Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana)

The present study was carried out to investigate the beneficial effects of the pre-harvest spray of NAA, calcium, and boron on fruit drop and yield of Thailand ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) at the Experimental Farm, Department of Horticulture, AAU, Jorhat-13 during 2022-2023. The treatment T4 i.e. spraying with NAA @ 20 ppm + B @ 0.5% resulted in maximum fruit set (4.68%), lesser fruit drop (53.28%), the highest yield per tree (18.12 kg/tree), yield per hectare (24.16 t), the maximum thickness of pulp (1.94 mm) and pulp weight (62.25 g). Spraying of NAA 20 ppm in combination with Boron 5% is the most profitable approach for minimizing fruit drop and maximizing production.

Effect of Different Plant Spacings on Growth, Yield and Disease Incidence in Banana CV. Phule Pride

An investigation was carried out in planted banana crop cv. Phule Pride (AAA) to evaluate the effect of different planting distances on growth, durational, bunch, and yield parameters and disease incidence for three successive years (2021-22 to 2023). The experiment was carried out in Randomized Block Design with four replications. The treatments comprised of T1 (1.20 m x 1.20m (6944 Plants per hectare)), T2 (1.35 m x 1.35m (5487 Plants per hectare)), T3 (1.35 m x 1.75m (4233 Plants per hectare)), T4 (1.50 m x 1.35m (4938 Plants per hectare)) and T5 (1.50 m x 1.50m (4444 Plants per hectare)). In general, there was decrease in pseudo stem height, number of functional leaves and leaf area with the decrease in plant spacing, where increase in pseudo stem girth was observed with the decrease in plant spacing. Delay in all the durational parameters namely days to shooting, days to maturity and days harvesting was recorded with the decrease in plant spacing. Number of hands per bunch, number of fingers per bunch, finger length and bunch weight also decreased with the decrease in plant spacing, whereas increase in finger girth was observed with the decrease in plant spacing. The conventional treatment 1.50 m x 1.50m (4444 Plants per hectare)) recoded highest bunch weight (19.40 t/ha) as against the 12.18 t/ha in the treatment T1 (1.20 m x 1.20m (6944 Plants per hectare). As regards the yield (t/ha), all the treatments were on par with each other except T2 (1.35 m x 1.35m (5487 Plants per hectare). Considering all the parameters, it observed that the plant spacing of 1.5 m x 1.5 m accommodating 4444 plants per hectare is found optimum for the banana cv. Phule Pride.

Integrated Management of Collar Rot of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii under Greenhouse Conditions

Collar rot, one of the major soil borne diseases of chickpea incited by Sclerotium rolfsii causes significant economic losses in chickpea crop. The present study was undertaken to identify the eco-friendly management of this soil borne disease in chickpea. In this study, the efficacy of chemical, biocontrol and biofumigation to manage the chickpea collar rot disease was tested under Greenhouse conditions. Our results revealed that the treatments involving the sole application of chemical fungicide Tebuconazole 60 FS (as seed treatment or soil application) or in combination with other treatments resulted in 100% germination of chickpea seeds. Two treatments namely T5 (SA of Tebuconazole 60 FS) and T12 (ST with Tebuconazole and SA of mustard seed cake) recorded 0.00% total mortality and hence found to be highly effective in protecting chickpea seeds from both pre emergence seed rot and post emergence seedling mortality.The results on the percent disease incidence revealed that, T10 (ST with Trichoderma spp and SA of mustard seed cake) provided maximum disease reduction of 81.93 per cent (PDI 12.04%) and 75.93 (PDI 24.07% ) per cent over the control at 30 and 45 DAS respectively. This was followed by Treatment T7 which exhibited 72.22 % (PDI 18.52%) and 69.45 % (PDI 30.55%) disease reduction over the control at 30 and 45 DAS respectively. Overall, the results of our study (considering both germination and percent disease incidence percentages), revealed that T7 (ST and SA of Trichoderma spp.) was the most effective treatment in managing the collar rot disease of chickpeas.

Intake of NFE, Crude Fibre and Extract Eter of Male Kacang Goats in the Realimentation Phase after Experiencing Different Levels of Feed Restriction

This study aims to determine the intake of nitrogen free extract (NFE), crude fiber (CF), and extract eter (EE) of male Kacang goats in the realimentation phase after experiencing different levels of feed restriction. This study used the experimental method Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which consisted of 3 treatments and 5 replications that is T0 livestock without feed restrictions, T1: livestock are limited to 100% of basic life, T2: livestock are limited to 50% of basic life. Variables observed included NFE, crude fiber, and crude fat intake. The results showed that the NFE, CF and EE of male kacang goats in the realimentation phase of the 3 group were not different/ or significant (P &gt; 0.05). The intake of NFE each treatment is a T0 treatment 222,63±18,17; T1 210,12±29,79, and T2 186,72±34,89. The intake of CF (g/e/h) in treatment T0 56,32±2,47; T1 51,94±9,20; and T2 was 49,82±8,79. The intake of EE (g/e/h) in treatment T0 treatment of 10,19±1,10; T1 9,68±1,37; and T2 8,41±1,64. It can be concluded that the intake of NFE, CF and EE in the realimentation phase of livestock restricted feed 100% according to basic life and 50% below the main life is not much different from the Kacang goats which are given normal feed according to their needs.