Treatments Of T1 Research Articles

Effect of integrated agronomic managements on leaf growth and endogenous hormone content of summer maize

<p indent=0mm>The leaves are the main place of photosynthesis directly related to the nutritional status, dry matter accumulation and yield formation of maize plants. The experiment was conducted using summer maize hybrid Zhengdan 958 with treatments of T1: local conventional cultivation practices; T2: based on T1, increasing planting density, delaying harvesting time, decreasing fertilizer application, and changing fertilization time; T3: based on T2, further increasing planting density, and further increasing fertilizer rate; T4: based on T3, decreasing planting density and the amount of fertilizer; and nitrogen treatments of N0, N1, N2, and N3, with 0, 129.0, 184.5, and <sc>300.0 kg N</sc> hm^-2, respectively. The contents of IAA, ZR, and GA₃ decreased and the content of ABA increased, resulting in the decreases of SPAD, leaf area index (LAI) and specific leaf mass, when nitrogen application was not enough. And the contents of IAA, ZR, and GA₃ increased, and ABA content decreased, and LAI, SPAD and dry matter accumulation per plant increased significantly with increasing nitrogen application. Integrated agronomic management practices could regulate the content of endogenous hormones in leaves. In T4 treatment, IAA, ZR, and GA₃ contents increased by 23.1%, 9.8%, and 14.7%, the ABA content decreased by 12.4%, resulting in a suitable LAI; SPAD and final dry matter accumulation per plant were by 4.2% and 12.6% higher, respectively, than those in T1 treatment. Integrated agronomic managements could coordinate endogenous hormone contents, increase leaf SPAD and specific leaf mass, and be beneficial to dry matter accumulation per plant under the condition of reducing nitrogen application combining with optimal agronomic managements, which might be one of the important reasons for increasing summer maize yield.

&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;In-Vivo&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Management of Purple Blotch of Onion Caused by &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Alternaria porri&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (Ellis) Cif. through Fungicides

An experiment was carried out to study the outcome of environmental factors (Temperature, Relative Humidity, Rainfall) and management of the purple blotch disease of onion using five treatments (Rovral + Ridoil gold with 3,4,5,6 sprays and control). The Taherpuri variety was used during the 2015-2016 cropping seasons at BARI, Gazipur, Bangladesh. In the experiment, the purple blotch disease surfaced at the end of January 2016 and was severe in late February to March (PDI 76.12%) due to temperature and RH above 24°C and 95%, respectively. As for the chemical control, the PDI for the treatments ranged from 50.66% to 83.33%. Significantly higher stem height was recorded by T4 (68.06 cm), where six sprays of Rovral + Ridomil were applied. The minimum stem height was recorded in T5 (59.23 cm). The maximum stem number per hill was recorded in T4 (2.30) numerically but differed significantly with T5 (2.00), where fungicides were not applied. The maximum lesion area was measured in T5 (25.26 mm2). Regarding PDI (Percent disease index), there was a significant difference among the treatments. The PDI value on purple blotch of onion ranged from 34.00 to 83.33. The lowest PDI was assessed in T4 (34.00). Statistical analysis revealed that a significant decrease of PDI on purple blotch was recorded under treatments of T1, T2, T3, and T4 (39.20%, 45.60%, 49.59%, and 59.19%) on controlling the disease and giving the optimum yield but all of them significantly differed with T5 (83.33%) where no fungicides were sprayed.

Increasing straw incorporation rates improves subsoil fertility and crop yield in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China

ABSTRACT A novel deep-buried straw incorporation management was conducted to improve organic matter and over-compacted subsoil structure in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China. Four straw incorporation rates (CK, 0 kg ha−1; T1, 6 000 kg ha−1; T2, 12 000 kg ha−1; T3, 18 000 kg ha−1) were set up in this three-year field positioning test. It was found that soil water content (SWC), soil penetration resistance (SPR), soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were improved with straw incorporation rate increasing. Especially in the subsoil layer, compared with CK, T3 created the highest average increase in SWC (61.3%), the lowest SPR (59.4%–39.6%) and the highest increase in SOC (25.9%) and TN (19.2%) during the three years. However, T2 had the highest average SOC conversion rate (41.1%) over the three years and the highest C:N (7.1%) in the third year. Treatments of T2 and T3 showed similar significant increases in wheat and maize yield (7% and 5%, respectively), and root biomass (approximately 19%), which were positively correlated with SWC and SOC. We concluded increasing straw incorporation rates showed more positive effects on improving subsoil SOC and structure, in which T3 had a higher SOC increase while T2 had a higher C-conversion efficiently.

Organic fertilization with turkey litter for maize cultivation in tropical region

Residues from agroindustry activity have been commonly used as a source of fertilizer for fertilization of annual crops. Sometimes these residues can replace the mineral fertilizers totally or partially, while their effects can be extended to the soil attributes. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing conventional chemical fertilization with organic fertilization using turkey litter on maize grain yield and in the chemical attributes of an Oxisol in tropical region. The experiment was carried out in two crop seasons with various quantities of turkey litter, or in blend with chemical fertilizers, in a randomized block design with six treatments and five replicates. The treatments were as follows: T1 – Control treatment; T2 – Chemical fertilization with 450 kg ha-1 of 10-27-10 (NPK); T3 – Application of 3,800 kg ha-1 of turkey litter; T4 – Application of 7,600 kg ha-1 of turkey litter; T5 – Chemical fertilization with 450 kg ha-1 of 10-27-10 + 1900 kg ha-1 of turkey litter; T6 – Chemical fertilization with 450 kg ha-1 of 10-27-10 + 3,800 kg ha-1 of turkey litter. The organic fertilization with turkey litter presented potential for total or partial replacement of chemicals fertilization for maize cultivation with no loss in grain yield. Therefore, the treatments of T3 and T5 could be recommended to farmers at a lower cost. The treatment T4 increased the P and K contents in the soil, reaching to 24 mg dm-3 and 3.1 cmoc dm-3, respectively, after two crop seasons.

Effect Of Arginine On The Some Blood And Biochemical Parameters For Local Goat Females.

This study was conducted in one of the private sector fields in Anbar province - Hit city - Albasaer village (70 km west of the Ramadi city,), for the period from 28/6/2018 to 1/9/2018. Twenty one local female goats aged between 2-4 years and weighing between 24.5 to 36.5 kg were used, Which have previous one birth or more. All female goats were tested using ultrasound to make sure they were not pregnant before the experiment began. Females were randomly divided into three equal groups (7 goats in each group).Vaginal sponges (60 mg MAP) were injected into the three groups at the same time. The first group T1 was injected intramuscularly with the amino acid, arginine (US Nevada manufacturing) in the muscles at 200μmol.kg Five days before the sponge was pulled out until the 17 day after the sponge was pulled out, While the second group T2 was injected with amino acid (arginine) at 160 μmol.kg. Five days before the sponge was pulled until the 17th day after that. The third group T3 control group was injected with 5 ml Normal Saline intramuscularly of the animal. All animals were injected three times daily from the eighth day after the sponge was placed (five days before removing of the sponge) until 17 days after the removing of sponge. Where the total number of injection days was 22 days. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein before injection of the arginine on day 7 and day 12 of the sponge placed either after the sponge pulled the blood samples were taken on the days 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 13, 18, respectively of the experiment After sponges removing. The objective of the study was to measure changes in the blood, biochemical parameters, during arginine treatment. The results of this study showed asignificant differences. T1 and T2 group were superior compared to control group in blood properties which include pcv in periods 2, 5, the number of white blood cells in periods 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, MID in periods 3, 9 and Lymphocytes in aperiods 4, 5, 6, 9, While the neutrophil cells the period of 3. In terms of biochemical properties, the results showed asignificant differences, between the treatments of T1 and T2 were superior compared to control treatments in the total protein concentration in period 6, and the globulin in period 6. We conclude that the use of different doses of arginine can improve the health status of female goats.

Effect Of Arginine On The Some Blood And Biochemical Parameters For Local Goat Females.

This study was conducted in one of the private sector fields in Anbar province - Hit city - Albasaer village (70 km west of the Ramadi city,), for the period from 28/6/2018 to 1/9/2018. Twenty one local female goats aged between 2-4 years and weighing between 24.5 to 36.5 kg were used, Which have previous one birth or more. All female goats were tested using ultrasound to make sure they were not pregnant before the experiment began. Females were randomly divided into three equal groups (7 goats in each group).Vaginal sponges (60 mg MAP) were injected into the three groups at the same time. The first group T1 was injected intramuscularly with the amino acid, arginine (US Nevada manufacturing) in the muscles at 200μmol.kg Five days before the sponge was pulled out until the 17 day after the sponge was pulled out, While the second group T2 was injected with amino acid (arginine) at 160 μmol.kg. Five days before the sponge was pulled until the 17th day after that. The third group T3 control group was injected with 5 ml Normal Saline intramuscularly of the animal. All animals were injected three times daily from the eighth day after the sponge was placed (five days before removing of the sponge) until 17 days after the removing of sponge. Where the total number of injection days was 22 days. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein before injection of the arginine on day 7 and day 12 of the sponge placed either after the sponge pulled the blood samples were taken on the days 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 13, 18, respectively of the experiment After sponges removing. The objective of the study was to measure changes in the blood, biochemical parameters, during arginine treatment. The results of this study showed significant differences. T1 and T2 group were superior compared to control group in blood properties which include PCV in periods 2, 5, the number of white blood cells in periods 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, MID in periods 3, 9 and Lymphocytes in periods 4, 5, 6, 9, While the neutrophil cells the period of 3. In terms of biochemical properties, the results showed a significant differences, between the treatments of T1 and T2 were superior compared to control treatments in the total protein concentration in period 6, and the globulin in period 6. We conclude that the use of different doses of arginine can improve the health status of female goats.

Transloeation of some Elements in Guar Plant (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) as Affected by Npk-Fertilization and Compost of Town Refuse

Heavy metals contamination indicates as one of the major threats to soil system. Technique of phytoremediation applied plants which are capable to transfer and accumulate metals into their tissues. In recent time it has been proposed that biofuel plants are more favorable for both remediation and utilization of polluted soil by metal. This study revealed heavy metals phytoremediation potential of guar plant in the framework of an experimental field. Plants were submitted to 10 treatments of T1: control (without fertilization), T2: compost town refuse (CTR, 10 m3.fed-1), T3: 50%NPK, T4: 50%NPK+CTR, T5: 75%NPK, T6: 75%NPK+CTR, T7: 100%NPK, T8: 100%NPK+CTR, T9: 125%NPK and T10: 125%NPK+CTR. Our results demonstrated that guar plant was able to tolerate Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Cr high concentrations, which set the plant capability to grow well in higher levels of heavy metals. Significant metal accumulation was observed in root along with reduced biomass for guar plant. Moreover, it could perhaps be used for phytostabilization, with success in marginally polluted soils where their growth would not be decline and decontamination of metals could be maintained at satisfying levels. However, translocation factor (TF) values suggested that guar plant is more efficient for phytoremediation at higher levels of heavy metals.

Yeast two-hybrid and label-free proteomics based screening of maize root receptor to cellulase of Trichoderma harzianum

We earlier reported the role of cellulase (Thph1 and Thph2) from Trichoderma harzianum in controlling the Curvularia leaf spot and Fusarium stalk rot through interaction with the maize root. But, the maize root receptor related to cellulase was unknown. Hence, in the present study, we applied label-free proteomics and yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay to screen the root receptor that communicates with cellulase by generating a different combination of activation (AD) and binding (bait) domain plasmids such as DDO-SD/-Leu/-Trp QDO/X-SD/-Ade/-His/-Leu/-Trp. The maize roots were treated with T. harzianum strains including knockout Thph1, Thph2 and wild-type and enzyme cellobiohydrolase 1 (CBH1). The treated or untreated maize roots were collected for extraction of RNA and protein for generation of cDNA library and Label-free proteomics assay respectively. The label-free proteomic results indicated that the protein expression in the maize root significantly varied between the treatments (P < 0.05) and the protein clusters were highly expressed in the treatments of T2 (inoculated with one g of conidia of T. harzianum WT Th22), T3 (inoculated with one g of conidia of knockout strains of Thph1 and Thph2), T4 (inoculated with enzyme CBH 1) as compared to T1 (uninoculated control). The Y2H screening results indicated that autophagocytosis associated protein (ZmATG3) and germin-like protein (ZmGLP) from the maize root seemed to communicate with cellulase Thph1 and Thph2 respectively. The present screening results deserve for further cellular localization of ZmATG3 and ZmGLP in the maize root and their single or synergic functioning in induced systemic resistance (ISR) in maize through molecular dialogue between Trichoderma spp. and maize roots.

The effect of time-dependent protein restriction on growth factors, nonspecific immunity, body composition, fatty acids and amino acids in the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii)

The effect of time-dependent protein restriction (PR) and refeeding were investigated on growth, body composition, fatty acids (FA), amino acids (AA) and nonspecific immune functions in the juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri; 75 ± 5 g). Test diets included: T1 (control) and T2 fish fed diets containing 400 and 300 g/kg protein respectively during the whole experimental period, T3 (every other day) and T4 (every other week) fish were fed diets containing 300 g/kg protein (PR) and refeeding with diet containing 400 g/kg protein respectively, and T5 fish fed a diet containing 300 g/kg protein for 3 weeks and a diet containing 400 g/kg protein for 5 weeks, were fed to the fish for 56 days by visual satiation. Unlike ration T2 and T5, feeding treatments of T3 and T4 showed an increase in fish growth and body composition (p < 0.05) and they were very close to the control group (p > 0.05). Regarding the fatty acid profile, although the percentage of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) declined significantly in the T2 and T5 groups, the saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) indicated no change among the treatments. In addition, the T2 and T5 groups demonstrated a reduction in essential amino acids (EAA) with a simultaneous increase in nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), which was significant from that of controls and other groups (p < 0.05). In terms of nonspecific immune parameters (serum lysozyme activity and alternate complement activity [ACH50]), treatment 3 has an appropriate result that did not have a significant difference with the control group (p > 0.05), but there was significant difference with other groups (p < 0.05). As a result, the T3 treatment can be used in sturgeon aquaculture practically without any negative impacts on biological or physiological indices.

EFFECT OF SOME FERTILIZATION TREATMENTS ON GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF ROSELLE (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L.). PLANTS

A field experiment was conducted during 2015 and 2016 seasons at the Experimental Farm, Horticulture Dept., Fac. Agric., Benha Univ. to evaluate the effect of some fertilization treatments [10, 20 and 30 m3 compost/fed + bio fertilizer (nitrobein + phosphorein + potassiumag)] when compared with the recommended dose of chemical fertilizer in the presence of micro-nutrients Fe + Mn + Zn foliar spraying (0.0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm) as well as their interaction between them on some growth parameters, yield and chemical constituents of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) plants during 2015 and 2016 seasons. In this respect, all applied fertilizer treatments statistically and positively affected each of plant height, number of leaves, branches and fruits/plant, fresh and dry weight of leaves, branches and sepals/plant, sepals anthocyanin and vitamin-C content, leaf N, P, K, total carbohydrates, Fe, Zn and Mn content and total indoles but they decreased the values of total phenols contents, especially T2 treatment (the recommended dose of chemical fertilizer) or 30 m3 compost/fed + bio fertilizer (nitrobein + phosphorein + potassiumag), with the exception of sepals acidity with none significant differences in the two seasons. Also, all concentrations of micro-nutrients Fe + Mn + Zn significantly improved all the aforementioned parameters, especially using the high rates. Additionally, the highest values of plant height, number of leaves and branches/plant, fresh and dry weight of leaves and branches/plant, number of fruits/plant, seed yield/plant (g), leaf N, P, K, total carbohydrates, Fe, Zn and Mn content, total indoles as well as the lowest values of total phenols contents were recorded by the combined treatment between T2 recommended dose chemical fertilizer and 150ppm Fe + Mn + Zn acid in both seasons. Moreover, the combined treatment between T5 (30 m3) compost/fed + bio fertilizer and 150 ppm Fe + Mn + Zn gave the highest values of fresh and dry weight of sepals/plant sepals acidity, sepals anthocyanin and vitamin-C content of roselle plants as compared with control in both seasons. Furthermore, the combined treatments of T4 (20 m3) compost/fed + bio fertilizer and 150 ppm Fe + Mn + Zn induced high significant increments in this concern in the two seasons. Consequently, it is preferable to treat roselle plants with the combined treatment between T2 (recommended dose of chemical fertilizer) or T5 (30 m3) compost/fed + bio fertilizer (nitrobein + phosphorein + potassiumag) and Fe + Mn + Zn at 150 ppm for enhancing growth and productivity of this plants.

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION INTERVALS AND ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILIZATION SYSTEMS ON PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF HYBRID RICE

Two field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm of Rice Research and Training Center (RRTC), Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt during 2011 and 2012 seasons to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals, organic and mineral fertilization on the growth, grain yield, technological characteristics of grains and some water relations of two hybrid rice genotypes. A split split–plot design with three replicates was used. The main plots were devoted to four irrigation treatments namely, continuous flooding (CF), irrigation every 6 days (6-day), irrigation every 8 days (8-day), irrigation every 10 days (10-day). The sub plots were occupied by two hybrid rice genotypes namely; Egyptian hybrid rice one (EHR1) and SK2046H hybrid rice (SK2046H). However, the sub-sub plots were consisted of organic and mineral fertilization as follows : (T1) zero fertilizer (control), (T2) 160 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O /ha (recommended level), (T3) compost (5 t/ha), (T4) 40 kg N + 10 kg P2O5 +15 kg K2O/ha + compost (5 t/ha), (T5) 80 kg N + 20 kg P2O5 + 30 kg K2O /ha + compost (5 t/ha), (T6) 120 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 + 45 kg K2O/ha + compost (5 t/ha) and (T7) 160 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O /ha + compost (5 t/ha). The results obtained could be summarized as follows: The data indicated that CF followed by 6-day recorded the highest values of grain yield and its components (number of panicles/m2, panicle length, number of total grains/ panicle, sink capacity, panicle density, 1000–grain weight, panicle weight, grain, straw and biological yields/ha as well as harvest index), grain quality (hulling, milling and head rice percentages) and grain chemical analysis (N, P, K and protein percentage). On the other hand, irrigation every 10 days recorded the highest values of days to heading, unfilled grains and broken rice percentages in both seasons. EHR1 genotype recorded the highest values of grain yield, grain yield components, grain quality and chemical analysis of grains. However, SK2046H genotype recorded the highest values of panicle length and unfilled grains and broken rice percentages in both seasons. Fertilization treatments had a marked effect on characteristics studied in favor of fertilization treatments of T7, T2 and T6 which gave the highest values of grain yield, grain yield components, grain quality and chemical analysis of grains. However, unfertilized plants (T1) gave the lowest values of most characteristics studied. It can be concluded that it is possible using the irrigation system every 6 days with the application of mineral fertilizer of 120 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 + 45 kg K2O /ha + organic fertilizer of compost (5 t/ha) for saving some amounts of irrigation water by about 10 % as well as mineral fertilizer of NPK by about 25 % with insignificant and minimum reduction in grain productivity of hybrid rice genotypes.

Effect of feeding different level of Leucaena leucocephala (ipil ipil) leaf meal for rabbit diet

This study was conducted to find out the effect of feeding Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal on growth performance and digestibility of nutrients in growing rabbit and to know the cost of rabbit production. For this purpose, a total of twelve unsexed New Zealand White rabbits at 42 days of age were distributed randomly in three treatment groups, i.e. control (T0), adding 10% Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (T1) in concentrate diet and adding 15% Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (T2) in concentrate diet. All diets were iso-energic and iso-nitrogenous. Various aspects of the study, measurements taken in a 56 days experimental period were final body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feeding cost of rabbit production. Results show that the final body weight of rabbits was 1200±30, 1325±85 and 1114±136g, for the treatments of T0, T1 and T2, respectively. The body weights of rabbits were significantly higher in T1 over T2 and T0 groups. The average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were 109, 75.55, 83.57g and 9.55, 5.48 and 8.51 for the respective diets/treatments. The growth rate of T0, T1 and T2 treatment groups were 1.05, 1.44 and 0.99, respectively. There was significant effect of different treatment groups on growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The digestibility of dry matter (DM) was the highest in diet T0 followed by diet T2 and T1, respectively. The digestibility of CP was slightly higher for treatment T2 containing 15% Leucaena dry leaf than that of treatment T0 and T1. The digestibility of crude fiber (CF) and ether extract was significantly (P&lt;0.01) difference among the treatment groups. The highest NFE digestibility was recorded for diet T0 and lowest for diet T1. The costs of these three concentrate mixture were 24.43, 21.48 and 20.21Tk/kg for diet T0, T1 and T2, respectively. The reduction of feed cost of producing 1 kg live weight was by 53% in T1 and by 31% in T2 group from T0 group. It may be concluded that Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal at 10% inclusion level may be used as an alternative source of protien in the diet of rabbit as there was no adverse effect (toxicity) on feed consumption and feed conversion ratio. It may be recommended that adding 10% level of Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal of the diet for economic rabbit meat production. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2016, 1 (2), 261-267

Partial and Full Substitution of Chemical Fertilizer by Organic Fertilizer in Presence of Bio Fertilizer and Seaweed Extract and Its Influences on Productivity and Quality of Head Lettuce Plants

This study was undertaken during the two winter seasons (2014/2015 and 2015/2016) in a private Farm at Kafr Elsohbi Village, Shiben Elqanter, Qalubia Governorate, Egypt, to evaluate the partial and full substitution of mineral nitrogen fertilizer by organic fertilizer in presence of bio fertilizer, foliar spray with different concentrations of seaweed extract (Algreen) and their combinations on vegetative growth parameter, chemical composition, total yield and quality of head for lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa var. capitata) cv. Great lakes, grown under sandy loam soil condition during the winter season. Obtained results showed that the tallest plant and the highest number of leaves/plant were recorded by the combination between 100% mineral fertilizer treatment (T1) and seaweed extract at 3ml/l-sprayed plants, whereas the largest head diameter and the heaviest fresh and dry weights/plant and total yield/fed. were achieved by the combination between 200% organic fertilizer (T5) and seaweed extract at 3ml/l, followed by the combined treatment between T1 and seaweed extract at 3ml/l . T1 treatment statistically induced the highest values of leaf N, P, K and total carbohydrates content, followed by the treatment of T5, particularly those received seaweed extract at 3ml/l. additionally, the highest values of leaf total sugars contents were gained by the treatment of 100% organic fertilizer (T4) and 200% organic fertilizer (T5), particularly those received seaweed extract at 3ml/l. Furthermore, the treatments of T4 and T5 statistically decreased leaf nitrate content, especially those sprayed with seaweed extract at 3ml/l when compared with the treatment of T1, particularly those received no seaweed extract which induced the highest values of leaf nitrate content in the two seasons.

Path analysis of sap flow of tomato under rain shelters in response to drought stress

The physiological characters and growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were recorded to be largely affected by different levels of irrigation. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of deficit irrigation and rain shelters on sap flow, relative water content and the relationship between sap flow and environmental parameters. Experiments under rain shelters conditions were conducted in southern China during the growing seasons in 2012. The threshold of irrigation was designed at 80% field capacity during the whole period (T1, the control), and 30%, 40% and 50% decreased water of T1 were applied as the treatments of T2, T3 and T4. The plants subjected to water stress exhibited a decrease in the values of sap flow rate and relative water content. Calculation of 95% confidence level revealed a significant difference of sap flow rate in T4 and T3 as well as the control on sunny and rainy days. The diurnal variation of the sap flow showed a single peak curve on sunny day, while it demonstrated irregular multi-peak variation on rainy days. The study also showed that the most sensitive environmental indicator affecting sap flow was solar radiation, followed by air temperature and vapour pressure deficit. Direct path coefficient was basically consistent with the coefficient of correlation, but there was slight difference between the total contribution R2 and that of variable factors. Keywords: drought stress, tomato, sap flow, rain shelters, deficit irrigation, path analysis DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20160902.1405 Citation: Shao G C, Huang D D, Cheng X, Cui J T, Zhang Z H. Path analysis of sap flow of tomato under rain shelters in response to drought stress. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2016; 9(2): 54－62.

Bio-Suppression of Strawberry Fruit Rot Disease Caused by Botrytis cinerea

In grade to obtain high quality and safety food along with the environment protection from pesticides hazards, four bio agents were used to control fruit rot disease caused by Botrytis cinerea in strawberry fruits. Chlorella vulgris, Spirulina platensis, Azotobacter chroococcum, Trichoderma harizianum and their combinations (T1, T2, T3, T4, T12) were used as spray treatment in the open field and on strawberry after picking. The individual bio agents treatments decreased liner growth and spore production of B. cinerea in comparing with mixed bio agents. Also, all the treatments decreased Disease Severity% (DS%). The treatments of T1, T2, T3 and T4 caused 13.9, 22.3, 22.3 and 24.1 DS% during 2014; 12.26, 15.5, 17.0 and 21.86 DS% during 2015 in comparing with the mixed bio agents (T12) which caused 29.3 and 29.03 DS% during 2014 and 2015, respect., after three sprayings in the field. Also, the treatments of T1, T2, T3 and T4 caused 0.00 DS% after 2nd spray through the storage at 5?C. The treatment of T12 caused the highest increase in the total sugar content in strawberry fruits which infected naturally with B. cinerea and stored at 5°C for three weeks increased with T12. In addition, the treatment of T12 caused the highest increase in polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and peroxidase (PO) which were 0.459 and 0.360 U/mg fresh weight respect., in comparing with T1, T2, T3 and T4 which caused 0.278, 0.287, 0.298, 0.313 and 0.139, 0.202, 0.276, 0.302 U/mg fresh weight respect., after storage for 6 weeks. The treatment of T1 gave the best result in K% in leaves (1.82). T5 gave the best value of N% in soil (72.2%), T3 gave the best one in P% in soil (36.0%) and T4 caused the best amount of K% (16.0) in the soil.

The physiological responses of Vallisneria natans to epiphytic algae with the increase of N and P concentrations in water bodies.

To reveal the mechanism of submerged plants decline in progressively eutrophicated freshwaters, physiological responses of Vallisneria natans to epiphytic algae were studied in simulation lab by measuring plant physiological indexes of chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity based on a 2 × 4 factorial design with two epiphytic conditions (with epiphytic algae and without) and four levels of N and P concentrations in water (N-P[mg.L(-1)]: 0.5, 0.05; 2.5, 0.25; 4.5, 0.45; 12.5, 1.25). Compared with control (non-presence of epiphytic algae), chlorophyll contents of V. natans were significantly decreased (p < 0.01) for the presence of epiphytic algae under any concentrations of N and P in water bodies. While the presence of epiphytic algae induced peroxidation of membrane lipids, MDA contents of V. natans had significantly increased (p < 0.05) by comparing with control. SOD activity significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) with the presence of epiphytic algae in the treatments of T2 and T3 in the whole culture process by comparing with control, sometimes reaching an extremely significant level (p < 0.01). However, in the treatments of T1 and T4, SOD activity had no obvious change with the presence of epiphytic algae (p < 0.05) by comparing with control. At the end of the experiment, the effects of epiphytic algae on chlorophyll content and SOD activity in the leaves of V. natans were increased at first and then decreased with the concentrations of N and P in water, and MDA content became higher with the increase of N and P. concentrations. Repeated measurement data testing showed that the effects of epiphytic algae on the chlorophyll content and MDA content and SOD activity were significant, respectively (p < 0.001), the effects of epiphytic algae were combining with effects of concentrations of N and P (p < 0.001), respectively, and their interaction (p < 0.001). Our observations confirmed that this prediction: the growth of epiphytic algae directly produced adverse effects on physiology of V. natans and epiphytic algal biomass were positively correlated with nutrient available in the water column.

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration on colony growth of &lt;i&gt;Microcystis flos-aquae&lt;/i&gt; in Lake Taihu

大量微囊藻群体的形成和聚集是微囊藻水华形成的重要条件.氮、磷浓度是影响微囊藻群体生长的重要因素之一.为了探讨氮、磷浓度对微囊藻群体生长的影响,本研究以太湖微囊藻水华优势种之一的水华微囊藻作为研究对象,开展了不同氮、磷浓度对水华微囊藻群体生长的影响研究.以近几年太湖微囊藻水华暴发最严重的梅梁湾氮磷比的平均值作参考,氮、磷浓度设置为5个水平组,依次是T1(TN=0.1 mg/L,TP=0.005 mg/L)、T2(TN=1 mg/L,TP=0.05 mg/L)、T3(TN=10 mg/L,TP=0.5 mg/L)、T4(TN=100 mg/L,TP=5 mg/L)和T5(TN=250 mg/L,TP=5.44 mg/L)(BG-11培养基中氮、磷的浓度).结果显示,T1、T2、T3和T4 4组微囊藻群体均增大,且都发现有大于100个细胞的群体形成,群体大小分别为151、217、437和160 cells,而T5组微囊藻群体实验初期增大,实验后期变小,T5整个实验期间未发现有大于100个细胞的群体形成.研究结果表明相对低的氮、磷浓度有利于水华微囊藻群体的生长,而过高的氮、磷浓度则会抑制微囊藻群体生长.本研究结果也表明目前太湖氮、磷浓度有利于水华微囊藻群体的生长,从而有利于微囊藻水华形成.;The formation and accumulation of massive Microcystis colonies was important to outbreak of Microcystis blooms. The concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus was one of the important factors affecting growth of Microcystis colony. This study was conducted to reveal the effect of different concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus on the growth of Microcystis flos-aquae colonies. We took the mean ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus in Meiliang Bay in Lake Taihu as a reference, where was a serious region of Microcystis bloom in the past several years. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were set up to five treatments:T1:TN=0.1 mg/L, TP=0.005 mg/L; T2:TN=1 mg/L, TP=0.05 mg/L; T3:TN=10 mg/L, TP=0.5 mg/L; T4:TN=100 mg/L, TP=5 mg/L; T5:TN=250 mg/L, TP=5.44 mg/L (the concentration of BG-11 medium). The results showed that the size of M. flos-aquae colonies increased and the sizes of colony above 100 cells were 151, 217, 437 and 160 cells in treatments of T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. However, the size of M. flos-aquae colonies increased in initial stage of the experiment and then decreased in later stage of the experiment, and no colony of 100 + cells was found in treatment T5 during the whole experiment. The results indicated that relatively low concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus was beneficial for the growth of Microcystis colony, while high concentration might inhibit growth of Microcystis colony. This study also suggested that current concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in Lake Taihu was in favor of the growth of Microcystis colonies which was conducive to the formation of Microcystis blooms.

Effect of different probiotic supplements on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and plasma metabolic profile of labrador pups

The present study was conducted to compare the effect of Lactic acid Bacillus and Yeast on the growth performance of Labrador pups. Twelve Labrador pups (3.5 months age, around 9.7 kg B.Wt) was assigned three dietary treatments of control diet T1 (Balanced Homemade diet), T2 (Control diet + Lactic acid bacillus) and T3 (Control diet + Yeast). The duration of experiment was 90 days. A digestibility trial was conducted at the mid of experiment. The results of digestibility studies revealed no significant difference on the digestibility of DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, NFE and NDF among treatment groups. The body weight gain was also statistically same in all the groups. All the blood parameters were within physiological limits and did not differ significantly except Total Protein level at 60 day in T2. The results conclusively indicated no significant effect of supplementing lactic acid bacteria and yeast on growth performance of pups under present experimental conditions.

地表太阳辐射减弱和臭氧浓度增加对冬小麦生长和产量的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 地表太阳辐射减弱和臭氧浓度增加对冬小麦生长和产量的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201111151731 作者: 作者单位: 江苏省大气环境监测与污染控制高技术研究重点实验室,南京信息工程大学环境科学与工程学院,南京信息工程大学环境科学与工程学院,南京信息工程大学大气物理学院,南京信息工程大学大气物理学院,南京信息工程大学环境科学与工程学院,南京信息工程大学大气物理学院,南京信息工程大学大气物理学院,南京信息工程大学环境科学与工程学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(41075114);江苏省高校自然科学研究重大项目(09KJA170004);南京信息工程大学科研基金项目(90215) Combined effects of elevated O3 and reduced solar irradiance on growth and yield of field-grown winter wheat Author: Affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control,Environmental Science and Engineering College of NanjingSUniversitySof Information Science Technology,Environmental Science and Engineering College of NanjingSUniversitySof Information Science Technology,Atmospheric Physics and Environment College of Nanjing University of Information Science Technology,Atmospheric Physics and Environment College of Nanjing University of Information Science Technology,Environmental Science and Engineering College of NanjingSUniversitySof Information Science Technology,Atmospheric Physics and Environment College of Nanjing University of Information Science Technology,Atmospheric Physics and Environment College of Nanjing University of Information Science Technology, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为研究辐射减弱和O3胁迫对作物的影响,利用改进的开顶式气室(OTC)和遮荫网,开展了辐射减弱和O3胁迫的大田试验研究。实验设置4种处理:CK为野外大田组,T1为40%遮荫,T2为100 nL/LO3,T3为遮荫40%和100 nL/LO3的复合组。结果表明:T1和T3组冬小麦的生育期延长且推迟,T3组株高无明显变化;T2组株高降低,生育期缩短;单株干物质重均降低,T3降幅最大;各组灌浆速率均降低,T3组降幅最大;T1和T3产量、千粒重、穗数、穗粒数和穗重显著降低,T2组穗数无明显改变。由此可见,复合对小麦生长的影响较接近40%遮荫;粒重降低主要是因为灌浆速率的降低,灌浆时间的影响较小;产量的降低主要是千粒重、穗数、穗重的降低,降幅最大,但小于两因子单独累加。 Abstract:As a consequence of increases in aerosols, air pollutants and population density, dimming or shading have become major challenges to crop production in China. And during the last several decades, significant increase in the concentrations of tropospheric ozone (O3) have been reported. The increased tropospheric O3 concentrations and induced solar irradiance may concomitantly occur and lead to reductions in yield of crops and economic plants. Especially, there are a great variety large-scale industries in the Yangtze River delta where is the major producting area of winter wheat. Which will enlarge the high-potential risks on growth and yield of winter wheat for their heavy air pollution. Although the influences of each individual stress on plant performance have been widely studied, much less is known about the interactions of O3 stress and solar irradiance on the winter wheat. In order to analysis this focus question in the varied growth stages of crop including jointing stage, booting stage, blooming stage, grain filling stage and mature stage, a experiment based on open top chambers (OTC) was conducted from November 18 of 2010 to June 5 of 2011 in Nanjing University of information Science & Technology (32°14' N, 118°42' E), located at North suburb of Nanjing, Jiang Su Province. And the YangMai13 as a tested variety was a pillar in our study. Winter wheat are exposed to unfiltered air (CK), shaded 40% of nature solar irradiance (T1), enhanced increased O3 concentration (100nL/L O3, T2) and combined treatment (100nL/LO3 +shading 40%, T3). The results are showed as follows: the treatments of T1, T2 and T3 all cause the changes of growth period and the plant premature aging. The grain filling stage and the growth period are all shortened in T2 treatment; T1 and T3 treatments, however, prolong the growth stage of winter wheat. In addition, a significant reduction of dry matter production under T1, T2 and T3 treatments compared to CK (P<0.05) with declined 23.37% (P<0.05), 35.61% (P<0.05) and 55.29%(P<0.05), respectively. Besides, compared with CK, the grain weight、1000-grain weight and ear weight of each treatment are all reduced(P<0.05) under the treatments. And it clearly shows that ear number of T1 and T3 are both declined (P<0.05). We can preliminary conclude that compared with shading and O3 alone, the combination between shading 40% and O3 concentration enhanced can enlarge the negative effects on wheat growth and yield. Moreover, the effects of growth and growth period of under the combination are closer to 40% solar irradiance treatment. And the major reason for declined grain weight under the combination is decrease of grain filling rate instead of decreases of grain filling duration. It also obviously demonstrated that the number of spikelet, the grain weight per spike and the 1000-grain weight of the composite treatments decreased significantly (P<0.05) 35.15%, 39.32% and 34.38%, separately. As a result, the grain yield decreased by 64.65% compared with the control, but the value is less than two factors accumulate alone. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Effects of Natural Bioactive Products on the Growth and Ginsenoside Contents of Panax ginseng Cultured in an Aeroponic System

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of natural bioactive products such as Manda enzyme (T1), Yangmyeongwon (T2), effective microorganisms (T3), and Kelpak (T4) on the growth and ginsenoside contents of Panax ginseng cultured in an aeroponic system using a two-layer vertical type of nutrient bath under natural light conditions. The growth of ginseng plants showed specific characteristics according to the positions in which they were cultured due to the difference of light transmittance and temperature in the upper and lower layers during aeroponic culture in a two-layer vertical type of system. The growth of the aerial part of the leaves and stems of ginseng plants cultured in the lower layer (4,000 to 6,000 lx, 23℃ to 26℃) of the nutrient bath was observed to be superior to that of the ginseng plants cultured in the upper layer (12,000 to 15,000 lx, 25℃ to 28℃). The leaf area was significantly larger in the treatment of T2 and T4 (46.70 cm2) than with other treatments. Conversely, the values of the root weight and root diameter were higher in ginseng plants cultured in the upper layer of the nutrient bath. The root weight was significantly heavier in the treatment of T4 (6.46 g) and T3 (6.26 g) than with other treatments. The total ginsenoside content in the leaves and roots was highest in the ginseng plants cultured by the treatment of T1, at 16.20%, while the total ginsenoside content obtained by other treatments decreased in the order of T4, T5 (control), T2, and T3, at 13.21%, 12.30%, 14.84%, and 14.86%, respectively. The total ginsenoside content of the ginseng leaves was found to be significantly higher in the treatment of T1 in the lower layer of the nutrient bath, at 15.30%, while the content of the ginseng roots in the treatments of T3 and T4, at 1.27% and 1.23%, respectively, was significantly higher than in other treatments in the upper layer of the nutrient bath.