Body Weight Treatment Research Articles

PSII-2 Does environmental feeder enrichment for weaned pigs drive feeder usage and improve final body weight?

Abstract Transition from the sow to nursery pens is a stressful time for pigs and commonly leads to post-weaning anorexia and growth check. This can have negative impacts on pig health, welfare, and lifetime performance. The objective of this study was to test the relationship between enrichment use and feeder use immediately post-weaning on final nursery pig body weight (BW). At arrival, 29 mixed-sex pigs (Camborough 1050 X 337, PIC), 19 to 24d of age, were randomly sorted into 3 pens (~0.29 m2/pig) at the Iowa State University Swine Nutrition Farm. Each pen was equipped with a 4-hole, dry self-feeder measuring 0.6 m long. Each pen had two enrichment devices, consisting of one cotton rope and two biscuits, suspended from the feeder at pig height. Biscuits were replaced daily. Total number of interactions with the enrichment and feeder were collected at the individual pig level. All pigs were continually observed for two 1 h periods (h 1 and the h 6 after biscuit replacement) each day over wk 1 (d 0 – d 6). A pig was considered interacting with enrichment if its snout contacted the rope or enrichment biscuit. A pig was considered interacting with the feeder if 1) its head was over the feeder tray, and 2) its nose down in the feeder. Both enrichment and feeder interactions were considered terminated if the pig ceased active interaction for 3 s or more. Behaviors were summed together by time period and day for each pig. Individual BW were taken at the end of the 42-d nursery study. After the nursery trial was completed, the 29 pigs were allocated to a light BW treatment (n = 14) and a heavy BW treatment (n = 15) using the final average BW (24.22 kg) of the. Pigs with a final BW lighter than the group average were assigned to the light treatment, while pigs with a heavier BW than average were assigned to the heavy treatment. T-tests were conducted for enrichment and feeder interactions by final BW group and the pig was the experimental unit. A P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. There were no observed differences between final pig body weight treatments and the enrichment and feeder interactions over the first week of nursery (P ≤ 0.87). Numerically, there were more overall enrichment interactions than feeder interactions for both BW treatments over wk 1 (Table 1). In conclusion, this enrichment device was of biological interest to the pigs, but other factors impact feeder usage in the first week and need to be considered in future work.

140 Effects of ɷ-3 PUFA supplementation during late gestation to first-calf beef heifers on physiological and performance responses of offspring

Abstract The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the effects of ɷ-3 PUFA supplementation to late gestation first-calf beef heifers on milk and immunoglobulin production and performance and physiological responses of the offspring. Non-lactating, pregnant Angus heifers (n = 44) were ranked by age, body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS) and allocated to receive DDG + 1 of the 2 treatments: 1) 234 g/heifer per feeding of Ca salts of PUFA based on eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids (OMG, Strata; Virtus Nutrition LLC, Corcoran, CA; n = 22), 2) 234 g/heifer per feeding of Ca salts of saturated and monosaturated fatty acids based on palmitic and oleic acids (CON; EnerGII, Virtus Nutrition, LLC; n = 22; Table 1). The animals were gathered each week on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays and individually fed DDG + treatments. Immediately after calving, heifer-calf pairs were removed from their respective treatments and assigned to the general management of the research herd until weaning, which did not include fatty acid supplementation. Calves were transported to a feedyard for a 90-d preconditioning and feedlot receiving period. Initial cow BW and BCS were similar (P ≥ 0.49) among treatments. No differences were also detected (P ≥ 0.33) for BW or BCS change, and at calving BW or BCS (Table 3). No differences were observed between groups for average colostrum composition (P > 0.37). However, there was an increase in colostrum fat percentage (P = 0.03) and a tendency of greater concentration of colostrum IgG (P = 0.08) in OMG heifers compared with the control group. No significant differences were observed among treatments at calving results (P > 0.83; Table 3). However, a tendency was observed for crown to rump measure (P = 0.07). During the preconditioning period, there was a difference among groups for final BW (P = 0.04) and average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.05), remaining throughout the receiving phase among treatments for initial BW (P = 0.04), final BW (P = 0.04) and ADG (P = 0.05). A tendency (P = 0.09) for greater NEFA concentration and greater cortisol concentrations (P = 0.05) was observed in OMG vs. CON cohorts (Table 4, Table 5). Supplementation during late gestating first-calf beef heifers yielded similar outcomes on cow and offspring performance from birth to weaning; however, OMG calves were 6 kg heavier when compared with CON after being fed a high-energy feedlot diet, meaning that ɷ-3 PUFAs supplemented during late gestation might be an alternative to optimize feedlot responses of the offspring.

Comparative physiological effects of antipsychotic drugs in children and young people: a network meta-analysis

The degree of physiological responses to individual antipsychotic drugs is unclear in children and adolescents. With network meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate the effects of various antipsychotic medications on physiological variables in children and adolescents with neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions. For this network meta-analysis, we searched Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus from database inception until Dec 22, 2023, and included randomised controlled trials comparing antipsychotics with placebo in children or adolescents younger than 18 years with any neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental condition. Primary outcomes were mean change from baseline to end of acute treatment in bodyweight, BMI, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, prolactin, heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) for patients receiving either active treatment or placebo. For multigroup trials reporting several doses, we calculated a summary value for each physiological variable for all doses. After transitivity assessment, we fitted frequentist random-effects network meta-analyses for all comparisons in the network. A Kilim plot was used to summarise the results for all treatments and outcomes, providing information regarding the strength of the statistical evidence of treatment effects, using p values. Network heterogeneity was assessed with τ, risk of bias of individual trials was assessed with the Cochrane Collaboration's Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias, and the credibility of findings from each network meta-analysis was assessed with the Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis (CINEMA) app. This study is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021274393). Of 6676 studies screened, 47 randomised controlled trials were included, which included 6500 children (mean age 13·29 years, SD 2·14) who received treatment for a median of 7 weeks (IQR 6-8) with either placebo (n=2134) or one of aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, clozapine, haloperidol, lurasidone, molindone, olanzapine, paliperidone, pimozide, quetiapine, risperidone, or ziprasidone (n=4366). Mean differences for bodyweight change gain compared with placebo ranged from -2·00 kg (95% CI -3·61 to -0·39) with molindone to 5·60 kg (0·27 to 10·94) with haloperidol; BMI -0·70 kg/m2 (-1·21 to -0·19) with molindone to 2·03 kg/m2 (0·51 to 3·55) with quetiapine; total cholesterol -0·04 mmol/L (-0·39 to 0·31) with blonanserin to 0·35 mmol/L (0·17 to 0·53) with quetiapine; LDL cholesterol -0·12 mmol/L (-0·31 to 0·07) with risperidone or paliperidone to 0·17 mmol/L (-0·06 to 0·40) with olanzapine; HDL cholesterol 0·05 mmol/L (-0·19 to 0·30) with quetiapine to 0·48 mmol/L (0·18 to 0·78) with risperidone or paliperidone; triglycerides -0·03 mmol/L (-0·12 to 0·06) with lurasidone to 0·29 mmol/L (0·14 to 0·44) with olanzapine; fasting glucose from -0·09 mmol/L (-1·45 to 1·28) with blonanserin to 0·74 mmol/L (0·04 to 1·43) with quetiapine; prolactin from -2·83 ng/mL (-8·42 to 2·75) with aripiprazole to 26·40 ng/mL (21·13 to 31·67) with risperidone or paliperidone; heart rate from -0·20 bpm (-8·11 to 7·71) with ziprasidone to 12·42 bpm (3·83 to 21·01) with quetiapine; SBP from -3·40 mm Hg (-6·25 to -0·55) with ziprasidone to 10·04 mm Hg (5·56 to 14·51) with quetiapine; QTc from -0·61 ms (-1·47 to 0·26) with pimozide to 0·30 ms (-0·05 to 0·65) with ziprasidone. Children and adolescents show varied but clinically significant physiological responses to individual antipsychotic drugs. Treatment guidelines for children and adolescents with a range of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions should be updated to reflect each antipsychotic drug's distinct profile for associated metabolic changes, alterations in prolactin, and haemodynamic alterations. UK Academy of Medical Sciences, Brain and Behaviour Research Foundation, UK National Institute of Health Research, Maudsley Charity, the Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, National Institute of Health and Care Research Biomedical Centre at King's College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, the Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan, and Swiss National Science Foundation.

165 Comparing corn earlage to a blend of corn silage and grain when fed at two different inclusions for finishing cattle

Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding earlage as the sole source of roughage and grain in a finishing diet when compared with corn silage plus grain at equal forage NDF inclusions in the diet. Crossbred yearling steers [n = 216; initial body weight (BW) = 471 ± 14.1kg] were fed one of 4 experimental diets in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement with roughage type and forage inclusion being the 2 factors. Treatment diets were formulated for earlage to provide all the grain the diet (74%) which provided 14.8% forage and was compared with 29.6% corn silage and 44.4% corn as a 50:50 blend of dry rolled corn (DRC) and high moisture corn (HMC). The other two diets were formulated for corn silage to provide a standard roughage inclusion for finishing diets (i.e., corn silage at 15% to supply 7.5% forage in the diet). To match 7.5% roughage with earlage providing all the roughage, another diet included earlage at 37%, with an additional 37% corn included as the 50:50 blend of HMC and DRC. All diets included 20% wet distiller’s grains (WDGS) and 6% supplement. The two inclusions of forage were either 7.5 or 14.8% forage as either earlage or corn silage. Earlage was assumed to provide 20% forage and corn silage to provide 50% forage, on a DM basis. Cattle were stratified into 3 BW blocks, then assigned randomly assigned to pens within block, and treatment assigned randomly to pens. A total of 24 pens containing 9 steers in each were used with pen as the experimental unit. Feeding performance, carcass characteristics and liver abscess prevalence were evaluated using the MIXED procedure of SAS with BW block and treatment being fixed effects. No interactions between roughage type or forage inclusion were observed for performance or carcass traits (P > 0.13) except for marbling or liver abscesses (P < 0.09). When cattle were fed a diet with corn silage as the roughage source, greater dry matter intakes (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) were observed (P ≤ 0.01), but feed efficiency was not significantly different (P = 0.35). However, when evaluating effects of NDF inclusion, cattle fed 7.5% forage in the diet were 6.8% more efficient than cattle fed 14.8% forage and tended to have greater gain (P = 0.10), but no significant differences were observed for intake (P = 0.11). These data suggest that cattle fed earlage will eat and gain less than cattle fed a blend of corn silage and grain when estimated forage is equivalent, and when earlage is fed as the sole source of grain, cattle will be less efficient than when conventional roughage inclusions are fed.

164 Effect of Processing Method of Hybrid rye on Growth Performance, Efficiency of Dietary net Energy Utilization, and Carcass Characteristics of Yearling Steers fed a Finishing Diet

Abstract Predominantly Angus steers were used in a 147-day randomized complete block design experiment (RCBD) to evaluate the effects of rye processing method on growth performance, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics. Steers [n = 192, initial body weight (BW) = 410 ± 20.9 kg] were individually weighed and allotted to 1 of 24 pens (n = 8 steers/pen; 6 pens/treatment). Four treatments were used where hybrid rye grain (total ergot alkaloid concentration = 1,007 ppb, DM basis) was processed using three different methods [unprocessed (UP); dry-rolled (DR); or hammer-milled (HM)] fed at 17% of diet DM along with 43% dry-rolled corn (DRC) compared with a control diet containing 60% DRC on a DM basis (CON). Data were analyzed as an RCBD using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with treatment as the fixed effect and block (Pen location) as the random effect; pen was the experimental unit. No differences (P ≥ 0.44) were observed among treatments for live final BW or average daily gain (ADG). Dry matter intake (DMI) was greater for HM (12.27 kg) compared with CON and DR (11.84 and 11.48 kg, respectively) with DR having 4.9% less DMI compared with UP (P = 0.01; SEM = 0.200). UP and HM treatments tended to have 4.8% poorer G:F compared with CON and DR (P = 0.07). Dietary treatments did not affect carcass traits, percent empty body fatness (EBF), or final BW at 28% EBF (P ≥ 0.23). Distributions of USDA Quality or Yield grades were unaffected by treatment (P ≥ 0.23), nor was the incidence or severity of liver abscesses (P = 0.25). Estimated NEm and NEg values of the diet for UP (1.90 and 1.26 Mcal/kg, respectively) were reduced compared with CON and DR (1.98 and 1.32 Mcal/kg, respectively), with HM intermediate (P = 0.05, SEM = 0.033 and 0.029 for NEm and NEg, respectively). Net energy values for UP and HM rye were within 7% of current feeding standards when calculated using the substitution method. Rolling increased apparent ingredient NEg for rye by 30.1% compared with UP or HM rye. Processing rye grain by dry-rolling increased dietary net energy values and tended to improve gain efficiency compared with not processing or using a hammer mill. Rye grain can be partially substituted for DRC with negligible impact on growth performance or carcass measures.

259 Evaluation of Methane and Carbon Dioxide Production from Cattle on Different Diet Adaptation Strategies

Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate impacts of RAMP (Cargill Corn Milling, Blair, NE) on methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, performance, and carcass characteristics of beef cattle during the grain adaptation phase and finishing phase. Crossbred steers [n = 64; initial body weight (BW) = 347 ±7 kg] were utilized in two treatments; RAMP, fed 100% RAMP during step one and then stepped up to a common finisher diet consisting of 65.5% steam-flaked corn (SFC), 22.5% Sweet Bran (SB), 8% wheat straw, and 4% supplement. The second treatment was control (CON) fed 30.5% SFC, 22.5% SB, 8% wheat straw 35% alfalfa hay, and 4% supplement during step one and then stepped up to the common finisher diet. There were 8 steers per pen and 4 paired replications. Replications were stepped up together and rotated through a two-chamber emissions barn in 5-day cycles to measure CH4 and CO2 emissions at three time points: step one of step-up phase, early feeding phase (one week after starting the finishing diet), and later finishing phase (13 weeks after starting the finishing diet). Performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment and BW block as fixed effects and emissions data analyzed with BW block and treatment as fixed effects and barn chamber as a covariate. Feeding RAMP during step one of the step-up phase led to a decrease in CH4, as g/d (P = 0.03) and a decrease in the CH4:CO2 ratio (P = 0.02). However, CH4 as g/kg of dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected by treatment (P = 0.25). Control steers had a decrease in CO2 as g/day (P = 0.03), but not as CO2 g/kg of DMI (P = 0.31). There were no differences in DMI (P = 1.00) during the step-up phase, averaging 10.3 kg/d for both treatments. For measures taken while all cattle were on the common finishing diet, RAMP did not reduce CH4, as g/d or g/kg DMI (P ≥ 0.27), CO2 as g/d or g/kg DMI (P ≥ 0.37), or CH4:CO2 (P = 0.12). There were no significant differences in DMI (P = 0.49) whole cattle were in the emissions barn during the feeding phase. There were no significant differences for interim (d 66) cattle performance including BW (mean 504 kg; P = 0.84), DMI (mean 9.7 kg; P = 0.27), ADG (mean 2.33 kg/d; P = 0.88), or G: F (mean 0.246; P = 0.30). Feeding RAMP to cattle during the grain adaptation phase resulted in a 12% decrease in methane emissions on a g per day basis without affecting cattle performance. This reduction in emissions didn’t carry over into the finishing phase when a common diet was fed.

Does a high or moderate nutritional supplementation affect the puberty and productive performance of Nellore heifers?

The effects of higher supplementation levels for young Nellore heifers fed tropical forages including their influence on puberty, need to be understood. This study investigated the influence of high and moderate supplementation levels on puberty onset and the productive performance of Nellore heifers. Thirty-six Nellore heifers (225 + 3.52 kg) were used in a completely randomized design, with three treatments: (I) no concentrate (control); (II) concentrate supplement at 4 g/kg body weight (BW); (III) concentrate supplement at 8 g/kg BW. Increased supplement level led to a linear increase in average daily gain (P < 0.05). The high supplementation level (8 g/kg BW) had the highest proportion of corpus luteum presence (82% of heifers), compared to the 4 g/kg BW treatment group (67%) and the control group (33%; P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that providing a high level of energy supplementation to Nellore heifers for approximately 100 d improves performance and increases the proportion of heifers that reach puberty

Effect of mentha on performance, haematological and biochemical parameters in laying hens

Effects of Mentha piperita (peppermint) extract and juice on performance and immune parameters were evaluated in laying hens. A total of 252 Babcock laying hens were allocated to seven treatments with four replications of nine hens. The control hens were fed a basal diet without supplementation. Other hens were given diets supplemented with mentha extract (ME) at 50 (50ME), 100 (100ME), and 200 (200ME) mg/kg of feed or with 50 mentha juice (50MJ), 100 (100MJ) and 200 (200MJ) mg/L that was provided in the drinking water. No significant differences were detected among treatments in bodyweight, feed intake, egg mass, egg production, eggshell breaking strength, Haugh unit, and haematological and serological parameters. The ratio of gram feed to gram egg mass (feed conversion) was significantly better in the birds that received 100ME and 200ME compared with the control hens. The yolk colour index was higher in mid trial analysis (28th day). Thus, although the ME supplementation had a positive effect on feed conversion ratio and egg yolk colour at dosage rates up to 200 mg/kg, further research is needed to establish the efficacy of this herbal product and to determine the most appropriate amount to include in diets for laying hens.

Anorexia nervosa-related cardiopathy in children with physical instability: prevalence, echocardiographic characteristics and reversibility at mid-term follow-up.

Prompt detection of cardiovascular abnormalities in children with anorexia nervosa and physical instability requiring hospitalization is essential to identify patients at higher cardiovascular risk. We studied all anorexia nervosa children requiring admission at Paediatric Institute in the period 2015-2019. Anorexia nervosa cardiopathy at admission was defined by the presence of at least two of the following clinical findings: pericardial effusion, mitral regurgitation, bradycardia, mitral billowing, aortic regurgitation, altered LV morphology and ECG abnormalities. Echocardiographic data were compared with those registered at 3-8-month follow-up and with data from a healthy population. Thirty-eight anorexia nervosa children were examined. Prevalence of anorexia nervosa cardiopathy at admission was 63% (24 patients). Pericardial effusion, bradycardia and mitral regurgitation were present together in 26% of patients. Most cardiovascular changes recovered at follow-up. Anorexia nervosa cardiopathy was associated with significantly lower left ventricle end-diastolic diameters and mass, and higher E wave, E/A and E/e' ratios and left ventricle sphericity index values vs healthy population and vs anorexia nervosa children without cardiopathy (p<0.05). Left ventricle global longitudinal strain was significantly reduced only in anorexia nervosa cardiopathy patients but recovered, whereas end-diastolic diameters, E/A ratio and sphericity index values remained impaired.Conclusion: Among anorexia nervosa children requiring hospitalization, those presenting several cardiac findings together express an acute anorexia nervosa cardiopathy which is characterized by worse LV filling, geometry and subclinical myocardial deformation impairment. Despite treatment, in those patients, some alterations persist at mid-term follow-up. What is Known: • Cardiac and electrocardiographic changes are present in anorexia nervosa children at diagnosis or during stable disease, and most recover after body-weight treatment. • It is unknown if anorexia nervosa children with more severe cardiac impairment during hospitalization present higher cardiovascular-risk profile despite treatment. What is New: • In anorexia nervosa children needing hospitalization for physical reasons, prevalence of acute anorexia nervosa cardiopathy at admission is high, around 60%. • By advanced echocardiography, children with anorexia nervosa cardiopathy at admission have a worse cardiac filling, impaired cardiac geometry and systolic deformation that only partially recover at mid-term follow-up.

The Effects of Soyferment-Tempeh on Lipid Profile, Retinol-Binding Protein 4 (RBP4), and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PEPCK) Gene Expression in Type 2 Diabetic Mice

Diabetes Type 2 can cause oxidative stress leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Soyferment-Tempeh, a fermented soybean product with aerobic and anaerobic R. oligosporus incubation has a high antioxidant content of isoflavones that can regulate oxidative stress in diabetes. In this study, we evaluate the effects of Soyferment-Tempeh on lipid profile, Retinol-Binding Protein 4 (RBP4), and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene expression in type 2 diabetic mice. A total of 30 mice with the age of eight weeks were divided into six groups as follows: A) nondiabetic, B) diabetic mice, C) diabetic mice with metformin, D), E), and F) diabetic mice with Soyferment-Tempeh doses of 10, 20, or 40mg/100g body weight (BW), respectively, were administered treatments orally by gavages. Blood was collected for assessment of blood glucose level, and lipid profile before and after 3 weeks of the administration. After sacrificing the mice, livers were used for RBP4 and PEPCK gene expression assessment. Supplementation with three different doses of Soyferment-Tempeh in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice for 21 days significantly (p&lt;0.001) reduced blood glucose level, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein level, atherogenic index, and increased high-density lipoprotein level. There was a significant decrease in RBP4 gene expression in the Soyferment-Tempeh of dose 10mg/100g BW treatment groups (p&lt;0.05), while the PEPCK gene expression did not significantly differ (p&gt;0.05). These results demonstrate that supplementation with Soyferment-Tempeh decreases blood glucose level, atherogenic index, improves lipid profile, and decreases RBP4.

Effects of Exogenous Glucocorticoid Administration on Feed Intake in Beef Cattle

Abstract Calves (n = 63) from Angus crossbred cows were weighed and randomly assigned to treatments within 4 h of parturition (d 0). Each calf was intravenously infused with either a low cortisol [LC; n = 22, 3.5 µg hydrocortisol sodium succinate/kg body weight (BW)], high cortisol (HC; n = 20, 7.0 µg/kg BW), or a sham infusion control (CON; n = 21, similar volume of saline). Each calf was administered a second infusion of its respective treatment 24 h postpartum. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture before infusion and daily from d 0–17 of age and analyzed for leptin concentrations using a validated radioimmunoassay. Animal BW was collected every 14 d from d 0 until the end of the study. Heifers (n = 31; 367±4 d of age) and steers (n = 32; 385±4 d of age) entered a Growsafe system to measure feed intake (FI) and were allowed a 2-wk adjustment period to a commercial ration (1.27 Mcal NEm/kg and 15.8% CP and 0.45 Mcal NEg/kg and 13.8% CP, respectively; DM basis). Heifer body condition score (BCS) was collected at the beginning and end of the trial. Heifers were fed for 70 d and steers until they obtained a 12th rib back fat (BF) thickness of 1.15 cm. Data were analyzed via ANOVA or repeated measures using appropriate models of SAS. Serum leptin concentrations observed a treatment by day interaction (P = 0.0028), in which HC and LC were decreased compared to CON from d 2–17 of age. Calf birth BW and adjusted 205-d BW did not differ (P &amp;gt; 0.056) between treatments. Heifer BW gain, BCS change, and number of feed events were increased (P = 0.001) in LC compared to HC and CON. Steers did not differ between treatments (P &amp;gt; 0.080) in BW, BW gain, or BF thickness. However, LC steers observed greater daily FI (P = 0.047) and tended to have greater final BW (P = 0.080). In summary, exogenous cortisol administered to calves at parturition reduced leptin concentrations and improved FI of beef steers during a feeding trial.

Effects of dietary pomegranate seed cake supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of growing lambs

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of dietary pomegranate seed cake (PSC) supplementation, in replacement of corn and barley grain, on productive traits, carcass characteristics, intramuscular and subcutaneous fatty acid (FA) composition and meat antioxidant status. For the experiment, which lasted for 63 days, thirty six male growing Florina (Pelagonia) lambs were used. Lambs with a mean body weight (BW) of 19.86 ± 2.78 kg, were randomly allocated into four dietary treatments (PSC0, PSC115, PSC175, and PSC235) of 9 lambs each and accommodated in individual floor pens. The PSC was added to the concentrate mixture at inclusion levels of 0, 115, 175, and 235 g/kg concentrate for treatments PSC0, PSC115, PSC175 and PSC235, respectively. No differences (P > 0.05) occurred among PSC treatments in final BW, BW gain, dry matter (DM) intake and feed conversion ratio. Moreover, carcass characteristics were not affected (P > 0.05), except for the lean and fat color, fat firmness, wetness and overall acceptability of carcasses that were quadraticaly improved, with increased PSC feeding. In both intramuscular and subcutaneous fat, proportions of trans C18:1 (P = 0.001; P < 0.05, respectively), C18:2n-6t (P = 0.001; P < 0.01, respectively), and cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 (P = 0.001; P < 0.05, respectively) were linearly increased and Δ9-desaturase activity index concerning C18:1/C18:0 was linearly decreased (P < 0.05; P < 0.01, respectively). Moreover, in subcutaneous fat trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 (P = 0.001), cis-9, trans-11, cis-13 C18:3 (punicic acid; P = 0.001) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (P < 0.05) proportions were linearly increased and that of cis-9 C18:1 (P < 0.05), C18:2n-6c (P = 0.001), C18:3n-3 (P = 0.001) and C20:3n-3 (P = 0.001) were linearly decreased with increasing PSC feeding. No effects (P < 0.05) of dietary PSC were observed in meat 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) values, but a linear increase (P = 0.001) was found in meat malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, being higher only in PSC235 treatment relative to control. Higher oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values were observed in the intramuscular fat of lambs fed with PSC175, but lower in PSC235 treatment. Thus, pomegranate seed cake could partially replace cereals in growing lambs diets with no effects on their performance and carcass quantitative characteristics. Moreover, dietary PSC supplementation could improve the nutritional and functional properties of meat and subcutaneous fat, as indicated by the increase in essential fatty acids, such as trans-10, cis-12 C18:2. Low inclusion levels of PSC could have a positive effect on antioxidant potential, and on nutritional and functional quality of meat, whereas high levels (i.e. 235 g/kg of concentrate) could posses an opposite effect.

933-P: Greater Reductions in HbA1c and Body Weight with Once-Weekly Semaglutide vs. Comparators across Baseline BMI Subgroups: A Post Hoc Analysis of SUSTAIN 1-5 and 7-10

In the SUSTAIN trial program, once-weekly (OW) semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) approved for treatment of type 2 diabetes, significantly reduced HbA1c and body weight (BW) vs. all comparators, with a safety profile consistent with the GLP-1RA class. Patient factors (e.g., BMI) may impact therapeutic choices. This post-hoc analysis of SUSTAIN 1-5 and 7-10 evaluated change from baseline to end of treatment in HbA1c and BW with OW semaglutide vs. comparator by baseline BMI subgroup. On-treatment without rescue medication data were evaluated in the full analysis set. Mixed model for repeated measurements analyses evaluated interaction between treatment and BMI subgroup by trial. Overall, 572, 1,867, 2,103 and 2,217 subjects with BMI &amp;lt;25, ≥25-&amp;lt;30, ≥30-&amp;lt;35 and ≥35 kg/m2, respectively, were evaluated. Estimated treatment difference for change in HbA1c favored semaglutide vs. comparator in most subgroups, and for BW favored semaglutide vs. comparator in all subgroups (Table). In general, treatment-by-subgroup interactions were nonsignificant (p&amp;gt;0.05); however, BW reduction was greater with semaglutide 1.0 mg vs. insulin with increasing BMI (p=0.005). In summary, semaglutide resulted in greater reductions in HbA1c and BW vs. comparators in SUSTAIN 1-5 and 7-10; this effect was generally observed across BMI subgroups. Disclosure V.R. Aroda: Consultant; Self; Duke, Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi. Employee; Spouse/Partner; Merck &amp; Co., Inc. Research Support; Self; Applied Therapeutics, Fractyl Laboratories, Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi. Other Relationship; Self; IMNE, Medscape. O. Frenkel: Employee; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S, Roche Pharma. J.P. Frias: Consultant; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Gilead Sciences, Inc., LifeScan, Inc., Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi. Research Support; Self; Allergan plc., AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly and Company, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Novo Nordisk A/S, Pfizer Inc., Sanofi. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Sanofi. C. Hindsberger: Consultant; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. S.H. Gylvin: Employee; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. C. le Roux: Advisory Panel; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., GI Dynamics Inc., Herbalife International of America, Inc., Johnson &amp; Johnson, Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Lilly Diabetes. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Keyron. S. Madsbad: Advisory Panel; Self; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme Corp., Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi-Aventis. Research Support; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Novo Nordisk A/S. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Novo Nordisk A/S. Funding Novo Nordisk A/S

In Vivo Toxicity and In Vitro Solubility Assessment of Pre-Treated Struvite as A Potential Alternative Phosphorus Source in Animal Feed.

Simple SummaryPhosphorus (P) is an indispensable element needed for the growth and development of all living organisms. Phosphorus is mined primarily from non-renewable phosphate rock reserves. The use of P as fertilizer and feed additives continues to rise with the increasing global population. We therefore need to find an alternative and renewable, as well as sustainable, source of P to fulfill the demands of agriculture and livestock. Phosphorus recovered as struvite from livestock wastewater could be a sustainable alternative to commercial P sources, while its application has only been limited to arable lands as fertilizer. This study elucidates that struvite can also be used as an alternative P source in animal feed other than fertilizer through proper pre-treatment. Phosphorus recovery from livestock wastewater and its reutilization as an animal feed ingredient would therefore be a good strategy to substitute commercial P sources and ensure societal sustainability.Apart from using as fertilizer for plants, the application of struvite may be expanded to animal feed industries through proper pre-treatment. This study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of using pre-treated struvite (microwave irradiated struvite (MS) and incinerated struvite (IS)) in animal feeds. For safety assessment, an in vivo toxicity experiment using thirty female Sprague Dawley rats (average body weight (BW) of 200 ± 10 g) was conducted. The rats were randomly divided into five groups, including a control. Based on the BW, MS and IS were applied daily by oral administration with 1 and 10 mg kg−1-BW (MS1 and MS10; IS1 and IS10) using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a vehicle. A series of jar tests were conducted for four hours to check the solubility of the MS and IS at different pH (pH 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7) and compared to a commercial P source (monocalcium phosphate, MCP, control). The toxicity experiment results showed no significant differences among the treatments in BW and organ (liver, kidney, heart, and lung) weight of rats (p > 0.05). There were no adverse effects on blood parameters and the histopathological examination showed no inflammation in the organ tissues in MS and IS treated groups compared to the control. In an in vitro solubility test, no significant difference was observed in ortho-phosphate (O-P) solubility from the MCP and MS at pH 2 and 4 (p > 0.05), while O-P solubility from MS at pH 5 to 7 was higher than MCP and found to be significantly different (p < 0.05). O-P solubility from IS was the lowest among the treatments and significantly different from MCP and MS in all the experiments (p < 0.05). The results of this study not only suggest that the struvite pre-treated as MS could be a potential alternative source of P in animal feed but also motivate further studies with more stringent designs to better examine the potential of struvite application in diverse fields.

Effectivity of rearing with difference composition of feed toward body weight gain of mud crab Scylla olivacea in the mangrove area, Tuhaha Village, East Saparua, Central Maluku-Indonesia

This study was aimed to determine the level of weight gain of adult mud crabs given different doses of feed at the front of the mangrove area in Tuhaha Bay, Central Maluku Indonesia. Mud crabs (Scylla olivacea) with average initial body weight (BW) of 100.36±8.35g g were placed in a plastic basket measuring 50 x 25 x 17 cm³ which hanging on bamboo raft. Prior to measurement, the crabs were acclimatized for one week at the location with 3% feeding/BW. Treatment with three different fish feed doses i.e., 5% trash fish: 5% mashed raw papaya (Treatment A), 7.5% trash fish: 2.5% mashed raw papaya / BW (Treatment B) and trash fish 10%/BW (Treatment C). Each treatment consisted of 6 individuals as replicates. Data collection includes absolute BW and Specific Growth Rate (SGR). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic and displayed in tables and graphs. The results showed that mud crabs given treatment A, B and C had an average BW of 95.03±2.84g, 100.22±3.81g and 114.83±2.55g, respectively. Relative BW gain and SGR of treatment B was higher than those of treatment A and treatment C. These results indicated that treatment B is quite effective in meeting the energy needs for increasing the body weight of individual crabs at this location.

Determining the appropriate time and hormone administration for induced spawning and egg production of the shoemaker spinefoot rabbitfish, Siganus sutor (Valenciennes, 1835) during the reproductive season

This study was conducted to determine the appropriate time and hormone administration protocol for induced spawning of the shoemaker spinefoot rabbitfish, Siganus sutor. Four different hormone administration treatments including LHRHa2 hormone at dosages of 10 and 20 μg/kg body weight (BW) (treatments L1 and L2), HCG hormone alone at a dosage of 2000 IU/kg BW (treatment H) and combined with 5 mg metoclopramide/kg BW (treatment HM) plus the control, 1 ml 0.9% saline water (treatment C) were administered on eight dates in mid-2016 (April 12, May 1, 8, 15 and 22 and June 1, 8 and 15). Females (470.14 ± 8.56 g BW) received the hormone injection twice over a 24-h interval and all males received HCG hormone at a dosage of 2000 IU/kg BW; hence, each fish was used just once for the injection of hormone. A significantly greater number of spawned fish (70.8 ± 16%) was observed in treatment L2 compared with the other treatments (L1: 16.7 ± 10.8%; H: 45.8 ± 14%; HM: 45.8 ± 14%; and C: 4.2 ± 0.2%). Significantly greater numbers of eggs per female (469,083 ± 70,453 eggs) were obtained in treatment L2 compared with the other treatments (L1: 103375 ± 48,872 eggs; H: 294500 ± 74,348 eggs; HM: 287458 ± 72,856 eggs; and C: 18542 ± 18,000 eggs). Cluster analysis showed that the best time for induced spawning of S. sutor was 15 to 22 May and the best hormone for induced spawning was LHRHa2 at a dosage of 20 μg/kg BW of females. Such information can be helpful in the management of breeding programs for this important fish species.

Efficacy of tiamulin alone or in combination with chlortetracycline against experimental Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum) remains one of the most important diseases in poultry production. Controlling the impact of the disease is done by eradication of positive breeder flocks or by vaccination and medication. A widely used molecule in medication programs is tiamulin, a pleuromutilin antibiotic. Since recent data on the in vivo efficacy of this molecule are scarce, 2 challenge studies were conducted using a recently isolated M. gallisepticum strain belonging to the wildtype population with regard to its tiamulin and tetracycline minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In the first challenge study, the dose rate of tiamulin was tested. For this, broilers were infected with M. gallisepticum and treated with 10 mg or 25 mg tiamulin hydrogen fumarate (hf)/kg body weight (BW) for 5 successive days. In a second challenge study, the dose rate of tiamulin combined with chlortetracycline was tested. For this, broilers were infected with M. gallisepticum and treated with 6.25 mg tiamulin hf/18.75 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride (hcl)/kg BW or 12.5 mg tiamulin hf/37.5 mg chlortetracycline hcl/kg BW for 5 successive days. Clinical scoring of respiratory signs, macroscopic scoring of respiratory tract lesions, M. gallisepticum isolation from the respiratory organs, weight gain, and mortality were the monitored efficacy parameters. The first study demonstrated that a 5-day 10 mg/kg BW tiamulin hf treatment provided significant protection against the M. gallisepticum infection. However, since the 5-day 25 mg/kg BW group was significantly better than the 10 mg/kg BW for reducing the post-treatment clinical signs and the M. gallisepticum numbers in the respiratory organs, the 25 mg/kg BW treatment is recommended for clinical M. gallisepticum infections. In the second study, the combined 12.5 mg tiamulin hf/37.5 mg chlortetracycline hcl/kg BW resulted in a significant reduction of the severity of clinical respiratory disease post treatment and a significant reduction of the M. gallisepticum numbers in the respiratory tract.

Effects of dietary partly destoned exhausted olive cake supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of growing lambs

In an experiment with 32 male growing Florina (Pelagonia) lambs, effects of replacing barley grain, sunflower meal and wheat bran with partly destoned exhausted olive cake (PDEOC) and soybean meal on productivity, carcass characteristics, meat chemical composition and meat fatty acid (FA) composition was determined. In the 56day experiment, lambs were randomly allocated into four dietary treatments (PDEOC0, PDEOC80, PDEOC160, and PDEOC240) of 8 lambs each and accommodated in individual floor pens. Lambs had an initial body weight (BW) of 16.7±1.81kg, and were fed one of four isonitrogenous (crude protein 162g/kg, dry matter − DM basis) and isoenergetic (net energy for gain 6.11MJ/kg, DM basis) concentrate mixtures ad libitum and alfalfa hay (0.2kg DM/lamb/day). The PDEOC was added to the concentrate mixture at inclusion levels (as mixed basis) of 0, 80, 160, and 240kg/t for treatments PDEOC0, PDEOC80, PDEOC160, and PDEOC240, respectively. No differences (P>0.05) occurred among PDEOC treatments in final BW (29.9kg), BW gain (0.24kg/day), DM intake (0.97kg/day), and feed conversion ratio (4.07kg DM intake/kg BW gain). Moreover, meat chemical composition and carcass characteristics were not affected (P>0.05) with increased PDEOC feeding, except for the fat color, fat firmness, wetness and overall acceptability of carcasses that linearly increased with increasing PDEOC supplementation. Oleic and palmitic acids were the predominant FA in intramuscular fat of all treatments. FA were not affected (P>0.05) with increased PDEOC feeding, except for the lauric acid which decreased (P=0.018), as well as the α-linolenic acid which increased (P=0.020). PDEOC supplementation, at levels up to 240kg/t of concentrate mixtures, in isonitrogenous and iso (net energy) energetic diets for growing lambs did not affect their performance and carcass characteristics, while it improved carcass qualitative traits.

Retracted: Effective Dose of Salmon GnRHa for Induction of Ovulation in Channel Catfish

AbstractThe present study was conducted to determine the minimum effective dose of salmon gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analog (sGnRHa) to stimulate ovulation in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Four doses of sGnRHa—0, 10, 15, and 25 µg/kg body weight (BW)—were compared with the commonly used dose of 100 µg/kg BW of mammalian luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analog (mLHRHa) to induce spawning in Channel Catfish. Hormone‐induced catfish yielded significantly higher levels of plasma estradiol and ovulation success than saline‐injected control fish. Ovulation ratio, relative fecundity, and number of fry per kilogram with 10 µg sGnRHa/kg were lower than those treated with 15 and 25 µg. To further refine the sGnRHa dose, spawning trials with 3‐ and 4‐year‐old Channel Catfish were compared using doses of either 10, 15, or 20 µg sGnRHa/kg BW. The relative fecundity (8,322 eggs/kg BW) and fry production (2,533 fry/kg BW) were higher in fish from the 15‐µg sGnRHa/kg BW treatment. Hence, the results of this study suggest that 15 µg sGnRHa/kg BW is the minimum effective dose comparable with widely used mLHRHa to induce spawning in Channel Catfish and produce hybrid (Channel Catfish × Blue Catfish I. furcatus) embryos in hatcheries.

Trace mineral requirements for growth of Moxotó goats grazing in the semiarid region of Brazil

A comparative slaughter trial was conducted to estimate the body composition and net requirements of Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Co for growth of castrated Moxotó goat kids, with15.69±0.78 kg initial body weight (BW), grazing in the semiarid region of Brazil. The baseline group consisted of four randomly selected kids (15.37±0.30 kg BW). Thirty-two kids were randomly allocated into eight groups (considered as block), distributed among four levels of concentrate supplementation (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% BW). Animals in a group were slaughtered when the 1.5% BW treatment kids in the group reached approximately 25 kg BW. The trace element content (mg/kg of empty body weight) ranged from 23.68 to 27.81 mg Zn, 35.70 to 47.29 mg Fe, 0.86 to 1.09 mg Mn, 1.45 to 1.75 mg Cu, and 0.83 to 0.87 mg Co for Moxotó kids at 15 and 25 kg BW, respectively. The net requirements (mg/kg of empty body weight gain) ranged from 30.43 to 35.74 mg Zn, 53.48 to 70.84 mg Fe, 1.22 to 1.54 mg Mn, 1.93 to 2.32 mg Cu, and 0.91 to 0.95 mg Co for animals with BW ranging from 15 to 25 kg, respectively. Indigenous goats grazing in the semiarid region of Brazil have different requirements from those values recommended by international committees for dairy and meat goats.