Pediculicides Research Articles

Efficacy of Shampoo Made from Bangle Rhizome Extract (Zingiber montanum) Against Head Lice (Pediculus humanus capitis)

Head lice is a major public health problem worldwide. Its treatment is challenging due to product failures resulting from rapidly emerging resistance to existing treatments, incorrect treatment application, and misdiagnosis. Various head lice treatments with different mechanisms of action have been developed and explored over the years, with limited reports on systematic assessments of their efficacy and safety. The head lice shampoo currently in circulation is 1% permethrin-based. Side effects of using permethrin-based shampoos include skin irritation and high resistance. The research conducted aims to present strong evidence that the use of shampoo made from bangle rhizome extract against head lice mortality is safer to use. The study used 240 head lice taken from elementary school students aged 8-12 years in a school in Bekasi. The study group was divided into 6 groups: negative control group (using baby shampoo), positive control group (using permethrin-based anti-lice shampoo), shampoo treatment group made from bangle rhizome extract with dose of 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4%. In addition to calculating the number of head lice deaths per group, the time of death was also calculated to determine LC50 (Lethal Concentration 50), LC90 (Lethal Concentration 90), LT50 (Lethal Time 50), and LT90 (Lethal Time 90). The results showed a highly significant difference between the number of head lice deaths in the control group and the shampoo treatment group made from bangle rhizome extract (p<0.01). Likewise, there was a highly significant difference for the time of death of head lice in the control group and the shampoo treatment group made from bangle rhizome extract. Statistical analysis showed LC50 of 0.96%, LC90 of 2.84%, LT50 of 57.72 minutes, and LT90 of 28.79 minutes. It can be concluded that the effective dose of shampoo made from bangle rhizome extract is 4%, which can kill 100% of head lice within 27 minutes.

PHARMACEUTICO- ANALYTICAL STUDY OF KSHEERAVIDARYADI TAILA PREPARED WITH NARIKELA TAILA AND KARANJA TAILA

Sneha Kalpana refers to the pharmaceutical process of preparing oleaginous medicaments from substances like Kalka(paste), Kwatha(decoction), and Drava dravyas(liquids) in specific proportions. This involves subjecting them to a unique heating pattern and duration to meet specific pharmaceutical parameters tailored to therapeutic needs. "Ksheeravidaryadi Taila" is one such preparation mentioned in the "Anagatabhada Pratisheda Adhyaya" from Sushruta Samhita. It treats diseases through daily regimes like Shiro Abhyanga, particularly for addressing head lice infestations. The oil was meticulously prepared using the bases of Narikela Taila (Sample-A) and Karanja Taila (Sample-B). Both samples were then studied analytically. Analytical values for Sample A fell within permissible limits. However, Sample B exhibited elevated acid and peroxide values (38.99) and peroxide values (20.75), surpassing normal limits and indicating potential issues with oxidative deterioration and shelf life. Sample B's saponification value was higher than Sample A's, suggesting a faster absorption rate. The oil ingredients, characterized by Tikta and Katu rasas, Ushna veerya, and anti-parasitic properties, suggest potential effectiveness against head lice. Karanja Taila, with its specific properties like Krimigna, Kandugna, Ushna, and Teekshna, traditionally used in skin disorders, may enhance the oil's efficacy in treating head lice.

Treating head lice: a case study

People who are homeless are greater risk of infections than the general public because they are often in poor health and have difficulty maintaining hygiene. This article discusses the treatment of head lice and uses a case history to outline specific issues that may arise in a person who is homeless and how these can be managed.

34998 Racial factors regarding diagnosis and treatment of head lice in pediatric patients

Introduction: The belief that black children rarely get head lice stems from studies dating back to the 19th century. Incorrect information about headlice in black hair continues today. This myth has delayed diagnoses and treatment, leading to prolonged patient suffering and propagation of lice outbreaks.

Effectiveness of Neem Oil Upon Pediculosis

Background: It is widely accepted that the school environment favors in the spread of the infestation simply be- cause it affords opportunity for continual close contact of children. So the investigator motivated to try out neem oil application and to see its effect in children with pediculosis. Neem oil is available locally, is of low cost and effective for treating head lice. Objective: To test whether the neem oil is effective in the treatment of pediculosis among school children. Methods: An experimental research approach with true experimental design was used. The present study was conducted in the Don Bosco Beatitudes Orphanage, Vyasarpady, for control group and Dazzling Stone Orphanage for experimental group, Kundrathur. The sample size was 60 and was selected through simple random sampling method, 30 were assigned to control group and 30 were assigned to experimental group. The investigator used a demographic variable proforma, degree of pediculosis, observational checklist on signs and symptoms of pediculosis, and interview schedule on knowledge regarding prevention of pediculosis and a rating scale on the level of satisfaction on application of neem oil. Results In control group, there was no significant difference in the degree of pediculosis before neem oil application (M=2.70, SD=0.450) and after neem oil application (M=2.73, SD=0.450). In contrast, in the experimental group, degree of pediculosis was decreased (M=0.70, SD=0.466) when compared to the degree of pediculosis before neem oil application (M=2.73, SD=0.450). The difference was found to be statistically significant at p< 0.001 degree of pediculosis and it can be attributed to the effectiveness of neem oil application. Most of the children (73.3%) were highly satisfied and only a significant percentage of children (26.7%) were satisfied with the neem oil application in the experimental group. Conclusion: It is possible to reduce pediculosis by the application of neem oil among school children.

Biochemical constituents and insecticidal activities of Callistemon viminalis essential oil against adults and eggs of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae)

BackgroundSynthetic chemical pediculicides used for head-louse treatment do not kill louse eggs, can induce side effects in humans, and lead to genetic resistance in lice worldwide, including in Thailand. Use of phytoconstituents, particularly plant-derived essential oils, is alternatively recommended for head lice. PurposeTo identify biochemical constituents of Callistemon viminalis essential oil (EO) and to assess the ex vivo effects of EO on head lice and their eggs. MethodsThe EO was extracted from fresh leaves C. viminalis by stream distillation, and the biochemical constituents were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Louse samples were collected from schools in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand for ex vivo tests. Pediculicidal activity of EO was investigated using topical contact, and ovicidal activity was assessed using immersion and topical tests. Adult lice were observed for 8 h after treatment and eggs were observed for 3 weeks to assess pediculicidal and ovicidal effects, respectively. Mortality was noted and morphological change was recorded for head lice using scanning electron microscopy. Inhibition of egg hatching was evaluated. ResultsForty-four phytochemical components were identified in EO obtained from fresh leaves of C. viminalis. The most abundant were 1,8-cineole (66.96%), α-pinene (18.74%) and o-cymene (7.02%). Ex vivo, C. viminalis EO at concentrations above 10% for 30 min caused 100% adult mortality using a topical bioassay. In a complete-immersion test, all head louse eggs failed to hatch after exposure to concentrations of C. viminalis EO of 10% or greater for 10 min. Eggs were less sensitive using a topical method. Permethrin 1%, coconut oil and distilled water exhibited low efficacy against both crawling and egg stages. Scanning electron micrographs indicated that C. viminalis EO caused obstruction in some louse spiracles but had no effect on the cuticle or sensory hairs. ConclusionThe EO derived from C. viminalis had higher ex vivo efficacy against head lice and their eggs than 1% did permethrin. This EO may be a starting point for developing natural pediculicides to control head lice that are susceptible or resistant to permethrin.

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE EFFECT OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES AND IVERMECTIN ON HEAD LICE

Head lice cause social problems for patients as embarrassment, inflammation, skin irritationand secondary bacterial infection. Treating head lice is difficult because of development of resistanceto drug. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the effect of titanium dioxide, Ivermectinand Ivermectin-loaded on Titanium dioxide nanoparticles on head lice in vitro. This study wasconducted on 50 patients infected with head lice from Beni Suef Governorate. These patientswere of all age groups and both sexes.Patients were 13 males and 37 females, with ages ranged from 5 to72years (26.84±19.3). Theywere 34 rural residents, and 16 urban ones, 37 were at a low socioeconomic level and 13 at amoderate socioeconomic one. Number of family members ranged from (3 to 11) with an averageof (6.42±1.9).The results showed that mortality rate for topical Ivermectin (0.2% & 0.5%) was 86% & 94%,respectively, against adult head lice, while 88% and 94%, respectively, against nymphs.Regarding the effect of Titanium dioxide, the percentage mortality effects of Titanium dioxidewere 34, 58, & 100% at (2, 6, & 10 mg/L), respectively, against adult head lice, while Titaniumdioxide mortality rate was 40, 68 & 96% at (2, 6 &10 mg/L), respectively, against nymphs.

Common pediatric infestations: update on diagnosis and treatment of scabies, head lice, and bed bugs.

This review will update pediatric providers on the recent data regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of common skin infestations affecting children and adolescents. Standard superficial skin biopsy for scabies and the vacuum method for head lice can increase diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. There is growing resistance to some of the traditional treatments for scabies and head lice, and progress has been made in finding newer and potentially more effective treatments, such as oral moxidectin for scabies and abametapir for head lice. Recent studies have established the safety of traditional treatments, such as permethrin and oral ivermectin in infants and small children. Permethrin and ivermectin are both considered safe and effective for children and adolescents with scabies. Permethrin is generally considered safe in infants less than two months of age. Proper application of permethrin is critical, and providers should emphasize proper application technique. Treatment of head lice should only be initiated with active infestations. Resistance to permethrin continues to increase and other options are now available, including an over-the-counter topical ivermectin formulation. Identification and eradication of bed bug infestations are crucial in preventing bedbug bites.

Upaya pemberantasan kutu rambut santri, pelatihan produksi sampo antiketombe dan wirausaha barbershop pesantren

Head lice, dandruff and other scalp diseases are still one of the main problems of the students at the Nurul Qarnain boarding school. Factors that influence the development of disease are poor personal hygiene due to the students' lack of understanding of this disease. Anti-dandruff shampoo, is expensive and is insufficient to treat head lice problem among students. Furthermore, the absence of professional barbers in the boarding school environment is also one of the factors that triggered this problem. The results of this activity are increased knowledge of students about hair health from 58.8% to 98.24% and the ability and skills of students to make anti-dandruff shampoo and hair cutting. This is expected to increase awareness and ability to care for hair and provide added value to the economy.

Effectiveness and tolerability of a squalane and dimethicone-based treatment for head lice

Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are worldwide obligate human ectoparasites, with high implications in pediatrics. In Europe, first-line topical neurotoxic insecticidal therapeutic strategies are being replaced by topical physically acting agents as the first-choice treatment. Safety of the active ingredients and high efficacy in a one-time single-dose treatment with a brief treatment application time are key issues for consumer use and effective compliance. The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro efficacy of a newly developed squalane and dimethicone-based pediculicidal formula, against motile head lice and eggs after 2 and 5 min immersion in the product, as well as its skin tolerance and acceptability under dermatological and pediatric expert control in children with atopic skin. The results indicate that at both time points, 100% mortality rate of head lice crawling stages and late-stage eggs was achieved. The formula was well tolerated and suitable for children with atopic skin from 12 months of age. Showing high in vitro efficacy and good skin acceptability, this solution is presented as a new safe alternative therapy for treatment of head lice infestations.

Frequency of pyrethroid resistance in human head louse treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are one of the most common insects causing infestations in humans worldwide, and infestation is associated with adverse socio-economic and public health effects. The development of genetic insensitivity (e.g., target site insensitivity = knockdown resistance or kdr) to topical insecticides has impaired effective treatment. Therefore, this study was undertaken to review and meta-analyze the frequency of pyrethroid resistance in treated head louse populations from the beginning of 2000 to the end of June 2021 worldwide. In order to accomplish this, all English language articles published over this period were extracted and reviewed. Statistical analyses of data were performed using fixed and random effect model tests in meta-analysis, Cochrane, meta-regression and I2 index. A total of 24 articles from an initial sample size of 5033 were accepted into this systematic review. The mean frequency of pyrethroid resistance was estimated to be 76.9%. In collected resistant lice, 64.4% were homozygote and 30.3% were heterozygote resistant. Globally, four countries (Australia, England, Israel, and Turkey) have 100% kdr gene frequencies, likely resulting in the ineffectiveness of pyrethrin- and pyrethroid-based pediculicides. The highest resistance recorded in these studies was against permethrin. This study shows that pyrethroid resistance is found at relatively high frequencies in many countries. As a result, treatment with current insecticides may not be effective and is likely the cause of increased levels of infestations. It is recommended that resistance status be evaluated prior to insecticide treatment, to increase efficacy.

Economic Burden Associated with Head Louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) Infestation in Iran.

Background:The head louse infestation is a public health issue in the world especially, affecting most people who live in camps, school-aged children and their families. Head lice treatment has economic ramifications that often under calculated. The aim of this study was evaluation of economic burden associated with head louse infestation in Iran.Methods:In a cross-sectional study, 500,002 infestations were diagnosed among suspected head lice infested people who referred to health care system in all provinces of Iran during 2017. Direct and indirect costs related to paid by patients and government systems were extracted by referring to accounting documents and interviews with patients and experts and were recorded in researcher-made forms. Microsoft Excel 2010 software was used for economic burden calculation.Results:The incidence rate of head lice infestation in Iran was 500,002/79,926,270 (625.5 per 100,000 populations). Economic burden of head lice in the country was calculated at 5,790,143$. Direct and indirect costs, governmental cost, out of pocket and total costs of head lice were included 3.14$, 2.84$, 5.98$, 5.60$ and 11.58$ per case respectively.Conclusion:The direct and indirect costs associated with treatment of infestations were relatively high. Therefore, the creation of medical facilities such as availability of diagnostic and treatment strategies can be effective in the control of infestation. The adoption of infestation prevention methods, such as health education to people at risk of infestation, reduces the incidence of head lice and imposition of related treatment costs on governmental health care system and head lice cases.

Efficacy and safety of a combination regimen of phenothrin and ivermectin lotion in patients with head lice in Okinawa, Japan.

In Japan, pyrethroid-resistant head lice have been increasing; however, only 0.4% phenothrin, a pyrethroid drug, is available as an over the counter formulation. In recent years, Sumithrin® Lotion containing 5% phenothrin (PHT) was approved for scabies. In the USA, Sklice® Lotion containing 0.5% ivermectin (IVM) is used for the treatment of pyrethroid-resistant head lice. Therefore, to enhance the treatment of head lice in Japan, we conducted a clinical study to confirm the efficacy and safety of a combination regimen of PHT and IVM (PI regimen). Twelve cases were enrolled and PHT was applied to all patients on day 1. On day 8, five patients (41.7%) were lice free, and PHT was applied again. Notably, seven patients were not lice free and were switched to IVM. The rate of patients who were lice free on the PI regimen, which was the primary end-point, was 75.0% on day 15 and 91.7% on day 22. No adverse events were reported. A genetic analysis of the head lice collected at each visit revealed a kdr mutation in all patients. These results suggest that the PI regimen is safe and effective for the treatment of pyrethroid-resistant head lice in Japan.

Effect of a New Head Lice Treatment, Abametapir Lotion, 0.74%, on Louse Eggs: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study.

Few head lice treatments have demonstrated effectiveness against louse eggs. Abametapir, a metalloproteinase inhibitor, is able to target metalloproteinases critical to egg hatching and louse development. In this double-blind, phase 2 study, 50 subjects aged ≥3 years with active head lice infestation were randomized to receive a single treatment of abametapir lotion, 0.74%, or vehicle (control), applied to scalp and hair for 10 minutes. Ovicidal efficacy was measured by recording the hatch rate of eggs collected from each subject’s hair before and after treatment and incubated for 14 days. With abametapir, 100% of treated eggs remained unhatched compared with 64.0% for vehicle. Accounting for pretreatment hatch rates, the absolute reduction in egg hatching was 92.9% for abametapir versus 42.3% for vehicle (P < .0001). The most frequently reported adverse event was rash (16%). Abametapir lotion, 0.74%, demonstrated significant ovicidal activity against head lice eggs with a single application.

Comparative Study of Efficacy of Using Mayonnaise and Hair Shampoo in the Control of Head Lice among Elementary School Students

Background and objective: Head lice are expensive and difficult to eradicate, causing much frustration for families, providers, and communities. In order to develop procedures for the care of affected school students with head lice, the researchers (a) assessed the prevalence of head lice infestation rate in primary school students, and the mothers’ and teachers’ knowledge of head lice infestation and its control measures, and (b) compared the effect of using mayonnaise and hair Shampoo to control head lice among elementary school students. Materials and Methods: An experimental design was used to conduct the study. Ten primary schools in Al Riyadh were identified using the cross-sectional study during 2015 and 2016. Five hundred (500) students, chosen through a multi-stage systematic random sample, participated and were randomly divided into two groups. Mayonnaise and hair Shampoo was applied to the first and second group respectively as a treatment for head lice. For all statistical analyses, SPSS version 20 were used. Results: using Mayonnaise helped in dismissing head lice was faster among all age groups of girls, none of the girls stayed infected beyond 8 and more days. The Total (82.0% ) of girls recovered from infection between 6 to 8 days as compared to only (15.2%) as total among the hair Shampoo group with the same age group. Conclusion: The study shed light on the effectiveness of mayonnaise in the obliteration of head lice. Additional studies should be carried out to ensure the success of mayonnaise in overcoming the lice problem.

Risk of burns with flammable treatments for head lice

Risk of burns with flammable treatments for head lice

In vitro efficacy of five essential oils against Pediculus humanus capitis.

Treatment of head lice has relied mainly on the use of topical insecticides. Today, conventional topical pediculicides have suffered considerable loss of activity worldwide. There is increasing interest in the use of natural products such as essential oils for head louse control, and many of them are now incorporated into various over-the-counter products presented as pediculicides, often without proper evaluation. The aim of the present study was to assess the in vitro efficacy of five essential oils against adults of Pediculus humanus capitis using a contact filter paper toxicity bioassay. The chemical composition of the essential oils from wild bergamot, clove, lavender, tea tree, and Yunnan verbena was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All treatments and controls were replicated three times on separate occasions over a period of 11months. In all, 1239 living lice were collected from the scalp of 51 subjects, aged from 1 to 69years. Clove oil, diluted either in coco oil or sunflower oil, demonstrated the best adulticidal activity, reaching > 90% mortality within 2h in lice submitted to a 30-min contact. Yunnan verbena oil diluted in coco oil showed also a significant efficacy. Other essential oils showed a lower efficacy. The oil's major component(s) differed according to the tested oils and appeared chemically diverse. In the case of clove oil, the eugenol appeared as the main component. This study confirmed the potential interest of some of the essential oils tested, but not all, as products to include possibly in a pediculicidal formulation.

Abametapir Lotion, 0.74%, a Novel Therapy for the Treatment of Head Lice, Pooled Safety Results from 11 Trials, in Children as Young as 6 Months

Abstract Not Available

Abametapir Lotion, 0.74% Demonstrates High Elimination Rates of Head Lice with a Single Application in Phase 3 Trials

Abstract Not Available

The efficacy of Australian essential oils for the treatment of head lice infestation in children: A randomised controlled trial.

BackgroundThe increase in resistance of head lice to neurotoxic pediculicides and public concern over their safety has led to an increase in alternative treatments, many of which are poorly researched or even untested.MethodsA multicentre, randomised, assessor‐blind, parallel‐group trial (Trial 1) was conducted to compare the safety and efficacy of a head lice treatment containing Australian eucalyptus oil and Leptospermum petersonii (EO/LP solution; applied thrice with 7‐day intervals between applications) with a neurotoxic treatment containing pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (P/PB mousse; applied twice with a 7‐day interval) in children. A single‐blind, open trial (Trial 2) was conducted to assess the efficacy of EO/LP solution following a single application. In addition, skin irritancy and sensitisation tests using EO/LP solution were performed in adults and children. In vitro tests were performed to further assess the ovicidal and pediculicidal efficacy of EO/LP solution.ResultsEO/LP solution was found to be more than twice as effective in curing head lice infestation as P/PB mousse in per‐protocol participants (Trial 1; 83% vs 36%, P < 0.0001), and was also found to be 100% pediculicidal following a single application (Trial 2). Adverse events were limited to transient itching, burning or stinging. Further skin testing with the EO/LP solution reported no irritation or sensitisation in adults, or irritation in children. In vitro exposure of lice and eggs to the EO/LP solution resulted in 100% mortality.ConclusionThe efficacy, safety and relative ease of use of the EO/LP solution make it a viable alternative in treating head lice.