Principles Of Treatment Research Articles

Chest wall resections for non-small cell lung cancer: a literature review.

The development of early screening for lung cancer has led to improved overall survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the management of NSCLC patients with resectable and potentially resectable chest wall invasion (CWI) requires attention. The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of surgery (chest wall resections) in NSCLC patients with CWI. A literature search and review from three databases (PubMed, Embase, and ScienceDirect) comprised the last 39 years. This review was focused on the treatment of NSCLC patients with CWI, mainly including the preoperative evaluation, principles of treatment and strategic decision-making, surgical complications, and prognostic factors. Through the collection of relevant literature on NSCLC that invades the chest wall, this narrative review describes the actual role in clinical practice and future developments of chest wall resections. Preoperative treatment requires the multidisciplinary team (MDT) team to conduct accurate clinical staging of the patient and pay attention to the patient's lymph node status and rib invasion status. The successful implementation of chest wall resection and possible chest wall reconstruction requires refined individualized treatment based on the patient's clinical characteristics, supplemented by possible postoperative systemic treatment. Surgery plays an important role in treating NSCLC patients with CWI, and a collaborative, experienced MDT is an essential component of the successful treatment of CWI with lung cancer. In the future, more high-quality clinical research is needed to focus on CWI patients so that patients can receive more effective treatment options and better clinical prognosis.

Infantile Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Case Report of an 8-Month-Old Child

AbstractIdiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), a clinical disorder also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is characterized by increased intracranial pressure of unknown causes. Although it is most commonly observed in young obese women, IIH can also occur in the pediatric population; however, it is extremely rare in infants. Infants do not typically exhibit characteristic signs and symptoms of IIH, making it challenging to diagnose. Additionally, treatment modalities for this disease remain uncertain. We report an 8-month-old female child admitted to the pediatric emergency department with IIH. Our patient presented initially with fever, vomiting, and diarrhea, and then she developed inability to abduct the left eye. Papilledema was not detected in our patient. Magnetic resonance imaging and lumbar puncture contributed to diagnosis of the patient. Dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg/d, twice a day) and acetazolamide (5 mg/kg/d) were administered; dexamethasone was stopped at the 48th hour after esotropia had resolved. The patient developed left ptosis in the first month after discharge. Acetazolamide was administered for a duration of 5 months and was discontinued once the patient's eye findings improved. With a sudden onset of neurological findings in a healthy infant with normal neuroimaging, IIH should be considered in the differential diagnosis and cerebrospinal fluid pressure should be measured. The principles of treatment for this disease are based on adult guidelines, but the efficacy of acetazolamide has also been reported in the pediatric population, like in our case.

Tinjauan Yuridis Penerapan Hukuman Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Penganiayaan Hewan

This research aims to find out and provide an explanation of how criminal sanctions are applied to protect animal abuse in Indonesia and to find out and provide an explanation of how criminal sanctions are imposed on perpetrators of animal abuse. This research uses the Normative Juridical method. Legal sources are collected from primary data such as laws and Supreme Court decisions, secondary data such as books and scientific journals, and tertiary data such as legal dictionaries. Data collection techniques are through literature study, while legal data processing is through presentation, interpretation, analysis and systematization of applicable laws. Legal analysis is carried out comprehensively and descriptively to explain the problems studied. The results of this research show that the Indonesian Government, through the Criminal Law Law and Law No. 18 of 2009 which was amended by Law No. 41 of 2014, emphasizes the importance of treating animals well. These laws aim to protect animals and ensure their use is done ethically and responsibly. With the main principle of Respectful Treatment, Animals must be treated well and not harmed. Animal Welfare: Animals' physical, mental and emotional needs must be considered, including providing a safe environment and sufficient food. Avoiding Overexploitation, Animals should not be used excessively for the benefit of humans. Protection from Inappropriate Treatment, Animals must be protected from violence and torture. This law aims to maintain animal welfare, respect ethical values, maintain ecosystem balance, and protect public health from diseases that can spread from animals.

Rational use of short-term anorectic drugs for one-year effective treatment of obesity: An analysis of four studies.

Obesity is a complex disease for which pharmacotherapy is often used. Anti-obesity drugs (AODs) are characterized by inducing a variable inter-subject body weight reduction (BWR), the attainment of a plateau after their maximal effect is achieved, and weight regain after drug discontinuation, which complicate individualized treatment of obesity. This exploratory analysis aimed to compare the first-month body weight reduction in kg (1mo-BWRkg) and tolerance development (moT) of four known interventions with low (placebo), intermediate (phentermine or mazindol monotherapy), and high (5 active ingredients fixed-dose combination) efficacy, as predictors of their 6-month body weight reduction efficacy in percent (6mo-BWR%). In addition, a detailed analysis of the 6-to-12-month BWR follow-up in subjects under orlistat or diet and exercise regimens was performed. The analysis included 662 adult subjects with obesity. After the construction of average efficacy and weight rebound curves, subjects were grouped into various 1mo-BWRkg, moT, and 6mo-BWR% intervals, or 6-month body weight rebound parameters for further evaluation. The 6mo-BWR% efficacy level of interventions was confirmed, although a general high intersubject variation was observed. 1mo-BWRkg + moT was found as an acceptable predictor of 6mo-BWR%. Between 50 and 80% of the 6-to-12-month follow-up completers maintained at least 5% BWR%. Short-term AODs are useful adjuvants for the 1-year rational treatment of obesity. 1mo-BWRkg + moT is an acceptable parameter to predict the 6mo-BWR% efficacy of these interventions.

China clinical practice guideline for stage Ⅳ primary lung cancer (2024 edition)

Primary lung cancer (abbreviated as lung cancer) stands as the most prevalent malignant disease and the leading cause of cancer-related death in China, with an estimated 106.06×104 incident cases and 73.33×104 deaths in 2022. Due to the absence of effective early screening methods, most patients with lung cancer in China are in stage Ⅳ when diagnosed. Multi-disciplinary treatment based on systemic therapy is the treatment principle for patients with stage Ⅳ lung cancer. Chemotherapy remains the cornerstone, but its effectiveness is still unsatisfactory. In recent years, with the rapid development of molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy, the treatment concept for stage Ⅳ lung cancer has been continually evolving, leading to significant improvements in patient treatment outcomes. To ensure timely updates on the global progress in the treatment of stage Ⅳ lung cancer and further improve the level of standardized diagnosis and treatment of stage Ⅳ lung cancer in China, Medical Oncology Branch of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care and Chinese Association for Clinical Oncologists organized experts to compile "China clinical practice guideline for stage Ⅳ primary lung cancer (2024 edition)". This guideline systematically and comprehensively updates epidemiological data, TNM staging, new drugs, treatment regimens, and new indications approved by China National Medical Products Administration before June 30, 2024, etc. Based on the " Clinical practice guideline for stage Ⅳ primary lung cancer in China(2021 version)" and the " Clinical practice guideline for stage Ⅳ lung cancer in China (2023 edition)." This guideline incorporates recommendation levels for therapeutic drugs and treatment flowcharts for stage Ⅳ lung cancer. The guideline covers common clinical issues and corresponding guidance in the diagnosis and treatment process of stage Ⅳ lung cancer. The guideline aims to guide the clinical practice of stage Ⅳ lung cancer, comprehensively improve the standardized diagnosis and treatment level in China, prolong the survival time of patients with stage Ⅳ lung cancer, and improve patients' quality of life.

Management of renal artery aneurysms: A retrospective study.

Although renal artery aneurysms (RAAs) are rare and often asymptomatic with slow growth, their natural progression and optimal management are not well understood. Treatment recommendations for RAAs do exist; however, they are supported by limited data. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to explore the management of patients diagnosed with an RAA at our institution from January 1st, 2013, to December 31st, 2020. Patients were identified through a search of our radiological database, followed by a comprehensive chart review for further assessment. Data collection encompassed patient and aneurysm characteristics, the rationale for initial imaging, treatment, surveillance, and all-cause mortality. One hundred eighty-five patients were diagnosed with or treated for RAAs at our center during this timeframe, with most aneurysms having been discovered incidentally. Average aneurysm size was 1.40cm (±0.05). Of those treated, the mean size was 2.38cm (±0.24). Among aneurysms larger than 3cm in size, comprising 3.24% of the total cases, 83.3% underwent treatment procedures. Only 20% of women of childbearing age received treatment for their aneurysms. There was one instance of aneurysm rupture, with no associated mortality or significant morbidity. Our institution's management of RAAs over the period of the study generally aligned with guidelines. One potential area of improvement is more proactive intervention for women of childbearing age.

Endophthalmitis: a bibliometric study and visualization analysis from 1993 to 2023.

This study is designed to generalize and depict the research hotspots of endophthalmitis through bibliometric methods and software and analyze the evolutive tendency of the work on this severe disease over the past 30 years. This study employed a rigorous bibliometric approach. We identified all endophthalmitis-related literature by conducting a comprehensive search of the Science Citation Index Expanded database under the Web of Science Core Collection. The data was then analyzed and visualized using CiteSpace and VOSviewer, two widely recognized software tools in the field of bibliometrics. CiteSpace was used to analyze the country distributions, dual map overlay of journals, keyword bursts, and co-cited references. VOSviewer was employed to describe the authors and co-cited authors, the journals, the co-cited journals, and the keywords co-occurrence network. This robust methodology ensures the reliability and validity of the study's findings. A total of 2960 publications, including 2695 articles and 265 reviews, were included in this bibliometric study. There has been no shortage of endophthalmitis-related publications since 1993, with an apparent upward trend during recent years. Possible correlations with the COVID-19 pandemic are also analyzed. These studies were finished by 11,048 authors from 75 countries worldwide, with the United States in the lead. In the keyword co-occurrence network, except for the endophthalmitis term, cataract surgery becomes the keyword with the highest frequency. Different categories of endophthalmitis, including postoperative, post-injection, post-traumatic, and endogenous endophthalmitis, and antibacterial and anti-inflammatory therapies of infectious endophthalmitis, are discussed by categories. From the perspective of the timeline, postoperative and post-injection endophthalmitis were the dominant forms before and after the year 2000, respectively. Co-citation analyses reveal that the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study (EVS) conducted in 1995 provides pivotal guidance for later research. Diverse pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Propionibacterium acnes, Viridians Streptococci, and Bacillus cereus) or fungi (e.g., Candida, Aspergillus, and Fusarium) contribute to varying treatment principles and clinical prognosis, which should be taken seriously. In addition, intravitreal and intracameral antibiotics are the mainstay for treating and preventing infectious endophthalmitis, respectively. Our bibliometric analysis provides an overview of dynamic evolution and structural relationships in the research field of endophthalmitis. The displayed hotspots and developmental directions have reference values for future investigation.

Possibilities of Predicting the Manifestation of HELLP Syndrome

Introduction. Despite the use of modern principles of treatment of severe preeclampsia, mortality rates for mother and newborn in the development of life-threatening complication of preeclampsia, such as HELLP syndrome, remains high. The introduction of accurate models of early diagnosis and prediction of the probability of manifestation and severity of the HELLP syndrome into everyday medical practice will improve the safety of delivery of pregnant women with severe preeclampsia.The aim of the study is to determine the current state of the issue and systematize current data on methods of predicting the probability of HELLP syndrome manifestation.Materials and methods. An analytical review of the literature. A qualitative analysis of clinical trials and reviews on prediction of HELLP syndrome was conducted using the following data sources: PubMed and Google Scholar. The search was carried out in Russian and English, using the keywords “predictors”, or “prediction”, and “HELLP syndrome”. The date of the last search query is 22 March 2024.Results. Anamnestic data and initial characteristics of patients with HELLP syndrome were analyzed.Discussion. The analytical review included publications devoted to the study of the influence of predictive capabilities of potential biochemical markers, clinical and anamnestic signs and instrumental examination data on the probability of HELLP syndrome development.Conclusion. Adequate prediction of the manifestation of HELLP syndrome is possible on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of all identified factors, allowing the identification of effective prognostic models to improve maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with severe preeclampsia.

Common Kaphaj Vyadhi in Children and its Treatment Principle and Management

Ayurvedic deals with the physical, biological, social, and spiritual well-being of every individual. Ayurveda has its principles for justification based on Dosha, Dhatu, and Mala, called Tridosha (the three basic principles) having quality and function. The Tridosha principle forms the foundation of Ayurveda. It has been postulated that whatever physiological and pathological processes occur in the body, they are under the influence of three basic elements known as Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Common Kapha dominant disorders in children are mainly breast milk-vitiated disorders. Aim and Objective- To collect and compile Kaphaja vyadhi in children and its treatment. Material and Methods- A literary study has been conducted through the various ancient texts of Ayurveda and contemporary textbooks. Various websites are also referred to in this context. Review method: literary research. Discussion and Conclusion: classical reference can be very well used to understand common Kaphaja vyadhi in children and its treatment.

A Conceptual Study of Role of Vyadhikshamatava in Origin and Management of Diseases w.s.r. to Covid-19

The Ayurvedic approach to healthcare is distinct from the allopathic approach, as it is not primarily focused on using drugs. In Ayurveda, there are numerous drugs derived from plants, animals, and minerals that are believed to enhance the body's Vyadhikshamatava. However, to fully benefit from these substances, they must be used in accordance with the principles of Ayurveda. According to Ayurveda, the emergence of disease is intricately connected to distinct factors collectively referred to as Nidanadi Visheshas. These factors encompass Nidan, Doshas, and Dushyas. The pivotal determinants influencing whether a disease manifests or not lie in the Prativisheshas associated with Nidanadi Visheshas to the dynamic interplay of Vikaarvighaat Bhava-Abhava. Understanding Vikaarvighaat Bhava, Abhava, and Prativisheshas is crucial for assessing pathogenesis, determining the Sadhyasadhyata, and formulating an appropriate treatment protocol. Various principles are advocated for the management of diseases. In this sequence, the desired increase in the best Dhatu Saar and Oja by prior conditioning through the best diet, medicine, Rasaysana, etc. can be adopted along with altering the body through purification therapies such as emesis or purgation. Another approach involves using substances or medicines with properties and actions opposite to those causing the disease, adhering to the general principle of treatment. Additionally, refining the body using substances similar to the factors that could cause the disease is known as Purvaabhisanskaar.

A systematic review of the nature and efficacy of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy interventions.

In the absence of a single comprehensive systematic review of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy interventions across all settings, we reviewed the methodological quality, effectiveness and efficacy of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy interventions on irrational/rational beliefs. We explored the impact of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy on wider outcomes (e.g., mental health) and identified the characteristics of successful interventions. PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and PubMed were systematically searched up to December 2023 with 162 Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy intervention studies identified which included a validated measure of irrational/rational beliefs. Where possible, effect size for irrational/rational belief change was reported and data was analysed through a qualitative approach. Using the Mixed Methods Appraisal tool, methodological quality within the Sport and Exercise domain was assessed as good, whilst all other domains were considered low in quality, with insufficient detail provided on intervention characteristics and delivery. Most studies were conducted in the United States, within the Education domain, and assessed irrational beliefs in non-clinical adult samples. Overall, studies reported significant reductions in irrational beliefs, increases in rational beliefs and improvements in mental health outcomes (e.g., depression). More successful interventions were delivered by trained Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy practitioners, adopted the ABC framework and were longer in duration. We highlight the importance of designing and conducting rigorous future Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy research to generate clearer insights as to its impact on irrational/rational beliefs and mental health outcomes.

VAT and Directors’ Fees: Can Directors Who Are Individuals Be Considered Taxable Persons?

In the aftermath of the ECJ’s decision in the TP (C-288/22) case, the author of this article argues that directors who are private persons can be taxable persons for VAT purposes. The author argues that this idea is a solution in line with the broadness inherent in the concept of taxable person and that directors can fulfil the requirements of “any person”, “economic activity” and of acting “independently”. In addition, the author stresses that depriving an individual of such a status may equate to hindering legal neutrality (or at least the principle of equal treatment), as well as affecting system neutrality. Furthermore, this article reveals the alignment of this position with economic reality. Lastly, it will signal some of the undesirable consequences of negating the taxable person status: from non-taxation and creation of opportunities for tax avoidance, to tax non-neutrality.

Vulvar cancer. The contribution of radiotherapy to the treatment of the disease

The aim of the study was to analyze and summarize the available literature data on the modern radiotherapy techniques, indications for radiotherapy (preoperative, radical, postoperative radiation therapy), treatment volumes at different disease stages, and principles of drug and accompanying therapy for patients with vulvar cancer. Material and Methods. The literature review was based on the clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCC N), as well as on the search of sources in PubMed and Cochrane Library systems. Literature sources and publications from 2005 to 2023 were included. Results. This contribution outlined the main indications for preoperative, postoperative and radical radiotherapy in patients with vulvar cancer, as well as the basic principles of drug treatment and correction of complications. Potential risk factors for postoperative disease recurrence were identified, the volumes of irradiation at each treatment mode were analyzed, and the feasibility of using brachytherapy in patients with vulvar cancer was discussed. Conclusion. To date, there are recommendations, guidelines for the management of patients with vulvar cancer, as well as clinical trial results. Understanding of the principles of prescribing treatment for vulvar cancer patients can improve local control, overall and recurrence-free survival, and the use of modern radiotherapy techniques will enshure an acceptable quality of life in these patients.

Oral antidiabetic therapy versus early insulinization on glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients: a retrospective matched cohort study

Our study aims to compare the efficacy of oral antidiabetic therapy to early insulinization on glycemic control among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients in real-world clinical practice. A retrospective cohort study conducted at a medical center in Taiwan analyzed 1256 eligible patients from January 2007 to December 2017. Propensity score matching resulted in well-balanced groups of 94 patients each in the oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) and early insulinization cohorts. Glycemic outcomes were assessed in both groups. Patients exclusively using OAD showed consistently lower glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels at 3, 12, 24, and 36 months compared to insulin users. At later periods, 77.7% of OAD users achieved glycemic control versus 64.9% of insulin users, with a marginally significant difference. Subgroup analyses suggested a trend favoring well-controlled diabetes in the OAD group, though not statistically significant. Our study finds oral antidiabetic therapy is not inferior to early insulinization for glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients, irrespective of initial HbA1c levels. This supports oral therapy as a rational treatment option, even in cases with elevated HbA1c at diagnosis.

Impact of isotype on the mechanism of action of agonist anti-OX40 antibodies in cancer: implications for therapeutic combinations

BackgroundOX40 has been widely studied as a target for immunotherapy with agonist antibodies taken forward into clinical trials for cancer where they are yet to show substantial efficacy. Here, we...

Monocyte distribution width as a promising biomarker for differential diagnosis of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

We aimed to investigate the association and diagnostic value of monocyte distribution width (MDW) for chronic hepatitis B (CHB), liver cirrhosis (LC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MDW levels were measured in 483 individuals (103 CHB, 77 LC, 153 HCC, and 150 controls). MDW was detected using UniCel Dx900 for specific cell volume parameters and the distribution of cell volumes. Our findings revealed a dynamic upward change in MDW levels across different stages of chronic liver disease, from CHB to LC and HCC. In CHB, MDW levels were highest among HBeAg-positive CHB patients and exhibited a negative correlation with HBV markers while positively correlating with ALT levels. In LC, MDW showed a positive association with the pathological progression of LC, demonstrating consistency with CP scores. MDW proved to be equally effective as traditional detection for diagnosing LC. In HCC, MDW was positively correlated with HCC occurrence and development, with higher levels observed in the high MDW group, which also exhibited elevated AFP levels, MELD scores, and 90-day mortality rates. MDW surpassed predictive models in its effectiveness for diagnosing HCC, as well as CHB and LC, with respective areas under the curve of 0.882, 0.978, and 0.973. Furthermore, MDW emerged as an independent predictor of HCC. MDW holds significant diagnostic efficacy in identifying CHB, LC, and HCC. These findings suggest that MDW could serve as a promising biomarker for predicting the severity of liver diseases and aid in rational clinical treatment strategies.

Arthritis increases the risk of erectile dysfunction: Results from the NHANES 2001-2004.

This study assessed the association between erectile dysfunction (ED) and arthritis. Weighted logistic regression and subgroup analyses were used to investigate the association between arthritis incidence and ED among participants in the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. Among the participants, 27.8% and 18.5% had a self-reported history of ED and arthritis, respectively. ED was associated with arthritis (odds ratio [OR]=4.00; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.20-4.99; p<0.001], which remained significant after adjustment (OR=1.42, 95% CI: 1.00-1.96; p<0.001). Stratified by type of arthritis, after full adjustment, osteoarthritis remained significant (OR=1.11; 95% CI: 1.03-1.20; p=0.017), and rheumatoid arthritis (OR=1.03, 95% CI: 0.93-1.13; p= 0.5) and other arthritis (OR=1.04, 95% CI: 0.98-1.11; p=0.2) were not significantly correlated with ED. Multiple inference analyses confirmed the robustness of the results. Our study showed that arthritis was strongly associated with ED. There is an urgent need to raise awareness and conduct additional research on the reasons behind this association in order to implement more scientific and rational treatment programs for patients with ED and arthritis.

Interstitial lung disease: diagnosis and management principles

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) encompasses a diverse group of chronic, often progressive, parenchymal lung disorders with varying aetiologies. Advanced clinical practitioners (ACPs) increasingly play a crucial role in the multidisciplinary management of ILD patients across a variety of healthcare settings, enabling timely access to specialised expertise, co-ordinating multidisciplinary care and enhancing patient understanding. An awareness of the principles of diagnosis and management are key to support patient care, as ACPs will need to consider the type of ILD, and its trajectory and prognosis, with and without treatment. Most importantly, the views and health beliefs of the patient must take centre stage, with careful assessment and counselling required prior to commencing treatment. Multimorbidity is common and may impact on both symptoms and treatment tolerance. Considering the holistic needs of the patient is essential and a focus on quality of life should remain a priority. This review examines the nature of ILDs and summarises their treatment principles, with a specific focus on symptom management.

Analysis of YouTube-Based Therapeutic Content for Children with Cerebral Palsy.

Cerebral palsy (CP) causes movement and posture challenges due to central nervous system damage, requiring lifelong management. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was limited access to facility-based treatments, which increased the demand for home-based therapies and digital resources. We analyzed the qualitative and quantitative aspects of YouTube videos focusing on CP therapy for children. A total of 95 videos were evaluated for content quality using the modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) tool and Global Quality Scale (GQS). The therapeutic program efficacy was assessed via the International Consensus on Therapeutic Exercise and Training (i-CONTENT) tool, Consensus on Therapeutic Exercise Training (CONTENT) scale, and Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT), and popularity was measured by the video power index (VPI). YouTube-based therapeutic videos for children with CP generally exhibit reliability in video content and effectiveness in therapeutic programming, and no correlations were found between video popularity and quality. However, the qualitative analysis reveals insufficient mention of uncertainty in the treatment principles within the video content as well as a lack of detailed treatment descriptions encompassing aspects such as intensity, frequency, timing, setting, outcome measurement during and post-treatment, and safety considerations within therapeutic programs. In particular, this tendency was consistent regardless of the uploader's expertise level and the classification of the neuromotor therapy type in contrast to that of the exercise type. YouTube-based content for CP children still has significant limitations in how substantive viewers, such as caregivers, can acquire tailored information and apply practical information to their exercise and treatment programs.

DNA Protective Assay and Some Biochemical Properties of Galium Species

Herbal-derived drugs prepared using various extracts obtained from different organs of plants that have been scientifically proven to be “medicinal” or directly from these plants are often used today as a method to prevent or treat diseases in humans and animals. This method, called phytotherapy, is a rational, evidence-based, and allopathic treatment method and deals with which active substance group is responsible for the biological effects. In this context, the phytotherapeutic effectiveness of Galium species, which are also used for medicinal purposes among the public, has been examined and proven in many studies. In this study, the biochemical efficacies of five different Galium species were measured and their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and DNA protective effects were tested. It was found that the tested Galium species showed remarkable biochemical efficacies. The results were also compared with the results of some other studies in the literature.