Waste Treatment Research Articles

OGC SO31 - Treatment of cachexia in gastric cancer: A literature review exploring the use of natural anti-inflammatory products and their derivatives

Abstract Background Gastric cancer is a major cause of global cancer-related mortality, with 5-year survival rates of 7% in advanced disease. Cancer cachexia, characterised by irreversible skeletal muscle loss driven by systemic inflammation, contributes to approximately 20% of cancer-related deaths. Cachexia differs from malnutrition in that it cannot be fully reversed with nutritional support alone. Current treatments that focus on nutritional support, psychological counselling and anti-inflammatory medication are lacking in efficacy. Natural dietary supplements and their derivatives such as fatty acids, probiotics, amino acids, curcumin, ginger and resveratrol, may offer additional therapeutic benefits in managing gastric cancer cachexia. Method A comprehensive literature review was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of natural anti-inflammatory products in managing gastric cancer cachexia. The review focused on widely studied compounds including omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics, amino acids, curcumin, fucoidan, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), resveratrol and ginger, assessing their impact on inflammation, muscle mass preservation, and overall patient outcomes. Results Natural anti-inflammatory compounds demonstrate efficacy in mitigating cancer cachexia by reducing systemic inflammation and muscle wasting. Essential fatty acids from nuts, seeds, and fish oil decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines and improve chemotherapy tolerance. Probiotics reduce gut dysbiosis and may enhance chemotherapy tolerance. Essential amino acids may promote muscle anabolism and reduce catabolism. Curcumin, fucoidan, EGCG and ginger exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, with some improving appetite and reducing nausea. While promising, these compounds need further clinical trials to validate their efficacy and safety in cancer cachexia management. Conclusion Natural anti-inflammatory products hold promise as adjunctive therapies in management of gastric cancer cachexia. While preclinical evidence is encouraging, robust clinical trials are essential to confirm their efficacy and safety. Integrating these compounds with conventional treatments may offer a comprehensive approach to addressing the complex metabolic and inflammatory challenges of cancer cachexia, potentially improving patient outcomes. Future research should focus on understanding mechanisms, optimising dosages, and overcoming bioavailability challenges.

Study of municipal solid waste treatment using plasma gasification by application of Aspen Plus

Abstract Plasma gasification is a viable and efficient technique for handling solid waste, including hazardous waste, while also holding the potential for energy recovery. The objective of this study is to analyze the treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) using plasma gasification by application of Aspen Plus software. An earlier proposed model was used to analyze the effect of employing different types of gasifying agents as plasma gas, on the composition of syngas produced. The lower heating value, cold gasification efficiency and carbon conversion efficiency were calculated and compared in each case. A sensitivity analysis study was also carried out to observe the effect of variation in plasma gas flow rate and feed flow rate on the composition of syngas generated. The capital, operational and maintenance costs of the process were determined using existing correlations. For a feed rate of 20,000 kg per hour of MSW, the highest yield of syngas (CO (33.48 %), and H2 (34.30 %) with the highest LHV (7.9 MJ/N-m3)) were produced when air was employed as plasma gas. The cold gas efficiency and the carbon conversion efficiency were at their peak when air was used as the gasifying agent. The sensitivity analysis revealed that as the flow rate of plasma gas increases syngas production decreases while the increase in MSW flow rate results in an increase in syngas production. Additionally, the cost analysis revealed that for a plasma gasification plant that can handle 500 tons of MSW per day, the estimated capital and annual operational and maintenance costs are $125,496,721 and $9,833,892 respectively.

Gravimetric Characterization of Solid Waste in the Dump of the Municipality of Coari - Amazonas, Brazil

Objective: To estimate the gravimetric characterization of solid waste in the waste dump in the municipality of Coari, located in the state of Amazonas, in the region of the Middle Solimões, Brazil, and to evaluate the implications for sustainable management and management. Theoretical Reference: The main public policy bases related to solid waste treatment, from generation to final destination, were contextualized, as well as the scenarios regarding gravimetric composition, as well as the references to support a resolving horizon for materials of a recyclable nature. Method: This study addresses quantitative and qualitative analysis of the collected samples of solid waste destined to the landfill of the municipality of Coari - Amazonas, in accordance with the steps required by NBR 10.007/2004 and tabulation in Microsoft Excel. Results and conclusion: The results indicate that the majority is composed of organic material, followed by plastics and paper/cardboard, among other smaller fractions: glass, metals, wood, pointing to the need for the implementation of urgent recycling and composting practices, even if the municipality does not have an environmentally adequate destination. Implications of the research: In Brazil, even with the public policies already implanted, the great majority of the municipalities have not yet propitiated the extinction of their garbage dumps or have some irregular form as to the final destination of their solid residues. The gravimetric composition is one of the important tools for analyzing the composition of materials taken to the final destination, which is absent in many municipalities. Originality/value: Knowledge of the composition of the fractions of the solid waste generated is fundamental for guiding strategic actions and planning related to management and management, aligned with public policies that direct the practices of utilization from the generating source to the final destination, in order to avoid expansion or mitigate environmental impacts.

An assessment of household solid waste management in Mainpuri, Uttar Pradesh, India

<p>Rapid industrialization, urbanization, population growth, and migration from rural areas have resulted in increased solid waste generation in developing cities, which is commonly regarded as the most significant urban issue. The improper disposal of waste and inefficient collection methods is a significant problem in most of the municipalities in Indian cities. This challenge is further compounded by unscientific waste treatment practices, lack of modern technology, and limited resources. This study aims to assess the status of solid waste generation and disposal across different household income groups and to evaluate how Mainpuri manage and handles the solid waste management system. The study is based on primary data collected through a household survey in Mainpuri city, covering a sample of 1,836 households from various income groups. The data used in this assessment was collected from household surveys and government records. Although there is a recycling plant in operation, its capacity is inadequate to address the increasing waste generation and demands of the community. This shortfall underscores the need for enhanced waste management strategies and infrastructure to effectively cope with the rising volumes of solid waste. As a result, large quantities of solid waste accumulate in low-lying areas near the Isan River and the proximity of the plant. Without a comprehensive solid waste management plan in the municipality, the situation is likely to deteriorate further. Mainpuri City urgently needs a sustainable strategy to effectively manage its solid waste, addressing both current challenges and future demands. Implementing such a strategy is essential for improving public health, environmental conditions, and overall quality of life in the city.</p>

Utilizing Dairy Waste Processing for Organic Agricultural Production: A Sustainable Approach to Producing Organic Goods

Resources are limited. Thus, farmers worldwide are trying to use their waste to best extract value that can promote environmentally friendly farming. Recycling dairy waste for organic cultivation seems to be one of the alternative approaches to pursuing environmentally friendly agriculture. This study investigates whether or not dairy waste treatment could improve organic crop production and promote a circular economy. This endeavor examines the credible benefits, obstacles, and consequences of incorporating dairy waste into organic farming practices. Using System Dynamics and case study approaches, including field trials, agricultural evaluation of data, and discussions with stakeholders, the research strategy advocates investigating how dairy waste-derived fertilizers influence soil fertility, crop productivity, and product quality. Interaction with stakeholders helps evaluate the viewpoints of growers, dairy producers, legislators, and consumers regarding adopting dairy waste treatment for organic agricultural growth. This study demonstrates how dairy waste processing can serve as a significant source of biofertilizer for organic farming. The beneficial impact of organic fertilizer derived from farm waste improves the nutritional value of organic crops, crop yield, and soil health. The crop production information collected in the study demonstrates that dairy waste-derived fertilizers are nutrient-dense and could substitute for manufactured/chemical fertilizers economically and environmentally. This study emphasizes the need for creative ideas to improve agricultural sustainability. The present study advances the understanding of sustainable agriculture and offers practical advice to those looking to use greener methods of operation.

Assessing the Overall Sustainability Performance of the Meat Processing Industry Before and After Wastewater Valorization Interventions: A Comparative Analysis

The meat processing industry is rapidly growing, aiming to enhance the accessibility and affordability of meat products. However, this vital sector also presents significant environmental and social challenges alongside substantial waste management issues. Efforts to improve sustainability in this industry include introducing advanced waste treatment technologies. This study evaluates the overall sustainability of the meat processing industry by comparing the current waste treatment system with an advanced system incorporating improved technologies for water reuse, solid waste valorization, and energy production. We conducted environmental, social, and economic Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) using OpenLCA and the SOCA v2 database, with 1 kg of processed meat as the functional unit. The comparative analysis highlights significant improvements in the ‘50%’ scenario, where half of the wastewater undergoes advanced treatment. Environmental impacts decreased notably: Freshwater Eutrophication and Human Carcinogenic Toxicity by 25.9% and 31.5%, respectively, and Global Warming and Fossil Resource Scarcity S by 9.2% and 8.8%. Social risk indicators improved by 33.7% to 37.0%. The treatment system achieved a cost saving of EUR 0.00187 per kg of meat (EUR 63,152.70 annually), though these results are specific to this study and heavily dependent on the location and time period. Further analysis of four scenarios, including the baseline, demonstrated that increasing the proportion of wastewater treated by the new system improved environmental, social, and economic outcomes, with the 75% treatment scenario proving the most sustainable. Overall, the advanced treatment system significantly enhances sustainability in the meat industry, promoting a more environmentally, socially, and economically friendly waste management approach.

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Landfilling with Sustainable Waste Management Methods for Municipal Solid Wastes

Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation continues to increase exponentially, leading to the need for better disposal methods. Approximately 50% of the MSW is landfilled in the United States (US). Landfilling is known for its negative effects on the environment and human health. The objective of this study was to conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) of some of the most common waste treatment methods and propose an alternative and environmentally friendly integrated waste management method (IWM). The LCA was conducted using OpenLCA. Replacing landfilling, incineration, and composting with recycling, gasification, and anaerobic digestion (IWM) reduced the global warming potential from 899 kg CO2 eq to −14.6 kg CO2 eq. The same trend was observed for acidification (from 0.21 kg SO2 eq to −1.1 kg SO2 eq), ecotoxicity (from 2363.8 CTUe to 1.22 CTUe), eutrophication (from 0.5 kg N eq to 0.3 kg N eq), smog formation (from 4.4 kg O3 eq to 1.85 kg O3 eq), ozone depletion (from 2.1 × 10−5 kg CFC-11 eq to 0 kg CFC-11 eq), respiratory effects (from 2.8 × 10−3 kg PM2.5 eq to −7.25 × 10−3 kg PM2.5 eq), cancer (from 2 × 10−5 CTUh to 1.2 × 10−7 CTUh), and non-cancer effects (from 6 × 10−5 to 1.4 × 10−5 CTUh). The results show that an integrated waste management approach with recycling, gasification, and anaerobic digestion can dramatically reduce the environmental and health impacts of municipal solid waste disposal. Policy reforms, technical innovation, economic investment, and social engagement are needed to change waste management paradigm.

Realization of quasi-steady-state piled smouldering using sequential operation chambers for industrial treatment of biomass wastes

Piled smouldering has great potential for treatment and utilization of biomass wastes. However, its unsteady-state nature limits its industrial utilization, as well as treatment of smoke. This article addresses this issue by proposing the sequential operation of numerous smouldering chambers to realize steady- or quasi-steady-state piled smouldering. The superposition characteristics of sequential unsteady-state curves were analysed theoretically, and a code was developed to determine an appropriate number of piled chambers at an allowance oscillation percentage. Smouldering experiments were performed on a single mini chamber (length × width × height: 340 × 140 × 140 mm3) containing piled wood pellets mixed with wood powder. The superposition of sequential burning rate curves was demonstrated using the code based on the mass loss data of experiments. Analysis shows that the perfect-steady state is possible given the superposition value of the burning rate curve is a constant in this proposed system. Experiments show that the molar ratio of CO/CO2 in smoke is almost a constant around 0.5 during densely piled smouldering, showing the great potential for self-sustained burning out the smoke. Based on the experimental results, the calculation results show that the relative oscillation range of burning rate (OSC) decreases from 75% to 3% while increasing the number of chambers from 2 to 7. This work provides a novel technology to enable quasi-steady-state smouldering for industrial utilization.

Matching Analysis of Technical Parameters and Safety Standards for Nuclear Replacement of Coal-Fired Units

In the context of the growing share of renewable energy and the impending decommission of a large number of coal-fired units, nuclear energy is the only green energy that can replace coal power for a stable, clean, efficient, and large-scale power supply. This article compares the differences between coal power and nuclear power in terms of thermal system, thermal cycle, turbine parameters, and safety. It discusses the possibility of replacing the boiler of a coal power plant with nuclear power, that is, replacing the boiler of a coal power plant with a nuclear reactor for generation/heating/cogeneration. For coal-fired units with similar capacity that do not use a reheat cycle (at or below high pressure) and nuclear power units (such as a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor), as well as coal-fired units with a reheat cycle (ultra-high pressure and above) and nuclear power units (such as pressurized water reactors), there are great differences in steam parameters. In terms of steam turbines, the size of nuclear power units is relatively larger, requiring additional dehumidification measures. In addition, the safety factors and management methods considered in the site selection, construction, and operation of nuclear power plants are more stringent and complex, and comprehensive analysis and evaluation are needed in aspects such as waste treatment and accident emergency response. Except for the relevant provisions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers code for pressure vessels, nuclear power units are not compatible with coal-fired units in terms of safety standards. Therefore, considering comprehensively, it is believed that the scheme of nuclear power replacing coal-fired units for power generation/heating/cogeneration program is not feasible at present.

STUDY OF THE POSSIBILITY OF USING WASTE EXTRACTED FROM THE PRODUCTION OF MINERAL WOOL TO REMOVE PETROLEUM PRODUCTS FROM AQUEOUS MEDIA

The physicochemical properties of waste from the production of mineral wool from gabbro-diabase as sorption materials for the removal of hydrocarbons from aqueous media were studied. The mineral and elemental compositions of gabbro-diabase powder and mineral wool based on it were determined by X-ray analysis. The values of the maximum oil and petroleum capacity in relation to the oils of the Devonian and carbon deposits, as well as industrial oils of the I-20A and I-40A brands and motor oil of the 5W-40 brand were determined. The effect of processing with an organosilicon liquid of the GKZH-11 brand on the oil capacity, water absorption and buoyancy of the sorption material under study was studied. It is shown that the treatment of fibrous waste from the production of mineral wool with a 1 % solution of siloxane liquid contributes to a significant decrease in water absorption and an increase in buoyancy and oil absorption when removing hydrocarbons from the water surface.

Optimization of the rural domestic waste recycling network based on the path planning site selection model

IntroductionIn the context of rural revitalization strategies, effectively managing rural waste is a critical task for achieving ecological environmental sustainability. The current state of garbage collection and transportation is examined in this paper, focusing on the rural waste management practices in Dongfeng County, Liaoyuan City, Jilin Province, through mathematical modeling.MethodsBy analyzing the rural domestic waste collection network, the volume of waste generated at various points is fuzzified using the fuzzy mathematical theory.ResultsThe results of path optimization for waste collection and transportation were derived from a case study, demonstrating the feasibility and practicality of the rural domestic waste recycling network model.DicussionAdditionally, sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the impact of changes on the total cost. Potential solutions for rural waste recycling and treatment are offered in this paper, providing valuable insights for the development of a rural domestic waste recycling network in Jilin Province.

An Optimization Framework for Waste Treatment Center Site Selection Considering Nighttime Light Remote Sensing Data and Waste Production Fluctuations

As urbanization accelerates, the management of urban solid waste poses increasingly intricate challenges. Traditional urban metrics, such as GDP and per capita consumption rates, have become inadequate for accurately reflecting the realities of waste generation; moreover, the linear correlation between these metrics and waste production is progressively diminishing. Consequently, this study introduces a novel methodology leveraging nighttime light remote sensing data to enhance the precision of urban solid waste production forecasts. By processing remote sensing data to mitigate noise and integrating it with conventional urban datasets, an innovative index system and predictive model were developed. Using Beijing as a case study, the gradient boosting regression algorithm yielded a prediction accuracy of 92%. Furthermore, in light of the substantial costs associated with waste recovery route planning and site selection for treatment facilities, this research further devised a location and distribution framework for waste treatment centers based on high-precision predictions of waste production while employing multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) alongside the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) for optimization. Distinct from prior studies, this study suggests that service point waste quantities are not fixed values but rather adhere to a normal distribution within specified ranges and thus provides a more realistic simulation of fluctuations in waste production while enhancing both the robustness and predictive accuracy of the model. In conclusion, by incorporating nighttime light remote sensing data along with advanced machine learning techniques, this study markedly improves forecasting accuracy for waste production while offering effective optimization strategies for site selection and recovery route planning—thereby establishing a robust data foundation aimed at refining urban solid waste management systems.

PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT TERHADAP KEBERADAAN PETERNAKAN BABI DI DESA TOMBI KECAMATAN AMPIBABO KABUPATEN PARIGI MOUTONG

Raising pigs is one of the businesses managed by a portion of the population in Indonesia. This is because it can provide great benefits if managed properly, including the manure which can be used as fertilizer and a promising source of feed ingredients. This study aims to determine Community Perceptions of the Existence of Pig Farms in Tombi Village, Ampibabo District, Parigi Moutong Regency. This research took place in Hamlet I and Hamlet II, Tombi Village, Ampibabo District, Parigi Moutong Regency. It was carried out from September to November 2022. The type of research used was descriptive qualitative. The method used is survey method (observation and interview). The population in this study were all the people in hamlet I and hamlet II of Tombi Village, totaling 229 people. Determination of the number of samples using descriptive statistics based on the Slovin formula as many as 70 people and the method of taking respondents using accidental sampling. Data analysis used in this study is descriptive statistics using a Likert scale. The results of this study revealed that the public's perception of the existence of a pig farm in Tombi Village, Ampibabo District, Parigi Moutong Regency, as a whole was disturbed. snoring, continuous noise and loud noises with a weight of 43.3%, waste treatment with indicators piled up in the disposal pond and lack of cleanliness with a weight of 77.25% and socio-culture with indicators of community approval and adaptation to smells and sounds with an index value of 60.63% The data shows that respondents feel disturbed by the existence of pig farms close to residential areas, even though it is known that setting up pig farms must be far from residential areas, so as not to disturb the comfort of the people who live in Hamlets I and II of Tombi Village.

Impact of land use/land cover (LU/LC) changes on ecosystem service values in Muger Sub-basin, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia

This study was conducted to estimate the impact of land use/land cover (LULC) changes on the ecosystem service value (ESV) in the Upper Blue Nile basin over three-decade (1986–2020). The findings revealed that there is a decline in total ESV from US$ 492.77 × 106 in 1986 to US$ 400.65 × 106 for the year 2020. The ESV lost between 1986 and 2020 was about US$ 92.11 × 106. In terms of the individual ecosystem services, the contribution of all service values declined except food production and biological control. Among the major contributors of ESVs, food production, water regulation, erosion control, climate regulation, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, and water supply represent 89%, 88%, 86% in 1986, 2003, and 2020, respectively. Soil erosion and sediment transport under environmental pressure significantly contributed for the loss of ecosystem services (ES) in the sub-basin. In addition, FGD and KII ranked provisioning ecosystem services first in order of importance for communities in the study area. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the sustainable conservation and restoration of natural resources through natural vegetation protection, enhanced vegetation cover, conservation practices and wetland management to enhance the natural capital and ecosystem services in the Muger Sub-basin.

Biodegradation of commercial polyester polyurethane by a soil-borne bacterium Bacillus velezensis MB01B: Efficiency, degradation pathway, and in-situ remediation in landfill soil

Polyurethane (PU), a widely used and durable plastic, persists in the environment, resulting in significant waste management challenges. Therefore, developing eco-friendly degradation technologies, such as screening for efficient biodegrading microorganism strains, is urgently needed to address this issue. Bacillus velezensis MB01B, an efficient polyester PU-degrading bacterium, was isolated from landfill soil and demonstrated the ability to degrade 91.4% of 0.75% Impranil DLN within 24 h under the optimal conditions (30.5 °C and initial pH 6.5). To assess the degradation capability of MB01B, three PU substrates of increasing complexity—Impranil DLN film, polyester thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film, and commercial PU desk mat—were tested; after 30 days, weight losses of 24.8%, 18.3%, and 5.4% were observed, respectively. In addition, SEM images showed significant morphological changes on the surface of these PU materials after treatment with MB01B. FTIR analysis of Impranil DLN films following degradation showed reductions in key functional groups (ester and urethane); and the identification of neopentyl glycol and 1,6-hexanediol as degradation intermediates suggested MB01B possesses the capability to hydrolyze ester and urethane bonds. Concurrently, genome sequencing combined with RT-qPCR identified several enzymes, including urethanases and esterases/lipases, involved in PU degradation. Based on these results, the pathway for MB01B to degrade Impranil DLN was inferred. Finally, MB01B was successfully formulated into a solid microbial inoculum with favorable storage properties and used for in-situ degradation of the commercial PU materials (Impranil DLN films, TPU films and PU desk mat) in landfill soil, underscoring its potential for the in-situ biological treatment of PU plastic wastes.

An infrared radiation-responsive high-entropy CoCaMgMnAlFe-LDHs for controllable hydrogen generation via NaBH4 hydrolysis: Utilization of steel slag and lithium-ion battery liquid waste

Green processing of steel slag and lithium-ion battery liquid waste poses a global environmental challenge. This study utilizes waste acid (containing Co2+, H+ and NO3–) and alkali solutions (containing Li+, Na+, OH– and CO32–) from lithium-ion battery manufacturing to recover metal cations from steel slag (containing Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Fe3+, and Mn2+), preparing high-entropy CoCaMgMnAlFe-LDHs catalysts for controllable hydrogen generation via NaBH4 hydrolysis. The ultimate residue, without any residual hazardous metal cations, enabling safe reintroduction into the natural environment. The presence of Co2+ endows the CoCaMgMnAlFe-LDHs catalyst with rapid photo-thermal conversion capability, enabling it to rapidly heat up under infrared radiation and efficiently catalyze the reaction of NaBH4 hydrolysis. The hydrogen generation rate reaches 1.12 mol·h−1·g−1·W−1 driven by 1050 nm infrared radiation. This study provides a novel approach to the environmentally friendly treatment and high-value utilization of steel slag and lithium-ion battery liquid waste.

Integration of biogas and liquid recirculation enhance methane production in high-solid anaerobic digestion of pig manure and rice husks

High-solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD) is a promising technology for treating livestock manure and agricultural waste; however, the wide application has been limited due to homogenization problems. This study established a novel HSAD system by integrating liquid and biogas recirculation (RBL), aiming to enhance the biogas conversion efficiency of high-solid substrates at low costs. Results showed that the highest methane yield was 357 mL/gVSadded in the novel HSAD system (RBL), 30.7 % and 251.7 % higher than those with only liquid recirculation (RL) or with no recirculation (RNo). Biogas recirculation helped enhance dissolution and degradation of organic matter, and prevented the VFAs accumulation, contributing to the enhanced methane production in the novel HSAD system. The net electric energy benefit of RBL was 301.2 kWh for treating 1-ton raw materials, suggesting the high economic feasibility of the novel HSAD system for the sustainable treatment of high-solid organic wastes.

Enhanced removal of tetracycline using three-dimensional electrochemical system with Fe/N/S co-doped coffee grounds biochar particle electrodes: Performance and mechanism

In this study, Fe/N/S co-doped biochar was prepared from coffee grounds for using as particle electrodes (PE) to construct a three-dimensional electrochemical system (3DES). Tetracycline (TC) was selected as the simulated contaminant to evaluate the performance of 3DES in removing trace organic contaminates form water. First, characteristics analysis revealed that the PE was the micron-level carbon-based solid material with good electric conductivity, excellent catalytic performance and stability. Then, the performance of the 3DES was evaluated. About 92% of TC and 76% of total organic carbon (TOC) was removed under optimal operation conditions of potassium peroxydisulfate (PDS) addition of 3mM, current density of 100mA·cm−2, PE dosage of 0.5g·L−1 and solution initial pH of 7. The 3DES exhibited satisfactory stability and application prospect for trace organic contaminates treatment in real water. Furthermore, analysis of the reactive oxidized species (ROS) revealed that the 1O2 and O2•− contributed much more to the TC removal than •OH and SO4•−. In addition, three possible pathways of TC removal in 3EDS was proposed. TC was degraded to organics with simple structures through functional group removal, ring-opening, and C=O bond rupturing, and finally mineralized into CO2, H2O, and NO3-, etc. Finally, toxicity evaluation of the intermediate products indicated that the ecological risks of TC was effectively reduced through 3DES. This study provided a new strategy for resource utilization of carbon-based solid waste and efficient treatment of refractory wastewater.

Hydroxide-ion induced complete mineralization of poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) copolymer (FEP) in subcritical water

Decomposition of poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) copolymer (FEP) in supercritical and subcritical water was investigated with the aim of waste treatment. The efficiency of such decomposition was examined by using either oxidizing agents (O2, H2O2) or an alkaline reagent (KOH). When O2 was chosen, the highest F– and CO2 yields, 75 % and 64 %, respectively, were obtained from a reaction of FEP in supercritical water at 384 °C for 24 h. Under these conditions, traces of CHF3 were detected in the gas phase, the amount of which decreased with increasing the reaction time·H2O2 gave slightly higher reactivity than O2. In contrast, reactions with KOH induced efficient fluorine mineralization. When FEP reacted in 3.0 M KOH solution at 360 °C for 18 h, the F– yield reached 98 %. Hence, complete fluorine mineralization was achieved, where very little CO2 (∼0% yield) and no CHF3 were generated in the gas phase. Furthermore,19F NMR spectroscopy and combustion-ion chromatography revealed that the reaction solutions did not contain any organofluorine compounds during the reactions. FEP decomposed, releasing F– into the reaction solution, resulting in the formation of amorphous carbon in the residue.

Acceleration Process of Food Waste Treatment and Higher Quality Product with Innovative Rotary Kiln Composter

Acceleration Process of Food Waste Treatment and Higher Quality Product with Innovative Rotary Kiln Composter