Treatment Of Urinary Tract Disorders Research Articles

Nutritional Composition of Cassia Auriculata Flowers

Background: Medicinal plants were used for traditional treatments in curing numerous human diseases since thousands of years in many parts of the world. In rural areas of the developing countries, many plants are used as the primary source of medicine. Cassia auriculata L. is one type of plant which provides health and nutrition promoting compounds in human diet. The present experiment was carried out at Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Community Science, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar during the year 2021-2022 to analyze different nutritional parameters of Cassia auriculata flowers by using standard methods. Methods: To analyze different nutritional parameters of Cassia auriculata flowers by using standard methods during the year 2021-2022. Result: The result showed the total antioxidant content of Cassia auriculata flowers were found to be high i.e., 553.5 µg/100 g, the flavonoids and total phenols content of Cassia auriculata flowers were 310 mg of QE/100 gm and 265.12 mg of GAE/100 gm and the high amount of antinutrient such as, oxalates (64.55 mg/100 g), phytates (28.70 mg/100 g) and tannin (1.92 Mg TAE/100 g) also present. It was also rich in physico-chemical properties such as moisture (12.37%), protein (10.54%), ash (7.15%), iron (190.50 mg/kg), fiber (2.08%) and zinc (18.35 mg/kg). Due to their nutritional quality, it is used for the treatment of urinary tract disorders, conjunctivitis, pain and liver diseases etc.

Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of finasteride and tadalafil in recently FDA approved Entadfi™ capsules

Entadfi™ is a recently FDA approved pharmaceutical combination capsule of finasteride and tadalafil. It was prescribed for the treatment of urinary tract disorders caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia in men. This paper introduced the first spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of finasteride and tadalafil in the pure form and in the pharmaceutical capsules. UV absorption spectra of finasteride and tadalafil exhibited overlap hindered the direct simultaneous determination of the cited drugs. The UV absorption spectra of finasteride and tadalafil were transformed to the second order derivative. Finasteride could be determined selectively at 230.80 nm without interference from tadalafil. Moreover, tadalafil could be determined selectively at 292 nm without interference from finasteride. The ratio spectra of the studied drugs were derived and the derived ratio spectra of each drug were transformed to the first order derivative. Finasteride could be determined selectively at 218.80 nm without interference from tadalafil. Moreover, tadalafil could be determined selectively at 289.60 nm without interference from finasteride. The methods showed linearity with an excellent correlation coefficient in the concentration range of 10–140 µg/mL for finasteride and 3–40 µg/mL for tadalafil. The methods were validated following ICH guidelines for accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection, limit of quantification, and selectivity. The methods were found to be sensitive with LOD values for finasteride and tadalafil of 2.406 µg/mL and 0.876 µg/mL using the second derivative with zero crossing method and 2.229 µg/mL and 0.815 µg/mL using the first derivative of ratio spectra method. The methods were successfully applied for the determination of the studied drugs in their laboratory prepared mixtures, with mean percent recovery for finasteride and tadalafil of 99.37% and 99.17% using the second derivative with zero crossing method and 99.74% and 99.56% using the first derivative of ratio spectra method. Furthermore, the described methods were successfully applied for determination of the studied drugs in Entadfi™ capsules without interference from excipients. Based on the proposed results, the described methods could be utilized as simple method for the quality control of the studied drugs.

Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the crude ethanol extract, essential oil, and fractions from Campomanesia pubescens leaves

Campomanesia pubescens (DC.) O. Berg (Myrtaceae), widely known as “gabiroba”, is a shrub or subshrub used in folk medicine (leaves and barks of the stem) in the form of decoction or infusion in combating urinary tract disorders, diarrhea, and as an astringent. The present work aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of essential oil, crude ethanol extract and hexane fractions, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous from C. pubescens leaves against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. The leaves were collected in Hidrolândia - Goiás and the essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus. The extract and fractions were tested against bacteria and fungi using the microdilution method. The aqueous fractions and ethyl acetate showed strong inhibiting activity (MIC= 8 to 16 μg/mL) against Candida glabrata, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and moderate activity (MIC= 32 to 64 μg/mL) against Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis. There is no report in the literature on the antifungal activity of ethanol extract and fractions of the leaves of C. pubecens. It is concluded through this study that the aqueous fractions and ethyl acetate from C. pubecens leaves presented strong antifungal activity which may justify its popular use in the treatment of urinary tract disorders. Therefore, this species has therapeutic potential that underlies more in-depth studies. This is the first study of the antifungal activity of crude extract and fractions from C. pubecens leaves.

Pregled botaničkih karakteristika, hemijskog sastava, farmakološke aktivnosti i primene peršuna

Parsley is a biennial aromatic plant from the Apiaceae family, which is characterized by an unbranched root, pinnately divided leaves, umbels and schizocarp. It contains essential oil in all parts, with phenylpropane and terpene compounds as main components. It is rich in flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds, containing furanocoumarins, carotenoids, polyacetylenes, and its leaves are a source of vitamins and minerals. The chemical composition of parsley depends on a number of factors, so it differs not only in different parts and varieties of the plant but also in different samples of the same parts of one variety. The most important parsley compounds are myristicin, apiol, 1-allyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene, b-phellandrene, 1,3,8-p-menthatriene, b-pinene, terpinolene, apiin, oxypeucedanin and falcarinol. Parsley has a long tradition of use in the treatment of urinary tract disorders, and modern in vitro and in vivo studies reveal numerous effects of various parsley preparations such as diuretic, antiurolithiasis, hypouricemic, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet effect. Today, apart from its medical application, parsley is one of the most commonly used culinary herbs.

Biomimetic biodegradable Ag@Au nanoparticle-embedded ureteral stent with a constantly renewable contact-killing antimicrobial surface and antibiofilm and extraction-free properties

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by the contamination of the ureteral stent and the pain associated with secondary stent extractions are worldwide problems in the treatment of urinary tract disorders. Here, we reported a biodegradable, long-term antibacterial, and extraction-free ureteral stent with a constantly renewable contact-killing surface and an antibiofilm function achieved by constructing a hyperbranched poly(amide-amine)-capped Ag shell and Au core nanoparticle (Ag@Au NP)-embedded fiber membrane-structured poly(glycolic acid)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PGA/PGLA) ureteral stent. The ureteral stent showed fast contact-killing properties, i.e., 5 min for Escherichia coli and 10 min for Staphylococcus aureus, with an inhibition rate higher than 99%. In addition, gradient degradation of PGA/PGLA endowed the stent with a self-cleaning property and long-term antibacterial function by continuous exfoliation of the stent surface, thereby exposing the inner Ag@Au NPs and eliminating adherent bacteria and proteins. Subsequently, in the 16-day in vitro degradation test, the stent showed durable bactericidal activity, less total release of Ag and Au elements (6.7%, ~8 μg), and low cytotoxicity (with a relative growth rate of >80% of L929 cells). In vivo experiments on a farm pig model showed that the stent exhibited a remarkable antibiofilm property and reduced the level of inflammatory and necrotic cells. After seven days of implantation, the stent showed a gradient degradation behavior and maintained structural integrity without the presence of any large fragments in the urinary system according to the B-ultrasonic examination. The as-developed biodegradable and renewable contact-killing antibacterial strategy was efficient in preparing the ureteral stent with antibiofilm and extraction-free properties to treat stent-induced UTI.Statement of significanceThis study presents a customized antibiofilm solution for biodegradable implants. Two particularly important aspects of this work are as follows:(1)The ureteral stent showed functions of bacterial inactivation and removal of dead bacterial debris. It can continuously exfoliate the stent surface, expose internal antibacterial agents, and remove adherent bacteria and proteins. The stent exhibited a remarkable antibiofilm property and reduced the level of inflammatory and necrotic cells after three weeks of implantation.(2)The antibacterial agents were firmly attached to the degrading matrix by hydrogen bonding, thereby resulting in long-term bactericidal activity, low total release of the antibacterial agent (6.7%, ~8 μg), and low cytotoxicity (with a relative growth rate of >80% of L929 cells).

Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants in Puducherry for Treatment of Urinary Tract Disorders

Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants in Puducherry for Treatment of Urinary Tract Disorders

Bioactivity Potential of Prunus spinosa L. Flower Extracts: Phytochemical Profiling, Cellular Safety, Pro-inflammatory Enzymes Inhibition and Protective Effects Against Oxidative Stress In Vitro.

Flower extracts of Prunus spinosa L. (blackthorn)—a traditional medicinal plant of Central and Eastern Europe indicated for the treatment of urinary tract disorders, inflammation, and adjunctive therapy of cardiovascular diseases—were evaluated in terms of chemical composition, antioxidant activity, potential anti-inflammatory effects, and cellular safety in function of fractionated extraction. The UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3 fingerprinting led to full or partial identification of 57 marker constituents (36 new for the flowers), mostly flavonoids, A-type proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids, and provided the basis for authentication and standardization of the flower extracts. With the contents up to 584.07 mg/g dry weight (dw), 490.63, 109.43, and 66.77 mg/g dw of total phenolics (TPC), flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids, respectively, the extracts were proven to be rich sources of polyphenols. In chemical in vitro tests of antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP, TBARS) and enzyme (lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase) inhibitory activity, the extracts effects were profound, dose-, phenolic-, and extraction solvent-dependent. Moreover, at in vivo-relevant levels (1–5 μg/mL) the extracts effectively protected the human plasma components against peroxynitrite-induced damage (reduced the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers: 3-nitrotyrosine, lipid hydroperoxides, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) and enhanced the total antioxidant status of plasma. The effects observed in biological models were in general dose- and TPC-dependent; only for protein nitration the relationships were not significant. Furthermore, in cytotoxicity tests, the extracts did not affect the viability of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and might be regarded as safe. Among extracts, the defatted methanol-water (7:3, v/v) extract and its diethyl ether and ethyl acetate fractions appear to be the most advantageous for biological applications. As compared to the positive controls, activity of the extracts was favorable, which might be attributed to some synergic effects of their constituents. In conclusion, this research proves that the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory capacity of phenolic fractions should be counted as one of the mechanisms behind the activity of the flowers reported by traditional medicine and demonstrates the potential of the extracts as alternative ingredients for functional products supporting the treatment of oxidative stress-related pathologies cross-linked with inflammatory changes, especially in cardiovascular protection.

Schisandra chinensis extract decreases chloroacetaldehyde production in rats and attenuates cyclophosphamide toxicity in liver, kidney and brain

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSchisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill (S. chinensis) has been used for thousands years in China, and is usually applied in treatment of urinary tract disorders and liver injury. S. chinensis extract (SCE) has board protective effects on liver, kidney and nervous system. Schisandra lignans are generally considered as the bioactive components of SCE. Aim of the studyTo investigate the pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions (HDIs) between SCE and cyclophosphamide (CTX). To evaluate the protective effects of SCE against CTX induced damage in rat liver, kidney and brain. Materials and methodsThe pharmacokinetic HDIs between SCE and CTX were investigated by determining plasma concentrations of CTX and three metabolites, namely 4-ketocyclophosphamide (4-Keto), 2-dechloroethylcyclophosphamide (DCCTX) and carboxyphosphamide (CPM) using a previously developed UPLC-MS/MS method. To evaluate the protective effects of SCE pretreatment, toxicity and oxidation stress assessments along with histology investigations were carried out in rat liver, kidney and brain. ResultsThe equimolar produced metabolite DCCTX was chosen to reflect chloroacetaldehyde (CAA, a toxic metabolite of CTX) production in rats. Single-dose pretreatment of SCE significantly reduced CAA production and decreased the Cmax and AUC0–24h of DCCTX by 69% and 49% respectively (P < 0.05). After pretreated with SCE for 7 consecutive days, the Cmax and AUC0–24h of DCCTX were still decreased (−25% and −37%, P < 0.05) when compared with CTX alone group. Parallel toxicity and oxidation stress investigations showed that single-dose SCE pretreatment significantly decreased plasma BUN and Cr levels (−12% and −46%, respectively) and reduced liver AST activity (−32%). Moreover, SCE pretreatment potently increased the brain GSH content by 7.8-fold, and reduced MDA levels in rat liver, kidney and brain by 39%, 28% and 31%, respectively (compared with CTX alone group). The protective effects of SCE were also supported by histological observations. ConclusionOur experiment results suggest that S. chinensis may find use as a complementary medicine in CTX treatment.

Loganin production in Palicourea rigida H.B.K. (Rubiaceae) from populations native to Brazilian Cerrado

Palicourea rigida HBK, known as “douradinha”, “bate-caixa” and “douradao” is endemic to Brazilian Cerrado and belongs to the Rubiaceae family. The aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of P. rigida have been traditionally used in the treatment of urinary tract disorders. The aim of this work was to study the chemical diversity of eight populations of P. rigidanative to Brazilian Cerrado regions in the states of Sao Paulo, Goias and Minas Gerais. The loganin quantification was performed by (High-performance liquid chromatography) HPLC and the correlation among iridoid contents and geographic (latitude, longitude and altitude), biotic (diameter and height) and abiotic (soil’s macro and micronutrient) factors was estimated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. The concentration of loganin varied (20.09 to 101.63 mg/ g d.w.) among and within populations. The main factors related to this divergence were latitude, longitude and nutrient-poor soils. Key words: Medicinal plant, iridoid, Cerrado, Rubiaceae.

A potent, long-acting, orally active (2R)-2-[(1R)-3, 3-difluorocyclopentyl]-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamide: novel muscarinic M(3) receptor antagonist with high selectivity for M(3) over M(2) receptors.

A novel series of (2R)-2-[(1R)-3, 3-difluorocyclopentyl]-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamides was designed and synthesized based on the structure and biological profiles of an active metabolite 2 of our prototype muscarinic M(3) receptor selective antagonist 1, to develop a potent, long-acting, orally active M(3) antagonist for the treatment of urinary tract disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, and respiratory disorders. Investigation of (2R)-2-[(1R)-3, 3-difluorocyclopentyl]-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamides containing a phenyl or heterocyclic ring as the piperidinyl side chain in place of the 4-methyl-3-pentenyl moiety of 15a revealed that this acid moiety was a versatile template for improving the selectivity for M(3) over M(2) receptors in comparison with the corresponding cyclopentylphenylacetic acid group. However, since the in vitro metabolic stability of these analogues was insufficient compared with that of 2, further derivatization was performed by introducing an appropriate hydrophilic group into the phenyl or 2-pyridyl ring. Thus, the 1-(6-aminopyridin-2-ylmethyl)piperidine analogue 15y exhibiting 190-fold selectivity for M(3) receptors (K(i) = 2.8 nM) over M(2) receptors (K(i) = 530 nM) in a human binding assay and good in vitro metabolic stability in dog and human hepatic microsomes was identified. This compound has excellent oral activity at 4 h after oral dosing (1 mg/kg), inhibiting methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in dogs, and may be useful in clinical situations in which M(3) over M(2) selectivity is desirable.

Urinary Tract Infections in Children

<i>Urinary Tract Infections in Children</i>offers excellent, compact coverage of this subject for the practicing general pediatrician and family practitioner. Characteristically, I thumb through a reference book reading parts of chapters that catch my eye, then examine it more thoroughly. This time, I found a book so enjoyable that it was a pleasure to read, cover to cover. Information offered is practical and well organized. Topics include diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTIs), classification of UTIs, management of symptomatic UTIs, investigation and treatment of urinary tract disorders, management of asymptomatic bacteriuria, and discussion of the frequency-dysuria syndrome. The appendices offer fingertip information about specimen collection and examination and tests for renal concentrating capacity. Photographs, diagrams, and flow charts do not repeat but add to the text. These 139 pages, inclusive of index and chapter-by-chapter references, are enclosed in a convenient, inexpensive booklet.