Textile Industry Wastewater Treatment Research Articles

Recent techniques of textile industrial wastewater treatment: A review

The textile industry is one of the largest industries in India that contributes to about 14% of the total industrial manufacture. It is the most chemically intensive industry that consumes a huge amount of water for two major processes: Dyeing fabric and washing away excess dyes from the treated fabric. The effluent generated from the textile industry is characterised by intense colour, high pH, high Temperature and COD. The pollutant load in the effluents is due to the presence of dyes, dissolved solids, suspended solids and toxic metals. The treatment of this effluent is highly essential before its discharge into the water bodies as it can contaminate the aquatic habitats and can cause harm to aquatic life. Treatment of textile industry wastewater is carried out using physical processes, chemical processes and advanced oxidation processes (AOP). Since various chemicals and raw materials can be used in the textile industry selection of specific techniques is challenging. This review study discussed the recent techniques used to remove colour, solids and organic load from the effluents such as adsorption, coagulation, Fenton process, photo Fenton process, ozonation and electro-coagulation.

Solutions for Optimizing Processes of Biological Treatment of Wastewater from the Textile Industry

Abstract In the present paper, the main concerns regarding the purification processes of wastewater from the textile industry containing nitrogen-type dyes are reviewed, and a method for the biological purification of these waters is developed. After consulting the results of the research in this field of wastewater treatment worldwide, a series of effective methods, described in the first chapter of this paper can be taken as positive examples. Following that, some methods of biological treatment of textile and leather industry wastewater are proposed, such as the inclusion of a biological treatment step using a fixed bed reactor. At the conclusion of this paper, recommendations are made for textile fabric operative industry, which are useful in biological contact processes. Biomass support panels, with limited flexibility and substantial surface expansion, with or without frames, form a variety of biomass support elements (textile fabric or otherwise), which can contain biological purification processes through the biomass panels.

Extra A Review of Nanofiltration Membrane Technology To Treat Water Problems

One of the most widely used membranes is the nanofiltration membrane, this membrane is formed from various nanomaterials, such as metal nanoparticles and metal oxides, carbon-based nanoparticles, metal organic frameworks, and micro or organic nanoparticles. Membrane separation processes are used to concentrate or fractionate liquids to produce two liquids with different compositions. This makes the nanofiltration process an alternative compared to conventional processes. The potential of nanofiltration membranes can be used in textile industry wastewater treatment, tofu liquid waste, tofu liquid waste treatment, batik wastewater testing, and groundwater management as drinking water. In addition, nanofiltration membrane technology can be used as a separator for a substance in the air, such as removal of cypermethrin, arsenic cream, concentration of lactic acid bacteria as a tasty probiotic, removal of carbosulfan, Zr-Hf separation, and can see the characterization and performance evaluation of the antifouling properties of membranes. . Based on the process, the performance of a membrane is determined by two simple factors, namely flux (permeate flow rate) and membrane selectivity.

Treatment of Textile Industrial Wastewater by the Heterogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Process Using Copper Slag

Treatment of Textile Industrial Wastewater by the Heterogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Process Using Copper Slag

Adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes on photocatalytic flyash/TiO2 modified chitosan biopolymer composite

This study evaluated the performance of TiO2 loaded flyash chitosan composite for the adsorption of anionic dye (congo red-CR) and catatonic dye (methylene blue-MB) dyes. Flyash was modified using HNO3 and H2SO4 to increase its surface area. The flyash and composites were characterized using morphological (scanning electron microscopy; Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area), spectral (Fourier-transform infrared; X-ray diffraction) and thermogravimetric techniques. The morphological analysis of the composite adsorbent revealed an irregular and rough surface, providing more adsorption sites for dye adsorption. The acid-activated adsorbents showed higher adsorption for CR than MB dye. For CR dye, the removal efficiencies were 98 %, 97 %, and 90 % for composite adsorbents MFA-1 (H2SO4 modified), MFA-2 (HNO3 modified), and UFA (raw flyash), respectively. For MB dye, the removal efficiencies were 60 %, 58 %, and 50 % for composite adsorbents MFA-1, MFA-2, and UFA, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities of 163.51, 160.55 and 154.21 mg g−1 for MFA-1, MFA-2 and UFA, respectively, were observed for the CR dye. While for the MB dye, the maximum adsorption capacities of 55.75, 52.64 and 35.09 mg g−1 for MFA-1, MFA-2 and UFA, respectively. The improvement of dye removal on acid composites than unmodified flys ash compsitewas credited to the increased active sites due to acid modification of fly ash. The PSO kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherms were the best fit for the experimental results. The incorporation of TiO2 inculcated photocatalytic regeneration ability in the composite adsorbents. This allowed the adsorbent to be utilized in several cycles without thermal or chemical treatment. This study concluded that the proposed adsorbent could be an effective solution for textile industry wastewater treatment.

Recent progress in microalgae-derived biochar for the treatment of textile industry wastewater

Textile industry utilize a massive amount of dyes for coloring. The dye-containing effluent is released into wastewater along with heavy metals that are part of dye structure. The treatment of textile industry wastewater using conventional techniques (coagulation, membrane technique, electrolysis ion exchange, etc.) is uneconomical and less efficient (for a low concentration of pollutants). Moreover, most of these techniques produce toxic sludge, making them less environmentally friendly. Algae base industry is growing for food, cosmetics and energy needs. Algae biomass in unique compared to lignocellulosic biomass due to presence of various functional group on its surface and presence of various cations. These two characteristics are unique for biochar as a tool for environmental decontamination. Algae biomass contain functional groups and cations that can be effective for removal of organic contaminants (dyes) and heavy metals. Algae can be micro and macro and both have entirely different biomass composition which will lead to a synthesis of different biochar even under same synthesis process. This study reviews the recent progress in the development of an economically viable and eco-friendly approach for textile industry wastewater using algae biomass-derived absorbents. The strategy employed microalgal biochar to remove organic pollutants (dyes) and heavy metals from textile effluents by biosorption. This article discusses different methods for preparing algal biochar (pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization and torrefaction), and the adsorption capacity of biochar for dyes and heavy metals. Work on hydrothermal carbonization and torrefaction of microalgal biomass for biochar is limited. Variation in structural and functional groups changes on biochar compared to original microalgal biomass are profound in contract with lignocellulosic biomass. Existing Challenges, future goals, and the development of these technologies at the pilot level are also discussed.

The comparison of Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation as a primary unit process for the treatment of raw textile wastewaters.

The Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation processes (FOP and PFOP) are usually applied as a secondary unit process, and direct usage of both processes is critical in textile wastewater treatment. There is seldom study on the direct application of the FOP or PFOP showing the treatment of raw textile industry wastewaters. This study demonstrates the application and comparison of both FOP and PFOP as single units separately for the treatment of wastewater in a textile industry producing woven fabrics. In both processes, the highest treatment efficiency was achieved at pH3. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), and color parameters in FOP reduced from 1341 to 254 mg/L, 99.5 to 19.9mg/L, and 1396 to 97.7 Pt-Co, respectively. Separately, in the PFOP, 365-nm wavelength UV radiation sources have been used. In PFOP, the same parameters were reduced from 715 to 42.9mg/L, 90 to 9mg/L, and 2080 to 83.2 Pt-Co, respectively. These results were obtained at 0.7g Fe2+/L and 2mM H2O2 concentrations in both studies. PFOP can meet the textile industry receiving environment discharge standards of many countries, especially in Turkey. The use of PFOP as a single unit is possible in the treatment of textile industry wastewater without primary precipitation. The findings in this study may be practical for the adaptation of the processes on the field scale. PRACTITIONER POINTS: There is seldom study on the direct application of Fenton or photo-Fenton processes as a single unit to raw textile wastewaters This study shows the application of the Fenton or photo-Fenton processes as single units for the treatment of raw wastewater in a textile industry Results of both processes in this study meet the discharge standards of many countries Evaluations of efficiencies of both processes were achieved This study may be the focus of attention of treatment plant operators and researchers.

Textile Wastewater Treatment Modelling and Design Using Stoat Graph and Summary Statistic Model

Without properly treated wastewater released from the textile industry contains organic and inorganic pollutants that cause environmental problems like water body contamination, which causes marine life disappearance, soil contamination, and air pollution. Treatment of textile industry wastewater is difficult due to pollutant types existing like BOD, COD, toxic heavy metals, organic particle matter, inorganic particle matter, color, etc. The multi-component wastewater pollutant needs proper designs to remove such pollutants. Dire Dawa textile wastewater treatment plant (design) and simulation was the objective of this study. The method of this study was experimental and software modelling. STOAT model software is the best capable of simulation treatments plants, and the time to complete the simulation was 3 days. The STOAT graphic and statically data analysis model efficiently removed the multi-components of pollutants effluent from Dire Dawa textile industry. Some pollutant parameter measures before design model are SS 350 mg/L, DS 2000 mg/L, ammonia 55 mg/L, BOD 350 mg/L, nitrate 0 mg/L and DO 12 mg/L. The effluent of wastewater treatment plant model simulation results are 2 mg/L SS, ammonia 8.82 mg/L, BOD 2.5 mg/L, and nitrate increases from 0 to 58 mg/L by ammonia oxidation. Totally 98.7% SS, 99% BOD, and 84% ammonia were removed in the design model. In the sludge outlet, nitrate contents increase due to nitrification being processed rather than denitrification.

Sustainable treatment of dye wastewater by recycling microalgal and diatom biogenic materials: Biorefinery perspectives

Discharge of untreated or partially treated toxic dyes containing wastewater from textile industries into water streams is hazardous for environment. The use of heavy metal(s) rich dyes, which are chemically active in azo and sulfur content(s) has been tremendously increasing in last two decades. Conventional physical and chemical treatment processes help to eliminate the dyes from textile wastewater but generates the secondary pollutants which create an additional environmental problem. Microalgae especially the diatoms are promising candidate for dye remediation from textile wastewater. Nanoporous diatoms frustules doped with nanocomposites increase the wastewater remediation efficiency due to their adsorption properties. On the other hand, microalgae with photosynthetic microbial fuel cell have shown significant results in being efficient, cost effective and suitable for large scale phycoremediation. This integrated system has also capability to enhance lipid and carotenoids biosynthesis in microalgae while simultaneously generating the bioelectricity. The present review highlights the textile industry wastewater treatment by live and dead diatoms as well as microalgae such as Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Desmodesmus sp. etc. This review engrosses applicability of diatoms and microalgae as an alternative way of conventional dye removal techniques with techno-economic aspects.

Comparison of homogeneous and heterogeneous electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for treatment of textile industry wastewater

This study aimed at understanding the influence of the generation of oxidants in a heterogeneous way at boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode (anodic oxidation (AO)) or homogeneously in the bulk (electro-Fenton (EF)) during treatment of a textile industry wastewater. Both processes achieved high TOC removal. A yield of 95 % was obtained by combining EF with BDD anode during 6 h of treatment. The EF process was found to be faster and more efficient for discoloration of the effluent, whereas AO was more effective to limit the formation of degradation by-products in the bulk. An advantage of AO was to treat this alkaline effluent without any pH adjustment. Operating these processes under current limitation allowed optimizing energy consumption in both cases. However, using BDD anode led to the formation of very high concentration of ClO3-/ClO4- from Cl- oxidation (even at low current density), which appears as a key challenge for treatment of such effluent by AO. By comparison, EF with Pt anode strongly reduced the formation of ClO3-/ClO4-. Operating EF at low current density even maintained these concentrations below 0.5 % of the initial Cl- concentration. A trade-off should be considered between TOC removal and formation of toxic chlorinated by-products.

Evaluation of Textile Industry Wastewater Treatment as an Effort to Control River Water Pollution in Central Java

There is an increasing need for clean water because of the growing population. However, the amount of clean water is decreasing due to poor water resource management. Several textile industry processes result in waste. Color, alkalinity, high TSS, high BOD, and some dyes are known to contain chromium elements and are all common characteristics of liquid waste produced by the textile industry. The goal of this study was to assess the performance of textile waste treatment units in Pringsurat Subdistrict, Magelang Regency, Central Java Province, as part of an effort to reduce river water pollution. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used including through surveys and mapping. Groundwater flow maps, and river water and wastewater levels of BOD, COD, TSS, phenol, chromium, ammonia, and sulfide were used as primary data. Unpleasant odors and discoloration of the river were observed. It is recommended that, to reduce the impact of the wastewater, a constructed wetland with a combination of two types of plants, Iris pseudacorus and Thypa angustifolia, should be used.
 Keywords: Pollution Control, River Pollution, Textile Industry, Wastewater treatment, and Wetland

UV/O3 assisted ceramic membrane reactor for efficient fouling control and DOM transformations in real textile wastewater

A ceramic membrane reactor (CMR) coupled with an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor has been investigated to treat real textile wastewater, focusing on the synergetic effects of UV and O3 on fouling control and dissolved organic matter (DOM) transformation. The ozone treatment showed high potential in color removal but resulted in a linear (R2 = 0.996) increase in the membrane fouling rate with the increasing ozone dose; the continuous UV (254 nm) exposure significantly retarded membrane fouling by 16 folds but increased soluble chemical oxygen demand. In contrast, when intermittent (15 min ON: 15 min OFF) UV exposure and ozonation (UV/O3) were applied simultaneously, 94% color removal was reached and a synergistic effect on membrane fouling control was prominent, which increased the fouling time by 2.92 and 10.1 folds as compared to the standalone application of UV or ozone, respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscopy observation revealed proteins and polysaccharides as prominent foulants during O3 and UV treatment, respectively. UV–Vis spectroscopy and 3-D excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectra confirmed the synergistic effects of UV/O3 in the degradation of UV280 and UV254 absorbance and fluorescent DOM. The HO• radicals played a primary role in degrading organic pollutants during UV/O3 treatment. These results provide new insights into the fouling mechanism and DOM transformation in ceramic membrane-based wastewater treatment systems, and recommend simultaneously intermittent application of UV/O3 in an external CMR coupled to UASB as a promising technology for the treatment of textile or other industrial wastewater.

Treatment of textile industry wastewater by using high-performance forward osmosis membrane tailored with alpha-manganese dioxide nanoparticles for fertigation.

Forward osmosis (FO) technology has been acknowledged as an energy-efficient cutting-edge water treatment innovation; however, the inefficient performance of polymer-based membranes remains a tailback in the practical utilization of FO. A significant issue in FO is membrane fouling, which negatively influences the flux efficiency, working expenses and membrane life expectancy. Membranes having high water flux and minimum reverse solute flux at low operating pressures are the ideal membranes for this process. This study reports a thin-film nanocomposite (TFNC) membrane for the treatment of textile industry wastewater utilizing fertilizer as draw solution fabricated via the phase inversion process. The chemical structure and morphology of the synthesized manganese oxide (MnO2) incorporated membrane were studied by various characterization techniques like X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, contact angle and gravimetry. The outcomes demonstrated that the nanoparticles were bonded to cellulose acetate polymer via covalent bonds and showed very hydrophilic membrane surface, along with an increased osmotic water flux of 52.5 L.m2.h-1 and reverse salt flux of 10.9g.m2.h-1, when deionized wastewater and potassium chloride were used as the feed solution and the draw solution, respectively. In this manner, incorporating manganese oxide into the FO membrane may introduce its extraordinary possible application for the production of diluted fertilizer solution with balanced nutrients.

Potential trade-off between water consumption and water quality: life cycle assessment of nonaqueous solvent dyeing

Fashion industry consumes over 60% of global fibers and attracts increasing attentions due to its environmentally polluting supply chain. In addition to natural fibers cultivation, wet processes of textile manufacturing are also important contributors to water-related impacts due to their large freshwater consumption and the production of chemicals containing wastewater. Despite of efforts made in improving efficiency of water use and wastewater treatment in textile industry, innovative ‘water-free’ technologies, such as nonaqueous dyeing technology using organic solvent, have been developed and demonstrated to reduce water consumption significantly. However, the potential impact on water quality by organic solvents induced in supply chain of this emerging technology remains unassessed, posing an unknown risk of its promotion. Hence, in the present study, a comprehensive life cycle assessment is applied to evaluate its full environmental impacts, including those on ecosystem and human health caused by decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) as the solvent used. Further, the nonaqueous dyeing system is compared with traditional aqueous dyeing technology from both environmental and economic perspectives. Results indicate that nonaqueous dyeing system is advanced in most of environment categories except for abiotic depletion potential (ADP) and Ecotoxicity. However, scenarios analysis reveal that these findings are influenced by the loss fraction of D5 during the solvent recovery process. It is suggested that the loss fraction should be controlled below 2% o.w.f. for the nonaqueous dyeing technology to be advanced throughout all environmental categories. Nonaqueous D5 dyeing could reduce water consumption by 61.30%-79.95% and greenhouse gas emissions by 43.70% compared to the traditional system, delivering a promising contribution to China's 2060 carbon neutrality ambition. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses are also conducted to investigate the effects of the key parameters (incl. inventory data and USEtox model inputs) and demonstrate the robustness of our assessment.

Studies of Clinoptilolite-Rich Zeolitic Tuffs from Different Regions and Their Activity in Photodegradation of Methylene Blue

The present study focuses on clinoptilolite (CLI)-rich natural zeolitic tuffs and their photocatalytic activity in the degradation of cationic organic dyes. CLI from different regions was tested in the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) as a model cationic dye. The photocatalytic tests were performed at room temperature and atmospheric pressure under visible light irradiation. For all the CLI samples, the highest activity was observed at pH = 6. Total MB degradation varied between 70 and 91% (C0 = 10 mg dm–3, 0.2 g dm–3 of photocatalyst, during 300 min). It is suggested that the presence of Fe species in the studied tuffs is responsible for the photocatalytic activity. The activity increases linearly with the Fe content in the tuffs. The MB photodegradation follows the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model. The recyclability tests showed good stability and efficiency of the photocatalyst. The degradation rate decreased from 91 to 69% during three reaction cycles, indicating a promising potential of natural zeolites in the treatment of textile industry wastewater.

Demonstration of a plant-microbe integrated system for treatment of real-time textile industry wastewater

The real-time textile dyes wastewater contains hazardous and recalcitrant chemicals that are difficult to degrade by conventional methods. Such pollutants, when released without proper treatment into the environment, impact water quality and usage. Hence, the textile dye effluent is considered a severe environmental pollutant. It contains mixed contaminants like dyes, sodium bicarbonate, acetic acid. The physico-chemical treatment of these wastewaters produces a large amount of sludge and costly. Acceptance of technology by the industry mandates that it should be efficient, cost-effective and the treated water is safe for reuse. A sequential anaerobic-aerobic plant-microbe system with acclimatized microorganisms and vetiver plants, was evaluated at a pilot-scale on-site. At the end of the sequential process, decolorization and total aromatic amine (TAA) removal were 78.8% and 69.2% respectively. Analysis of the treated water at various stages using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)) Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) indicated that the dyes were decolourized and the aromatic amine intermediates formed were degraded to give aliphatic compounds. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis showed interaction of microbe with the roots of vetiver plants. Toxicity analysis with zebrafish indicated the removal of toxins and teratogens.

Investigation of cotton textile industry wastewater treatment with electrocoagulation process: performance, mineralization, and kinetic study.

In this study, the performance of the electrocoagulation (EC) process was evaluated for its capability to remove color, total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD) using aluminium electrodes. Response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design was used to optimize different operating conditions of the processes. The interaction effects of four independent variables such as dye concentration, applied current density, electrolysis time, and pH on the percentage of COD, TOC, and color removal were investigated by the EC process. ANOVA analysis was made to examine the significance of input parameters and their interaction effect on responses. At the optimum operating conditions, 89% of color, 47% of TOC, and 76% of COD removal rate were achieved using the EC process. Different research works have been reported on the treatment of textile wastewater by the EC process. However, these researches vary regarding working conditions such as dye type, concentration, current density, pH, electrolysis time, and electrode type. Also, most literature focuses mainly on the performance of the technology. However, it is also important to investigate the economic aspect, removal mechanism, and mineralization study. Thus, economic analyses, mineralization, kinetic, sludge characterization studies of the technology were performed.

Heterogeneous Fenton process with Fe(III) based catalyst for treatment of textile industry wastewater

In this study, colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from the textile wastewater by heterogeneous Fenton process have been investigated. Primarily, the Fe(III)/SnO2 catalyst is prepared by co-precipitation method and characterized by BET analyses. The BET analysis results show that the pore size of the Fe(III)/SnO2 catalyst is 2.013 nm and it is classified as a mesoporous catalyst. Then the prepared catalyst is used in the heterogeneous Fenton tests. The effects of the amount of the catalyst, pH of the solution, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration, temperature and reaction time on the color and COD removals have been studied and the optimum conditions are determined. In the optimum experimental conditions (2.0 g/L of 8 wt.% Fe/SnO2, pH 2, hydrogen peroxide concentration 300 mg/L, temperature 35C and reaction time 90 min), 91% colour and 86% COD removal efficiencies are obtained. The COD removal kinetics of textile wastewater is also investigated. It is determined that the removal of COD obeyed the second-order kinetics. Finally, stability and reuse of the catalyst are tested. This catalyst can be successfully used repeatedly and suitable for textile wastewater treatment

Comparison of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes for Treatment of Textile Industry Wastewater

Comparison of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes for Treatment of Textile Industry Wastewater

Developing bioadsorbents from orange peel waste for treatment of raw textile industry wastewater

Developing bioadsorbents from orange peel waste for treatment of raw textile industry wastewater