Treatment Of Smoke Research Articles

Maximizing cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seedling growth through liquid coconut shell smoke in Ultisols soil

The crucial aspect of cocoa cultivation is ensuring the availability of seedlings with robust growth. Ultisols, a type of soil with potential for cocoa plant propagation, necessitate materials to enhance fertility when used as a growing medium. This includes the application of liquid smoke derived from coconut shells. To further study on this aspect this research aimed to determine the role of liquid coconut shell smoke on the growth of cocoa seedlings in Ultisols soil. The research was conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Panca Bhakti University, Pontianak, for 90 days from July to October 2023. The research used a complete randomized block design (CRBD) with four replications. The treatment concentrations of liquid coconut shell smoke (%) consisted of six levels: 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25%. Each replication consisted of three cocoa plant seedling samples, resulting in a total of 72 plants for the entire research unit. The observed parameters included plant height increase (cm), the increase in the number of leaves (leaves), and the increase in stem diameter (mm). The research results found a very significant influence on all observed parameters. The treatment of liquid coconut shell smoke at a concentration of 0.75% yielded the highest results in terms of seedling height increase (29.09 cm), the number of leaves (14.08 leaves), and stem diameter (9.87 mm) compared to the control. This research finding shows that a concentration of 0.75% liquid coconut shell smoke can maximize the growth of cocoa seedlings in Ultisols soil through soil fertility improvement.

Potensi Asap Cair Arang Sekam terhadap Spodoptera litura dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Keanekaragaman Artropoda pada Tanaman Kedelai Edamame

This study aimed to examine the potential of husk charcoal liquid smoke as a bioinsecticide in controlling S. litura and its effect on the diversity of arthropods in Edamame soybeans. The research was conducted from February 2021 to June 2021, at The Plant Protection Laboratory, Bioscience Laboratory Jember State Polytechnic and farmers' land in Balung Lor Village, Jember Regency. Laboratory research examines the bioactive components of 3rd grade husk charcoal liquid smoke, toxicity. The treatment of liquid smoke of husk charcoal, compared with Fipronil as a positive control, used the Mann Whitney test. Observations were: S. litura population, damage intensity, pod weight per plant and arthropod diversity. The results of the the research were: GCMS analysis showed that the liquid smoke of husk charcoal 3rd grade contains 35 components that were detected by a mass spectrometer. The bioactive compound as an antifeedant with the highest concentration was Acetic Acid, ws 37.03%. LC50 and LC95 were 9% and 28% respectively; The liquid smoke of husk charcoal was more effective in reducing the population of S. litura and the damage intensity; pods weight 48.92 grams per plant, Fipronil 23.92 grams per plant. Shannon Wiener Diversity Index of husk charcoal liquid smoke was 2.57 Fipronil was 1.85, Sorensen similarity index was 77% (different). The dominance index of Simpson bioinsecticide liquid smoke husk charcoal was 0.10 lower than Fipronil, which was 0.54.

The effects of ageing treatment on bioactive contents and chemical composition of liquid smoke food flavourings

Liquid smoke food flavouring is an alternative to traditional food smoking. Ageing treatment of liquid smoke can remove tar to improve a consistent sensory experience but traditionally takes months by storage. This study proposed a thermal treatment approach to accelerate the ageing process. Liquid smoke samples from kānuka and hickory woodchips were prepared by fast pyrolysis. The obtained liquid smoke samples were subjected to ageing by storing them at ambient temperature for 18 months. Accelerated ageing of liquid smoke was carried out by heat treatment at 80 °C for 24 and 48 h. Tar formed during the ageing process, with a yield ranging from 2.2 to 4.1 wt.%. Both ageing treatments resulted in decreases in bioactive content and their activities in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity (DPPH). Chemical composition and principal component analyses indicated that liquid smoke chemical compositions were influenced by wood type and ageing conditions. It was found that thermal treatment at 80 °C for 24 h was sufficient to age liquid smoke.

The Role of Ferroptosis in Bronchoalveolar Epithelial Cell Injury Induced by Cigarette Smoke Extract.

Background: Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for bronchoalveolar epithelial cell (BAEC) injury. Understanding the relevant pathogenesis is important for the treatment of cigarette smoke–related chronic airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Methods: In this study, BAECs were cultured in 5% cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or regular culture medium for 24 h. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected by next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and validated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Bioinformatic analysis was performed on DEGs. Co-treated BAECs with 5% CSE and the ferroptosis inhibitor, ferrostatin-1 was applied to observe the role of ferroptosis.Results: In the CSE group, 210 upregulated genes and 159 downregulated genes were identified compared with the control group. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that the DEGs were related to oxidative stress and ferroptosis. Ferroptosis-related genes were further verified by qRT-PCR. The mRNA level of GPX4 decreased; the mRNA levels of ACSL4, FTH1 and SLC7A11 increased (p < 0.05). Pretreatment with the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 mitigated CSE-induced ROS accumulation and inflammatory mediator expression in BAECs (p < 0.05).Conclusion: CSE treatment altered ferroptosis-related gene expression patterns in cultured BAECs. Inhibition of ferroptosis reduced the inflammatory response of CSE-treated BAECs. These data provide a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of CSE-related lung injury.

Cross-sectional texture of sago fiber due to liquid smoke treatment

This study aims to show the texture cross-section of the sago fiber after treatment of liquid smoke. Sago fiber was soaked in a container filled by liquid smoke then heated at 43 °C for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours. SEMs were carried out to observe the treatments results on the surface of fiber. The results showed that fiber texture before treatment was covered by lignin layers, but after treatments, the fiber had a cross-sectional changes in form of visible pores formations on the fiber textures, distinguished by the soaking periods.

PRODUCTION AND FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITY ASSESMENT OF WOOD-WASTE LIQUID SMOKE

Liquid smoke is known to contain compounds that can control plant disease pathogens. This study aims to produce wood-waste liquid smoke and determine its effectiveness as a fungicide on plant pathogens. This research was conducted in two experimental stages, namely: (i) in vitro test as a preliminary test of the effectiveness of teak waste liquid smoke at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5%; and (ii) in vivo test was arranged in randomized block design consisting of seven levels of liquid smoke concentration, namely 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6%, each of which was repeated four times. The results showed that the pyrolysis of 1 kg of wood waste was produced with the proportions of liquid smoke, charcoal and tar, respectively: 312 mL, 31 g, 367 g and the uncondensed gases. Treatment of liquid smoke in the in vivo test showed that a concentration of 1 to 2.5% liquid smoke was able to suppress the growth of the pathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii 100%. The treatment of liquid smoke in the in vivo test showed an effect on inhibition of the growth diameter of fungal colonies, suppressing the disease occurance, and suppressing the lesion diameter.

Proteomic Study to Understand Promotive Effects of Plant-Derived Smoke on Soybean (Glycine max L.) Root Growth Under Flooding Stress

Plant-derived smoke plays a key role in plant growth. Proteomic technique was used for underlying mechanisms of plant-derived smoke on the growth of soybean (Glycine max L.) under flooding stress. The length and weight of soybean root increased with 2000 parts per million plant-derived smoke under flooding stress within 4 days. Altered proteins by plant-derived smoke treatment under flooding stress were mainly related to protein metabolism, stress, and redox. Furthermore, proteins related to mitochondrial electron transport chain decreased by flooding stress; however, they increased by addition of plant-derived smoke under flooding stress. Based on the results of proteomic analysis, confirmation experiments were performed. ATPase abundance and ATP content increased with the treatment of plant-derived smoke under flooding stress. Furthermore, the ascorbate/glutathione cycle was activated with the treatment of plant-derived smoke under flooding stress. These results suggest that plant-derived smoke improves the root growth of soybean with energy production and reactive oxygen scavenging even if it is under flooding stress, which might positively regulate soybean tolerance towards flooding stress.

UJI AKTIVITAS ASAP CAIR CANGKANG BUAH KARET (Hevea brassiliensis) DAN APLIKASINYA DALAM PENGHAMBATAN KETENGIKAN DAGING SAPI

This research was aimed to know the degree of Fenol compound, total acid and the activity of liquid smoke of Rubber (Hevea brassiliensis) Seed Shell also the application in obstructing the rancidity of beef. The Fenol compound was determined by using Reagen Follon-Ciocalteu. The total acid was determined by using the method of titrated acids.The ability as the antioxidant was tested by DPPH method and the ability of obstructing the rancidity of beef was done by measuring the alteration of TBA value in beef as long as saved. The result was shown the fenol compound in liquid smoke of Rubber Seed Shell as much as 0,84 % and the acetic acid content was 4.725%. The antioxidant test was produced IC50 value as much as 101.27 ppm. According to the IC50 value which got from the test that the liquid smoke of Rubber Seed Shell were included in moderate category. The increment of the liquid smoke of Rubber Seed Shell were able to suppress the rancidity of beef during the storage time. It was marked by the decreasing of TBA value in beef as given in treatment A1 (liquid smoke 4% ) and A2 liquid smoke 6%. The treatment without the liquid smoke (A0) increased the TBA value from 0.05 mgMDA/Kg on day (0) to 0.615 mgMDA/Kg on day 6. The treatment of concentration liquid smoke 4% (A1) increased from 0.039 mgMDA/Kg on day (0) to 0.395 mgMDA/Kg on day 6. The treatment of concentration liquid smoke 6% (A2) increased from 0.031 mgMDA/Kg on day 0 to 0.209 mgMDA/Kg on day 6.

Cigarette smoke induces ROS mediated autophagy impairment in human corneal epithelial cells

Cigarette smoke is an important indoor air pollutant which has deleterious effects on human health. Continued daily exposure to cigarette smoke has been attributed to the risk factor of ocular surface diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying the ocular surface damage are not fully elucidated. In this study, exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) induced a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity in human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells, supported by the observation of reduced cell viability, increased apoptotic cells, elevated intracellular oxidative stress and loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In addition, CSE exposure led to the impairment of proteostasis and autophagy, which resulted in the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins as aggregates in peri-nuclear spaces. Furthermore, the autophagy inducer, cysteamine was shown to attenuate the CSE induced cell damage, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in HCE cells. Moreover, cysteamine inhibited the formation of ubiquitin-positive aggregates around the peri-nuclear region, through regulating the autophagic activity of HCE cells. Similar to in vitro experiments, cigarette smoke induced proteostasis and autophagy impairment in corneal epithelial cells could be rescued by cysteamine in a cigarette smoke-exposed murine model. Therefore, this study may provide first evidence that dysfunction of autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of ocular surface diseases associated with cigarette smoke exposure. Besides, it also suggests the potential therapeutic value of cysteamine in the prevention and treatment of cigarette smoke induced ocular surface injury.CSE induces cytotoxicity and accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in HCE cells due to impairment of proteostasis and autophagy, which can be rescued by cysteamine.

Effect of smoke from medicinal herbs on the nosocomial infections in ENT outpatient department

Introduction: From time immemorial, human beings have used smoke of medicinal plants for curing disorders. Smoke produced from natural substances has been used extensively in many cultures, and famous ancient physicians have described and recommended such use. Aim and Objective: To reduce the nosocomial infections at the ENT outpatient department. Materials and Methods: Air sampling is done by set plate method. Air sampling of the medicinal smoke arising after burning a mixture of wood of mango or pipal tree andmedicinal herbs (obtained from shantikunj haridwar ) with rituals in an indoor environment. Results: Medicinal smoke caused over 95% reduction of aerial bacterial counts by 60 min. Conclusion: We have observed that 1 h treatment of medicinal smoke emanated by burning wood and a mixture of odoriferous and medicinal herbs (havan samagri = material used in oblation to fire all over India) on aerial bacterial population caused over 95% reduction of bacterial counts by 60 min.

Pengaruh Asap Cair Kayu Galam (Malaleuca leucadendra) dalam Bentuk Biodegradable Film terhadap Pengawetan Ikan Gabus (The Effect of Liquid Smoke Galam (Malaleuca leucadendra) in Biodegradable Film Form as Fish Cork Preservation)

Liquid smoke is a liquid product made from the condensation of smoke from carbonization process of lignocellulosic material. Liquid smoke of wooden galam (Melaleuca leucadendra) is a material that can be used as a natural preservative on fish. The use of an edible film packaging with the addition of liquid smoke of wooden galam is a good alternative to improve the durability and quality of fish during storage. This research is aimed to determine the effect of liquid smoke of wooden galam in biodegradable film for fish preservation. The edible film formulas were gelatin-pectin (AB), gelatin-smoke liquid (AC), and gelatin-pectin-smoke liquid (ABC) and compared with control (without treatment). The parameters of fish storage observed were pH measurement, Total Volatile Base-Nitrogen (TVBN), and microbiological test. The result after 10 days of storage showed that the pH value were 5.45 incontrol, AB 5.43, AC 5.47 and ABC 5.46; theTVBN values were 48 mgN/100gin control, AB 32 mgN/100g, AC 36 mgN/100g and ABC 36 mgN/100g; as well as microbiological testing, TPC value on 15x106 CFU/g, AB 11x103 CFU/g, AC 18.5x103 CFU/g, and ABC 4x103 controls and Coliform controls 5.0x106, AB 3.5x102, AC 1.0x101, and ABC 4.0x100. The treatment of liquid wooden galam smoke in a form of biodegradable film was capable to maintain the quality of fish better than without treatment shown in the low microbiological testing values (TPC and Coliform), eventhough it did not show significant effect in maintaining the TVB value during 10 days storage at ± 4° C. Keywords: liquid smoke, Coliform, edible film, pH, TPC

THE EFFECT OF ALPHA LIPOIC ACID ON BLASTOCYST EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT IN VIVO IN MICE (Mus musculus) EXPOSED CIGARETTE SMOKE

This study was conducted to find out effect of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) on the development of in vivo blastocyst embryo in mice (Mus musculus) exposed in cigarettes smoke. This study used 30 mice divided into 6 treatment groups factorial 2x3. Factor A is treatment of ALA (0; 16.5 μM; 49.5 μM) per orally. Factor B is the treatment of cigarette smoke (with and without cigarette smoke). Giving cigarette smoke was done by covering the cage with plastic having two holes for cigarette smoke and airflow. The data obtained were analyzed using a complete randomized design (RAL) 2x3, followed by parametric Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and independent sample T-Test, and Post Hoc Duncan test. The development of embryo of mice reaching blastocyst stage at ALA with dose 16,5 μM (16.00±7.12) were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) than negative control (13.50±1.73), but no significant effect with ALA dose 49.5 μM (19.25±4.03). The development of mice blastocyst embryos exposed to cigarette smoke (7.25±2.99) were significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) compared with negative control. When the mice exposed to cigarette smoke were given ALA, the development of the blastocyst embryo returned to normal as in control, where the doses of 16.5 μM and 49.5 μM were not significantly different. It can be concluded that (1) ALA dose 16.5 μM and 49.5 μM have positive effect on blastocyst development in vivo, (2) cigarette smoke have negative effect on blastocyst development, (3) ALA 16.5 μM and 49.5 μM per orally capable counteract the oxidative stress caused by exposure to cigarette smoke.

The Influence of Liquid Smoke on the Chemical Characteristics of Salted Egg

Salted egg is easily preserved of egg products. The making process was added liquid smoke. Therefore, the objective was to determine chemical characteristics (yolk index, oil exudation and salt content) of duck egg salted. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used throughout the research. They were run triplicate with differences concentration of liquid smoke (control, 1%, and 1.25%). They were differences salting time process (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks). Yolk index of control sample were no different statically compared to that of salted egg with liquid smoke treatment (p > 0.05). Significant different of yolk index (p < 0.05) increased along with increase of salting time (4 weeks). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found on oil exudation of control sample compared to that salted egg with presence of liquid smoke. Oil exudation of salted egg yolk increased with increasing salting time (p < 0.05) up to 4 weeks. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were obtained on the salt content of control compared to that salted egg white treatment of liquid smoke. Salt content white increased along with the increase of salting time (p < 0.05).

Histopathological and Ultrastructural evaluation of the Effect of Electronic Cigarette Smoke on the Submandibular Gland of Albino Rats

Introduction: E-cigarettes (E-cigs) have received a considerable attention within the last years and are among the newest products for reduction of tobacco injury. Recently, it has been postulated that they are not considered a safe substitute for smoking and may have a limited degree of effectiveness in arresting smoking. Aim: The aim of this study was to detect the histopathological and ultrastructural changes of tissue architecture of the submandibular glands in rats after passive E-cig exposure.Methods: 12 adult male albino rats were divided into three groups (four rats each). Group I (Control group): Rats were exposed to fresh air. Group II (E-cigarette 4 weeks): Each rat was exposed to passive E-cig smoke for duration of one hour daily. The exposure time was divided into 6 equal intervals of 10 mins /hr, 7 days a week for four successive weeks. Group III (E-cigarette 12 weeks): Rats of this group were exposed to the same dose and manner of treatment of E-cig smoke as in group II for 12 weeks duration. Animals were sacrificed following each treatment period and specimens were prepared for histological examination and transmission electron microscopic study.Results: H & E results revealed signs of atrophy and degeneration within the parenchymal elements together with dilatation and congestion of blood vessels with interstitial hemorrhage in 4 weeks E-cig exposed rats. More deleterious changes with marked distortion of the gland’s architecture were detected in 12 weeks E-cig exposed group. These data were supported by the electron microscopic results which reflected degenerative changes in cytoplasmic organelles. Conclusion: E-cig is not safe and its use to replace cigarette smoking cannot be recommended.

Aplikasi Asap Cair Tempurung Kelapa Rendah Benzo[a] Pyrene untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Se’i Sapi Bali

This research has been conducted in the District Amarasi Kupang district to obtain liquid smoke coconut shell, Bogor Agricultural Institute Laboratory tested compounds benzo[a]pirene.dan total bacteria in meat, an integrated research laboratory distillation liquid smoke Undana perform and get the value of organoleptic and agricultural polytechnic Laboratory Kupang test the chemical quality beef cattle se'i Bali. The research was conducted over 2 months ie April 26 until June 26, 2016. This study aims to determine the content benzo[a]pirene. lowest in liquid smoke coconut shell by doing some distillation processes to be applied to the meat of cattle se'i Bali. The material used is coconut shell as much as 20 kg, 5 kg of fresh beef taken on the part of the muscle. The basic design is used, a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 3 repetitions so obtained 18 experimental units. Data was analyzed using non-parametric analysis of Kruskal Wallis test and analysis methods Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). If there are differences among the treatments then continued by Least Significant Difference (LSD). The results showed: Total Bacteria contained in meat P≤0,05 se'i not significantly different from the treatment of liquid smoke to the meat using traditional se'i P0. 6,6x106 P1. 6,2x106 P2. 5,4x106 P3. 1,7x106 P4. 4,46x103 P5. 3,0x103 while the chemical quality beef cattle se'i P≤0,01 Bali very significant effect of each treatment. conclusion on the research is: the more the percentage of liquid smoke, the number of bacteria in the cow se'i diminishing and the average chemical quality beef cattle se'i Bali will increase.

Characterization of Iron Metal Corrosion in Liquid Smoke Coagulant

Latex coagulant is one of important factors on natural rubber processing because it will determine the quality of rubber end products. One of the coagulants that produce good quality natural rubber is liquid smoke. The use of liquid smoke as coagulant is thought to cause corrosion in processing equipment commonly made of iron or steel. The objectives of this study were to identify and to study the characteristic of iron metal corrosion in the solution of liquid smoke coagulant. The treatment of liquid smoke as corrosion media consisted of 100% pure liquid smoke (AC100), 10% pure liquid smoke (AC10), 100% liquid smoke formula (FA100) and 10% liquid smoke formula (FA10). The method used was weight loss method with the planned interval test. The removal of corrosion products on the metal specimen was done by pickling method based on ASTM G1-81. The results showed that corrosion rate of the liquid smoke and its formula was around 0.05-0.23mm per years. Corrosion resistance of iron metal in liquid smoke coagulant was categorized as good level. This analysis indicated that liquid smoke coagulant and its formula has very low corrosivity level. The visualization with 10x magnification showed that the corrosion attack was clearly visible on the iron metal surface.

Secondhand smoke exposure augments and accelerates the progression of balloon angioplasty‐induced neointimal formation morphological changes in rat

Smoking is one of the most important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the potential detrimental effects of second‐hand smoke on the progression of neointimal formation in a rat model of balloon angioplasty. SD rats were divided randomly into three groups. Group 1, sham control; Group 2, balloon angioplasty alone; Group 3, passive smoke exposure (inhalation) for 3 weeks before and for 2~14 days after balloon angioplasty. The rat carotid arteries of all groups were harvested at 2, 7 and 14 day after balloon injury. The results of histopathological assay showed that passive smoke augments markedly neointimal formation at 14 day post‐angioplasty as compared with balloon angioplasty alone group (ratio of neointima‐to‐media area, 0.44+0.23 vs. 0.32+0.05). Moreover, treatment of passive smoke has been found to accelerate obviously the progression of neointimal formation as compared to that of balloon angioplasty alone group. Besides, our present study suggested that there was a strongly positive correlation between serum level of nicotine, one of typical compound within tobacco smoke, and the severity of balloon injury‐induced neointimal formation. In summary, our study demonstrated that passive smoke is a detrimental factor to augment and accelerate the progression of balloon injury‐induced neointimal formation.

Up-Regulation of Endothelin Receptors Induced by Cigarette Smoke — Involvement of MAPK in Vascular and Airway Hyper-Reactivity

Cigarette smoke exposure is well known to cause cardiovascular and airway diseases, both of which are leading causes of death and disability in the world. However, the molecular mechanisms that link cigarette smoke to cardiovascular and airway diseases are not fully understood. Vascular and airway hyper-reactivity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and airway diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that endothelin receptor up-regulation mediates vascular and airway hyper-reactivity in response to endothelin-1 (ET-1, endothelin receptor agonist) in cardiovascular and airway diseases. In the vasculature and airways, the main functional consequences of up-regulated endothelin receptors by cigarette smoke exposure are enhanced contraction and proliferation of the smooth muscle cells, which subsequently result in abnormal contraction (spasm) and adverse proliferation (remodeling) of the vasculature and airways. The structural alteration by adverse remodeling involves changes in cell growth, cell death, cell migration, and production or degradation of the extracellular matrix. This review focuses on cigarette smoke exposure that induces activation of intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and subsequently results in the up-regulation of endothelin receptors in the vasculature and airways, which mediates vascular and airway hyper-reactivity, one of the important pathogenic characteristics of cardiovascular and airway diseases. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of how cigarette smoke causes up-regulation of endothelin receptors in the vasculature and airways may provide new strategies for the treatment of cigarette smoke—associated cardiovascular and lung diseases.

El humo quirúrgico: riesgos y medidas preventivas

The application of the advanced technologies in medicine has led to the appearance of new risk factors for health personnel. One of these could be the surgical smoke produced by electrosurgical instruments, ultrasounds or laser. However, there is still insufficient evidence in the published population studies on the detrimental effects of chronic exposure to surgical smoke. The main concern on the possible damage to the health of operating room staff is mainly based on the components currently detected until the date and laboratory experiments. Caution must also be used when extrapolating the results of in vitro studies to daily clinical practice. The organisations responsible for protecting the health of the workers in different countries have still not issued guidelines for the treatment and removal of the surgical smoke generated in both open and laparoscopic procedures. In this article we try to present a view of the consequences that surgical smoke has on health and the preventive measures that can be adopted.

Surgical smoke: risks and preventive measures

The application of the advanced technologies in medicine has led to the appearance of new risk factors for health personnel. One of these could be the surgical smoke produced by electrosurgical instruments, ultrasounds, or laser. However, there is still insufficient evidence in the published population studies on the detrimental effects of chronic exposure to surgical smoke. The main concern on the possible damage to the health of operating room staff is mainly based on the components currently detected until the date and laboratory experiments. Caution must also be used when extrapolating the results of in vitro studies to daily clinical practice.The organisations responsible for protecting the health of the workers in different countries have still not issued guidelines for the treatment and removal of the surgical smoke generated in both open and laparoscopic procedures. In this article we try to present a view of the consequences that surgical smoke has on health and the preventive measures that can be adopted.