Treatment Of Several Chronic Diseases Research Articles

Next-generation probiotics: the upcoming biotherapeutics.

Recent and continuing advances in gut microbiome research have pointed out the role of the gut microbiota as an unexplored source of potentially beneficial probiotic microbes. Along the lines of these advances, both public awareness and acceptance of probiotics are increasing. That's why; academic and industrial research is dedicated to identifying and investigating new microbial strains for the development of next-generation probiotics (NGPs). At this time, there is a growing interest in NGPs as biotherapeutics that alter the gut microbiome and affect various diseases development. In this work, we have focused on some emergent and promising NGPs, specifically Eubacterium hallii, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia spp., Akkermansia muciniphila, and Bacteroides fragilis, as their presence in the gut can have an impact on the development of various diseases. Emerging studies point out the beneficial roles of these NGPs and open up novel promising therapeutic options. Interestingly, these NGPs were found to enhance gastrointestinal immunity, enhance immunotherapy efficacy in cancer patients, retain the intestinal barrier integrity, generate valuable metabolites, especially short-chain fatty acids, and decrease complications of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although many of these NGPs are considered promising for the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases, research on humans is still lacking. Therefore, approval of these microbes from regulatory agencies is rare. Besides, some issues limit their wide use in the market, such as suitable methods for the culture and storage of these oxygen-sensitive microbes. The present review goes over the main points related to NGPs and gives a viewpoint on the key issues that still hinder their wide application. Furthermore, we have focused on the advancement in NGPs and human healthiness investigations by clarifying the limitations of traditional probiotic microorganisms, discussing the characteristics of emerging NGPs and defining their role in the management of certain ailments. Future research should emphasize the isolation, mechanisms of action of these probiotics, safety, and clinical efficacy in humans.

Geriatrik bireylerde hastalığı kabullenişin yaşam doyumu üzerine etkisi

Introduction: Elderly must maintain regular care and complex treatment of several chronic diseases that develop with age or that pre-exist. Having a chronic disease entail both a feeling of loss and the need to keep the disease and one’s life under control. It is important for these individuals to accept their illness while maintaining treatment and care. Life satisfaction, on the other hand, is the result of comparing what a person has with his or her expectations. This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the effect of disease acceptance on the life satisfaction of geriatric individuals. Methods: The research type is analytical cross-sectional study. The research was conducted between February 1-July 31, 2019 in a hospital in Izmir, in Türkiye. A total of 140 individuals over the age of 65 were included. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Disease Acceptance Scale, and the Life Satisfaction Scale were used as data collection tools. Results: The mean disease acceptance score of the elderly individuals was 25.95 ± 5.25, and the life satisfaction score was 20.39 ± 5.94. Cardiology, endocrinology, dermatology, and gastroenterology patients evaluated their health as good, while individuals with respiratory system diseases evaluated their health as bad. A significant relationship was also found between marital status, disease type, health assessment status, and life satisfaction. While the life satisfaction of married individuals was borderline significant, it was determined that the life satisfaction of individuals with respiratory problems and poor health status was low. When the scores of the two scales were compared, a moderate positive correlation was found. Conclusion: There is a strong correlation between the acceptance of illness and life satisfaction of elderly individuals. When older individuals accept their illness, their life satisfaction also increases. When older individuals accept their illness, their life satisfaction also increases. Socioeconomic status of elderly individuals and having more than one disease play an active role in accepting the disease and life satisfaction. The importance of accepting the disease should be considered in order to increase life satisfaction. Keywords: Aging, elderly, satisfaction

Siddha System of Medicine

Abstract: Siddha is one of the ancient medical systems in India considered as the mother medicine of ancient Tamils/Dravidians in south India. Siddha system of medicine is as old as mankind and dominated the civilazation of the southern penisula of India .There are some people whom claim that Ayurveda is the oldest medical system, but from the research done with the help of available historical data, it is evident that Siddha system of medicine is much older and has more history than even Ayurveda .Not only is this system the oldest, this is the medical system with lots of specialities far outweigh the Ayurvedic medicine. Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medicine, remains the most ancient yet living traditions. Although India has been successful in promoting its therapies with more research and science-based approach, it still needs more extensive research and evidence base; increased side effects, lack of curative treatment for several chronic diseases like, cancer. Disorders of the Musculoskeletal system affect all ages and ethnic groups.it also the Coronavirus diseases 2019(COVID-19) pandemic cause by the severe Acute Respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-coV2) is a massive threat to public health word wide. India is a peninsula of herbal hub, in which Siddha system of medicine has flourished as an englightment in the field of Medicine. Currently medicinal plant have become the per amount source of drug discovery in research for treating diverse from of disease including Cancer. Food is the major source for serving the Nutritional needs but with growing modernization some traditional ways are being given up. This review gives an overview of the Ayurvedic system of medicine and its rule in traditional medicine in order to overview of the Medicine in order to overcome malnutrition and related disorders Siddha is a great subject and explains a reputed indigenous medical and health system.

Antidiabetic potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Plants are known to possess relatively high efficacy in the treatment of several chronic diseases with fewer adverse effects. In the recent years, numerous medicinal plants have been reported to be effective in treating diabetes. Hence, the present study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic property of hydroalcoholic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) calyces in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg, b.w), in male Wistar rats. Diabetic rats were administered daily oral doses of HS (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) and Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) for 21 days. Then, blood glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance test and lipid profiles were determined. Treatment with HS resulted in a significant dose dependent reduction of blood glucose levels accompanied by a significant improvement in body weight. The extract also enhanced the glucose tolerance and significantly decreased cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins levels while the high-density lipoproteins level significantly increased. From the results obtained, it can therefore be concluded that Hibiscus sabdariffa has an antidiabetic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Diabetes ethnopharmacology in rural region: study of a case report and review of literature

Recently, there is an ascendant recourse for medicinal plants’ utilization as treatment of several chronic diseases, including diabetes. While effective in wound healing, some herbs might present toxic effects at certain doses or when used for long periods. In this study, the frequently used antidiabetic herbs, in a rural region, was reviewed with special focus on their possible toxicological features

In Silico Molecular Docking and Interaction Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicines Against SARS-CoV-2 Receptor

The novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, has led to a major pandemic in 2020 and is responsible for more than 2.9 million officially recorded deaths worldwide. As well as synthetic anti-viral drugs, there is also a need to explore natural herbal remedies. The Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) system has been used for thousands of years for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of several chronic diseases. In this paper, we performed an in silico molecular docking and interaction analysis of TCMs against SARS-CoV-2 receptor RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). We obtained the 5 most effective plant compounds which had a better binding affinity towards the target receptor protein. These compounds areforsythoside A, rutin, ginkgolide C, icariside II, and nolinospiroside E. The top-ranked compound, based on docking score, was nolinospiroside, a glycoside found in Ophiopogon japonicas that has antioxidant properties. Protein-ligand interaction analysis discerned that nolinospiroside formed a strong bond between ARG 349 of the protein receptor and the carboxylate group of the ligand, forming a stable complex. Hence, nolinospiroside could be deployed as a lead compound against SARS-CoV-2 infection that can be further investigated for its potential benefits in curbing the viral infection.

Medicinal plants and bioactive natural products as inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammasome.

The NLR family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that induces caspase-1 activation and the downstream substrates involved with the processing and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α). The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by a wide range of danger signals that derive from metabolic dysregulation. Activation of this complex often involves the adaptor ASC and upstream sensors including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2, and pyrin, which are activated by different stimuli including infectious agents and changes in cell homeostasis. It has been shown that nutraceuticals and medicinal plants have antiinflammatory properties and could be used as complementary therapy in the treatment of several chronic diseases that are related to inflammation, for example, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. Herb-based medicine has demonstrated protective effects against NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Therefore, this review focuses on the effects of nutraceuticals and bioactive compounds derived from medicinal plants on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the possible mechanisms of action of these natural products. Thus, herb-based, natural products/compounds can be considered novel, practical, and accessible agents in chronic inflammatory diseases by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Neurotrophin-3 upregulation associated with intravenous transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells induces axonal sprouting and motor functional recovery in the long term after neocortical ischaemia

Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) have been identified as a relevant therapeutic strategy for the treatment of several chronic diseases of the central nervous system. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether intravenous treatment with BMMCs facilitates the reconnection of lesioned cortico-cortical and cortico-striatal pathways, together with motor recovery, in injured adult Wistar rats using an experimental model of unilateral focal neocortical ischaemia. Animals with cerebral cortex ischaemia underwent neural tract tracing for axonal fibre analysis, differential expression analysis of genes involved in apoptosis and neuroplasticity by RT-qPCR, and motor performance assessment by the cylinder test. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of axonal fibres labelled by an anterograde neural tract tracer were performed. Ischaemic animals treated with BMMCs showed a significant increase in axonal sprouting in the ipsilateral neocortex and in the striatum contralateral to the injured cortical areas compared to untreated rodents. In BMMC-treated animals, there was a trend towards upregulation of the Neurotrophin-3 gene compared to the other genes, as well as modulation of apoptosis by BMMCs. On the 56th day after ischaemia, BMMC-treated animals showed significant improvement in motor performance compared to untreated rats. These results suggest that in the acute phase of ischaemia, Neurotrophin-3 is upregulated in response to the lesion itself. In the long run, therapy with BMMCs causes axonal sprouting, reconnection of damaged neuronal circuitry and a significant increase in motor performance.

Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content of Extracts of Wild Algerian Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes).

Mushrooms can be employed as functional foods or medicines for the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases, since they are rich sources of bioactive metabolites. Nonetheless, the therapeutic value of Algerian mushrooms remains largely unexplored. To date, there are no published studies concerning the different medicinal properties of endemic Ganoderma lucidum in Algeria. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant potential of an endemic specimen collected in the Lake Tonga Forest of El Kala National Park in Northeast Algeria with findings from other countries. To this end, phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using three solvents of increasing polarity (chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol). The mushroom specimen was identified as G. lucidum based on strong molecular evidence using internal transcribed spacer, large subunit, and small subunit sequences. Our study showed that ethyl acetate extract contained higher total phenolic content (171.1 ± 1.06 μg gallic acid equivalents/mg and 102.5 ± 0.69 μg pyrocatechol equivalents/mg extract) and total flavonoid content (25.48 ± 0.13 μg quercetin equivalents/mg and 40.45 ± 0.83 μg rutin equivalents/mg extract) than the other mushroom extracts (chloroform and butanolic). The ethyl acetate extract also showed good antioxidant activity in DPPH (28.51 ± 0.24 μg/mL), ABTS·+ (10.06 ± 0.13 μg/mL), galvinoxyl radical (15.46 ± 0.48 μg/mL), reducing power (22.74 ± 0.30 μg/mL), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (21.36 ± 0.04 μg/mL), and phenanthroline (12.87 ± 0.26 μg/mL) assays. These results suggest that G. lucidum could be used as a source of strong natural antioxidants for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Treatment Preferences of Residents Assumed to Have Severe Chronic Diseases in China: A Discrete Choice Experiment.

Objectives: This study aims to elicit the relative importance of treatment attributes that influence residents’ choice, assuming they are suffering severe non-communicable diseases (NCDs), to explore how they make trade-offs between these attributes and to estimate the monetary value placed on different attributes and attribute levels. Methods: A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was conducted with adults over 18 years old in China. Preferences were evaluated based on four treatment attributes: care provider, mode of service, distance to practice and cost. A mixed logit model was used to analyze the relative importance of the four attributes and to calculate the willingness to pay (WTP) for a changed attribute level. Results: A total of 93.47% (2019 of 2160) respondents completed valid questionnaires. The WTP results suggested that participants would be willing to pay CNY 822.51 (USD 124.86), CNY 470.54 (USD 71.41) and CNY 68.20 (USD 10.35) for services provided by experts, with integrated traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western medicine (WM) and with a service distance <=30 min, respectively. Conclusions: The results suggested that mode of service, care provider, distance to practice and cost should be considered in priority-setting decisions. The government should strengthen the curative service capability in primary health facilities and give full play to the role of TCM in the prevention and treatment of severe chronic diseases.

Does calorie restriction improve cognition?

Calorie restriction (CR) has been considered the most effective non-pharmacological intervention to counteract aging-related diseases and improve longevity. This intervention has shown beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases and functional declines related to aging, such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and neuroendocrine disorders. However, the effects of CR on cognition show controversial results since its effects vary according to intensity, duration, and the period of CR. This review focuses on the main studies published in the last ten years regarding the consequences of CR on cognition in different neurological diseases and conditions of experimental animals. Also, possible CR mimetics are discussed. These findings highlight the potential beneficial effects of CR of up to 40 % on cognition when started early in life in non human animals.

Gut-Joint Axis: The Role of Physical Exercise on Gut Microbiota Modulation in Older People with Osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is considered one of the most common joint disorders worldwide and its prevalence is constantly increasing due to the global longevity and changes in eating habits and lifestyle. In this context, the role of gut microbiota (GM) in the pathogenesis of OA is still unclear. Perturbation of GM biodiversity and function, defined as ‘gut dysbiosis’, might be involved in the development of inflammaging, one of the main risk factors of OA development. It is well known that physical exercise could play a key role in the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases including OA, and it is recommended by several guidelines as a first line intervention. Several studies have shown that physical exercise could modulate GM composition, boosting intestinal mucosal immunity, increasing the Bacteroidetes–Firmicutes ratio, modifying the bile acid profile, and improving the production of short chain fatty acids. Moreover, it has been shown that low intensity exercise might reduce the risk of gastrointestinal diseases, confirming the hypothesis of a strict correlation between skeletal muscle and GM. However, up to date, there is still a lack of clinical trials focusing on this research field. Therefore, in this narrative, we aimed to summarize the state-of-the-art of the literature regarding the correlation between these conditions, supporting the hypothesis of a ‘gut–joint axis’ and highlighting the role of physical exercise combined with adequate diet and probiotic supplements in rebalancing microbial dysbiosis.

JANUS KINASE ENZYME (JAK) INHIBITORS AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Cytokines play an essential role in normal cell growth and the regulation of immune function. The emergence of Janus Kinase Enzyme inhibitors promises the start of a revolution in the treatment of several chronic diseases. Their efficacy and safety profile have been demonstrated in multiple trials and they have been licensed for the treatment of a number of diseases including RA and PsA. Moreover, the use of highly selective Janus Kinase Enzyme inhibitors is currently being studied aiming to reduce side effects compared with traditional JAKinibs, an example of that would be the recent FDA approved upadacitinib. The Janus Kinase Enzyme inhibitorsmay supplant the classical biologic agents in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, since they exhibitthe advantages of oral administration, simultaneous blockade of multiple cytokines, reversibility and the lack of immunogenicity.

Properties of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenes

Ganoderma lucidum has been used for promoting longevity and health in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in Asian countries. Its pharmacological effects are widely known, as indicated by its inclusion in the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. It was found that G. lucidum contains several bioactive compounds, including triterpenes, polysaccharides, peptidoglycans, flavonoids, sterols, fatty acids and nucleotides. It is well-known medicinal mushroom that has been widely used for the treatment of several chronic diseases. It has been reported that triterpenes are responsible for the major medicinal properties and demonstrated therapeutic efficiency of G. lucidum. The present review mainly focuses on the pharmacological properties of the triterpenes underlying antioxidative, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetes and hepatoprotective activities.

Rate and predictors for non-attendance of patients undergoing hospital outpatient treatment for chronic diseases: a register-based cohort study

BackgroundFailure to keep medical appointments results in inefficiencies and, potentially, in poor outcomes for patients. The aim of this study is to describe non-attendance rate and to investigate predictors of non-attendance among patients receiving hospital outpatient treatment for chronic diseases.MethodsWe conducted a historic, register-based cohort study using data from a regional hospital and included patients aged 18 years or over who were registered in ongoing outpatient treatment courses for seven selected chronic diseases on July 1, 2013. A total of 5895 patients were included and information about their appointments was extracted from the period between July 1, 2013 and June 30, 2015. The outcome measure was occurrence of non-attendance. The associations between non-attendance and covariates (age, gender, marital status, education level, occupational status, specific chronic disease and number of outpatient treatment courses) were investigated using multivariate logistic regression models, including mixed effect.ResultsDuring the two-year period, 35% of all patients (2057 of 5895 patients) had one or more occurrences of non-attendance and 5% of all appointments (4393 of 82,989 appointments) resulted in non-attendance. Significant predictors for non-attendance were younger age (OR 4.17 for 18 ≤ 29 years as opposed to 80+ years), male gender (OR 1.35), unmarried status (OR 1.39), low educational level (OR 1.18) and receipt of long-term welfare payments (OR 1.48). Neither specific diseases nor number of treatment courses were associated with a higher non-attendance rate.ConclusionsPatients undergoing hospital outpatient treatments for chronic diseases had a non-attendance rate of 5%. We found several predictors for non-attendance but undergoing treatment for several chronic diseases simultaneously was not a predictor. To reduce non-attendance, initiatives could target the groups at risk.Trial registrationThis study was approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency (Project ID 18/35695).

Phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities and effects on nuclear DNA of ethanolic extract from an Italian mycelial isolate of Ganoderma lucidum

Ethnopharmacological relevanceGanoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. (also known as Linghzhi and Reishi) is the most appreciated and revered medicinal mushroom across many Asian countries, but its properties have also attracted interest in Western countries. Indeed, in the West, it is now commercially available as a dietary supplement in preparations mainly made from spores, fruiting bodies and mycelia. It is employed in both nutraceutical and pharmacological formulations either for its immuno-modulating anti-inflammatory properties or as an effective adjuvant therapy in the treatment of several chronic diseases as well as in cancer treatment. Aim of the studyThe aim of this investigation was to show the phytochemical composition and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of an ethanolic extract from an Italian mycelial isolate of Ganoderma lucidum and to assess its effects on nuclear DNA. Materials and methodsLC/ESI-MS and tandem mass spectrometry MSMS were used to obtain structural identification of ethanolic G. lucidum extract constituents. Antioxidant activities were determined by the DPPH method, chelating effect on Fe2+ and lipoxygenase inhibition while cytotoxic activities using the MTT assay. Effects on nuclear DNA were evaluated using the DNA nicking assay in a cell-free system and the fast halo assay performed on oxidatively injured human U937 cells; apoptosis induction was investigated using the non-denaturing fast halo assay and DNA laddering detection. ResultsThis extract was rich in several bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic and triterpenic acids. It showed antioxidant activity and protective effects in oxidatively injured DNA in cell-free analyses and antiproliferative, genotoxic, and proapoptotic effects in the cell model. ConclusionsItalian G. lucidum mycelium isolate appears to be a source of various natural compounds that may have applications as chemopreventive agents or functional foods.

Regulation of the IL-33/ST2 pathway contributes to the anti-inflammatory effect of acupuncture in the ovalbumin-induced murine asthma model.

Bronchial asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease which has three main pathological features: airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway remodelling, and chronic inflammation. Acupuncture is known to be an effective integrative medical therapy that has been used in the treatment of several chronic diseases, including bronchial asthma. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of acupuncture on inflammation and regulation of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in a mouse model of asthma. The murine asthma model was established by both injection and inhalation of ovalbumin (OVA). Within 24 hours of the last OVA challenge, lung function was assessed by measurement of the airway resistance (RL) and lung dynamic compliance (Cdyn). Pulmonary tissues were collected for the detection of pathological changes and mucus secretion. Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-33 and sST2 (secreted ST2) were detected by ELISA. Th17 cell proportions and counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were analysed by flow cytometry. The results showed that AHR, chronic inflammation and mucus secretion were significantly suppressed by acupuncture treatment. RL decreased while Cdyn increased after acupuncture treatment. There was an apparent decrease in the serum concentrations of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-33, and an increase in sST2 level compared with untreated asthmatic mice. Acupuncture also reduced the CD4 +IL-17A+ cell proportion and counts in BALF. Acupuncture effectively protects lung function and attenuates airway inflammation in the OVA-induced mouse model of asthma, which supports the role of acupuncture as a potential therapy in asthma treatment.

Chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils of Psidium guajava leaf

As a herbal medicine, essential oil is used for the treatment of several chronic diseases, however, the clinical evidence of essential oil is insufficient. In this context, we have made an effort to quantify its percentage of chemical composition and the biological potency of essential oil of the leaves of Psidium guajava. The content of essential oil was found in 0.38% (v/w) and the oil was isolated by using hydro distillation from the leaves of the selected plant. The isolated oil was analyzed by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) equipped with a HP-5MS fused silica capillary column (30 m × 0.25 i.d., film thickness 0.25 μm). The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the isolated leaves oil at different concentrations were determined by agar gel diffusion and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil at various concentrations was determined against three Gram (+) Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus aureus and three Gram (−) Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial strains. A total of 54 chemical compounds were detected by using GC–MS which is representing 98.172% of the total oil. The dominating ingredients in the leaves oil were iso-caryophyllene (33.53%), veridiflorene (13.00%), farnesene (11.65%), dl-limonene (9.84%), δ-cadinene (1.75%), α-copaene (2.80%), α-humulene (3.74%) and τ-cadinol (0.08%). The oil showed significant antimicrobial activity against both Gram (+ and −) bacterial strains with an inhibition range of 0–13 mm. However, the isolated leaves oil did not show any activity at any concentration against brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The isolated oil showed significant antimicrobial activity and it could be used as natural antibiotics.

Invaluable Insights of Guna-Based Prakriti in Deciding Diet, Lifestyle and Medication

Prakriti is an important basic concept of Ayurveda which consists of three Doshas. Prakriti-specific treatment including medicine, diet and lifestyle is a distinctive feature of Ayurveda. Prakriti also determines the retort of an individual to environmental factors, drugs and susceptibility to diseases making it one of the earliest-known concepts of preventive and personalized or genomic medicine.1 Opposite to Prakriti is Vikriti which means diseased state of an individual. Until the normal is not known, abnormality cannot be found, so Prakriti plays an important role in determining Vikriti. Acharya Charaka has mentioned Dashavidha Pariksha in which Prakriti assessment is done first and Vikriti analysis next to understand the nature and severity of disease, reaction of body to the drugs (pharmacogenomics), selection of drugs and their doses, prognosis of the disease and preventive measures such as diet, diurnal and seasonal regimes. So Prakriti emphasizes on the individuality and plays an important role in diagnosis, preventive medicine, and therapeutics. it still needs more extensive research and evidence based analysis. Increased side effects, lack of curative treatment for several chronic diseases, high cost of new drugs, microbial resistance and emerging, diseases are some reasons for renewed public interest in complementary and alternative medicines.

Natural or Plant Products for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders: Current Knowledge.

In recent decades, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has become very popular in the treatment of several chronic diseases. Natural products as one of the CAM modalities offer potential opportunities to discover lead compounds for novel drug development. The use of CAM or natural products in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases is comparatively a newer area. A structured online literature search for peer-reviewed research articles was conducted on the PubMed, Europe PMC, Medline and Google Scholar portals, using phrases: natural products for neurologic disorders, phytomedicine for neurodegenerative diseases, natural therapeutics for neurological symptopms etc. Results: The retrieved data showed the natural therapeutics with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory salutations evidently plays a crucial role in protecting neurons. Of these, the most promising are caffeine, trigonelline, shogaol, curcumin, resveratrol, baicalein, wogonin, ginsenosides, tanshinones, withanolides, picrosides, parthenolide, cannabinoids, Devil's claw and white willow bark, including Chinese formulations Renshen Shouwu and Shengmai San. Though several herbs and their active ingredients have been studied in laboratory and clinical settings, only a few have been investigated for their molecular mechanisms of action. Notably, despite the promising and safe therapeutic benefits of CAM/herbal medicines, there exists a possible risk when combining them with prescription drugs. As a result, many drugs have shown changes in blood pressure, hepatotoxicity, seizures etc. when combined with certain herbs. Certainly, extensive work is needed to make sure that patients should take a regimen of protective and restorative therapy under an experienced healthcare professional. This article updates on the current knowledge of promising natural products used in neurological disorders.