Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is considered one of the most common joint disorders worldwide and its prevalence is constantly increasing due to the global longevity and changes in eating habits and lifestyle. In this context, the role of gut microbiota (GM) in the pathogenesis of OA is still unclear. Perturbation of GM biodiversity and function, defined as ‘gut dysbiosis’, might be involved in the development of inflammaging, one of the main risk factors of OA development. It is well known that physical exercise could play a key role in the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases including OA, and it is recommended by several guidelines as a first line intervention. Several studies have shown that physical exercise could modulate GM composition, boosting intestinal mucosal immunity, increasing the Bacteroidetes–Firmicutes ratio, modifying the bile acid profile, and improving the production of short chain fatty acids. Moreover, it has been shown that low intensity exercise might reduce the risk of gastrointestinal diseases, confirming the hypothesis of a strict correlation between skeletal muscle and GM. However, up to date, there is still a lack of clinical trials focusing on this research field. Therefore, in this narrative, we aimed to summarize the state-of-the-art of the literature regarding the correlation between these conditions, supporting the hypothesis of a ‘gut–joint axis’ and highlighting the role of physical exercise combined with adequate diet and probiotic supplements in rebalancing microbial dysbiosis.
Highlights
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal disease, characterized by progressive articular cartilage loss, formation of osteophytes, subchondral bone remodeling, and chronic jointNutrients 2020, 12, 574; doi:10.3390/nu12020574 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrientsNutrients 2020, 12, 574 inflammation [1]
Exercise might modulate and help to restore the gut microbiota (GM) when altered by a high fat diet
Bacterial communities were assayed in fecal samples using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP)
Summary
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal disease, characterized by progressive articular cartilage loss, formation of osteophytes, subchondral bone remodeling, and chronic jointNutrients 2020, 12, 574; doi:10.3390/nu12020574 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrientsNutrients 2020, 12, 574 inflammation [1]. The etiology of OA still remains unknown, but several risk factors have been identified such as age, sex, obesity, diet, physical inactivity, abnormal loading of the joints, metabolic syndrome, and inflammaging [6]. These two latter conditions are key components of OA onset and evolution, and recently the microbial dysbiosis induced by quantitative and qualitative alterations of the gut microbiota (GM) has been shown to sustain a chronic systemic low-grade inflammation, boosting the main pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning OA [7]
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