Treatment Of Second-degree Burns Research Articles

Superoxide dismutase-contained solid lipid nanoparticles: Formulation development and In-vivo evaluation for second-degree burn wound healing in rats

IntroductionSuperoxide dismutase (SOD), a natural enzyme with high antioxidant activity, reduces injury and accelerates wound healing by scavenging superoxide radicals. This enzyme plays an important role in cellular defense against oxidative stress such as burn injury. The aim of this study was to load SOD into solid lipid nanoparticles for the treatment of rat burn wounds. MethodsSolid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by Solvent Emulsification Diffusion method and evaluated for particle size, enzyme activity and enzyme entrapment efficiency. Twenty-seven rats in 3 different groups were induced with deep second-degree burns and then treated with SOD-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles without enzyme, or SOD solution. After the treatment period, the wounds were evaluated macroscopically for the area of healing and microscopically for indices of re-epithelialization, granulation tissue and angiogenesis. ResultsThe optimized SOD-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles showed a particle size of 35–85 ± 2.41 nm, 78.4 ± 4.31 % entrapment efficiency and 90 % initial enzyme activity. Macroscopic examination showed that the best recovery rate belonged to the solid lipid nanoparticle group. Pathological studies also showed that angiogenesis and granulation tissue were significantly better in this group. Compared to the other two groups, SOD-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles showed a significant improvement in pathological factors, particularly angiogenesis and granulation tissue, as well as a faster reduction in the number of inflammatory cells. ConclusionBased on this study, solid lipid nanoparticles could be used as an effective delivery system for SOD in the treatment of second-degree burns.

Nile tilapia skin in the treatment of second-degree burns: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Objective: Systematically review the effects of using Nile tilapia skin (NTFS) for management/treatment in patients with second-degree skin burns, when compared with two treatments containing silver, hydrofiber dressing or sulfadiazine cream (AgSD). Methodology: Systematic review with meta-analysis performed in january 2023, using PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane and Gale databases, to identify relevant randomized clinical trials. Results: In total, five randomized trials were identified comparing the use of NTFS with two types of silver-based treatment of second-degree skin burns. Occlusive dressings with NTFS significantly reduced pain levels, measured using the Visual Analogue Scale - VAS (p=0.0008), time (measured in days) for complete wound healing, corresponding to re-epithelialization of 95% or more of the initial burn (p=0.002), and the number of dressings needed until complete healing of the burn (p=0.0004). Conclusion: The results confirm the positive effects of using the NTFS dressing on patients with second-degree burns and can benefit public health systems, especially in developing and resource-poor countries.

Radiosterilized Pig Skin, Silver Nanoparticles and Skin Cells as an Integral Dressing Treatment for Burns: Development, Pre-Clinical and Clinical Pilot Study.

Radiosterilized pig skin (RPS) has been used as a dressing for burns since the 1980s. Its similarity to human skin in terms of the extracellular matrix (ECM) allows the attachment of mesenchymal stem cells, making it ideal as a scaffold to create cellularized constructs. The use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been proven to be an appropriate alternative to the use of antibiotics and a potential solution against multidrug-resistant bacteria. RPS can be impregnated with AgNPs to develop nanomaterials capable of preventing wound infections. The main goal of this study was to assess the use of RPS as a scaffold for autologous fibroblasts (Fb), keratinocytes (Kc), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the treatment of second-degree burns (SDB). Additionally, independent RPS samples were impregnated with AgNPs to enhance their properties and further develop an antibacterial dressing that was initially tested using a burn mouse model. This protocol was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of the INRLGII (INR 20/19 AC). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis of the synthesized AgNPs showed an average size of 10 nm and rounded morphology. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and Kirby-Bauer assays indicated that AgNPs (in solution at a concentration of 125 ppm) exhibit antimicrobial activity against the planktonic form of S. aureus isolated from burned patients; moreover, a log reduction of 1.74 ± 0.24 was achieved against biofilm formation. The nanomaterial developed with RPS impregnated with AgNPs solution at 125 ppm (RPS-AgNPs125) facilitated wound healing in a burn mouse model and enhanced extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, as analyzed by Masson's staining in histological samples. No silver was detected by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in the skin, and neither by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in different organs of the mouse burn model. Calcein/ethidium homodimer (EthD-1), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis demonstrated that Fb, Kc, and MSC could attach to RPS with over 95% cell viability. Kc were capable of releasing FGF at 0.5 pg above control levels, as analyzed by ELISA assays. An autologous RPS-Fb-Kc construct was implanted in a patient with SDB and compared to an autologous skin graft. The patient recovery was assessed seven days post-implantation, and the patient was followed up at one, two, and three months after the implantation, exhibiting favorable recovery compared to the gold standard, as measured by the cutometer. In conclusion, RPS effectively can be used as a scaffold for the culture of Fb, Kc, and MSC, facilitating the development of a cellularized construct that enhances wound healing in burn patients.

Topical Use of Heparin and Silver Sulfadiazine Cream in the Treatment of Second Degree Burn in Children: A Comparative Study

Introduction: Burn is a complex disease process, a trauma to physique as well as psyche. Visible disfigurement caused by burns translates into an altered pattern of socialization which in turn can have serious psychological ramifications. Patients with burns require immediate specialized care in order to minimize morbidity and mortality. So, the important part of the management of burns is wound management. Objectives: To assess the efficacy of topical heparin and silver sulfadiazine cream in burn wound management. Methods: Prospective comparative interventional study was carried out at the Department of Burn & Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Paedicatric Surgery, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital and Institute. A total 42 patients were included in this study after fulfilment of all selection criteria during the study period. Patients were randomly selected into two groups. In group A (n=21) patients were treated with topical heparin and in group B (n=21) patients were treated with silver sulfadiazine cream. Results: The mean pain relief time was 1.76±0.54 days in group A and 5.52±0.98 days in group B. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean wound healing time was 4.62±0.86 days in group A and 8.0±1.97 days in group B. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean hospital stay was 5.57±0.75 days in group A and 8.10±1.97 days in group B. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Topical use of heparin is safe and more effective than silver sulfadiazine cream in the management of second-degree burns in children.

Effectiveness of green tea cream in comparison with silver sulfadiazine cream in the treatment of second degree burn in human subjects

BackgroundThe objective of the present clinical study was to compare the efficacy of green tea (GT) extract cream with 1% silver sulfadiazine (SSD) cream in the treatment of superficial second degree burns in human subjects. MethodsTwo-step hot water procedure was used for extraction. The antibacterial potency of the GT extract was compared with standard antibiotics against three common burn wounds bacteria. In addition, GT cream was subjected to a preservative challenge test. Using the 13 scoring items proposed by the Bates-Jensen wound assessment tool, the effectiveness of the cream was compared with SSD cream on 50 patients with second degree burns with a 14-day follow up. ResultsGT extract showed a wide range of in vitro antibacterial activity which was comparable with imipenem, gentamicin and more potent than vancomycin. In addition, it successfully passed the challenge test. Both treatment groups showed no significant differences, either in the rate of healing, or in other allocated healing parameters. However, epithelialisation, granulation tissue, oedema and exudate types showed a non-significant better profile of healing. In conclusion, these results suggest that GT extract is a promising novel agent in the treatment of 2nd degree superficial burns in human subjects. Further studies on its effectiveness in the treatment of deep second degree burn wounds are recommended.

Comparison of the Effects of Stem Cell, Platelet Rich Plasma and Ovarian Follicle Fluid on Burn Stasis Zone (Experimental Study)

Objective: The basic aim in the treatment of second-degree burns is to prevent progressive cell death, and so treatments are directed at the zone of stasis. In this study, We were aimed to investigate the healing effects of using Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), Ovarian follicular fluid (OFS) and Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on burn stasis zone in an experimental burn model. Method: Forty rats were divided randomly into four groups. Burns were created in each group according to the comb burn model. The control group received no treatment; the mesenchymal stem cell [MSC] group received MSC; the platelet-rich plasma [PRP] group received PRP; and the ovarian follicular fluid [OFF] group received OFF subcutaneously on days 1, 3 and 5. On days 1 and 21, all rats were photographed and the burn sites were calculated. At the end of day 21, all rats were sacrificed, the dorsum containing the created burns were excised, and the epithelialization, collagen amount, fibroblast density, inflammatory cell density and VEGF amounts were evaluated histopathologically. Results: The groups were assessed based on the burn site healing rate and histopathological scoring. Healing was faster in the MSC group [p<0.005], PRP group [p>0.005] and OFS group [p<0.005] than in the control group. When the treatment groups were compared with each other, the best healing was observed in the MSC, PRP and OFF groups, respectively. Conclusions: MSC, PRP and OFF were found to have a positive effect on burn healing, with MSC being the most efficient method among the three, followed by PRP and OFF, respectively, which were found to provide a faster healing than the control group.

Healing Effects of Human Amniotic Membrane and Burned Wool on the Second-degree Burn in Rats

ackground: This study aimed to compare sheep burnt wool and human amniotic membrane (AM) on second-degree burn wound healing in rats. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two adult male rats of Sprague Dawley underwent general anesthesia, and a deep second-degree burn was created on their skin by a hot iron plate. Afterward, human AM, silver sulfadiazine ointment (SSD), and sheep burned wool were used on wound area for burn treatment. On days 7, 14, and 21 of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed, and histopathological assessments were done. Results: Human AM, in comparison with other groups, significantly (P&lt;0.05) showed better improvement in all pathologic variables. Burned wool showed significant improvement compared to the control group on day 7 in the angiogenesis, on day 14 in granulation tissue formation and epithelial formation, and on day 21 in new epithelial formation (P&lt;0.05). Burned wool compared with SSD ointment in granulation tissue formation improved significantly (P&lt;0.05) on days 7 and 14. Also, SSD ointment in comparison with the control group significantly improved (P&lt;0.05) granulation tissue formation and macrophage on day 7. Conclusion: Human AM has a significant effect on the treatment of second-degree burn. Burned wool has a better effect on wound healing than SSD ointment and negative control group without treatment in terms of granulation tissue and epithelium formation. [GMJ.2020;9:e1759]

Healing Effects of Human Amniotic Membrane and Burned Wool on the Second-degree Burn in Rats.

Background: This study aimed to compare sheep burnt wool and human amniotic membrane (AM) on second-degree burn wound healing in rats. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two adult male rats of Sprague Dawley underwent general anesthesia, and a deep second-degree burn was created on their skin by a hot iron plate. Afterward, human AM, silver sulfadiazine ointment (SSD), and sheep burned wool were used on wound area for burn treatment. On days 7, 14, and 21 of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed, and histopathological assessments were done. Results: Human AM, in comparison with other groups, significantly (P<0.05) showed better improvement in all pathologic variables. Burned wool showed significant improvement compared to the control group on day 7 in the angiogenesis, on day 14 in granulation tissue formation and epithelial formation, and on day 21 in new epithelial formation (P<0.05). Burned wool compared with SSD ointment in granulation tissue formation improved significantly (P<0.05) on days 7 and 14. Also, SSD ointment in comparison with the control group significantly improved (P<0.05) granulation tissue formation and macrophage on day 7. Conclusion: Human AM has a significant effect on the treatment of second-degree burn. Burned wool has a better effect on wound healing than SSD ointment and negative control group without treatment in terms of granulation tissue and epithelium formation.

Argon Atmospheric Plasma Treatment Promotes Burn Healing by Stimulating Inflammation and Controlling the Redox State.

Burns are a public health problem, with second-degree burns as one of the most common types. Although intense inflammation worsens burn healing, effective therapies are scarce. Thus, infections and hypertrophic scars may occur, which compromise patient quality of life and may delay healing. Argon atmospheric plasma (AP) has been shown to positively influence wound healing. In the context of identifying effective and alternative therapies for the treatment of second-degree burns, the present study evaluated AP in the treatment of second-degree burns in rats compared to that for sham treatment on the 2nd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days post-injury. Our results revealed proinflammatory effect for AP by recruiting predominantly neutrophils on the 7th day and macrophages on the 21st day compared to sham treatment, allowing a greater production of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-17, and also controlled the inflammation by IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. AP also showed antioxidant activity important for controlling oxidative damage on the 2nd day. This favored the induction of angiogenesis from the 2nd day and induction fibroplasia and fibrillogenesis after the 14th day, which enhanced burn healing with the formation of a thinner burn eschar before the 21st day post-burn. Thus, AP effectively modulated the inflammatory phase of second-degree burn healing through the control of oxidative damage that favored the following phases. Therefore, AP is a relevant alternative in the treatment of second-degree burns.

A comparison between Platelet-rich plasma and low-level laser therapy for the treatment of second degree burn in sheep

Background and aims: This experiment was conducted in order to compare the effect of Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and low-level laser (LLL) therapy on healing of second-degree burn wound in sheep. Materials and Methods: Fourteen adult rams were divided into four groups of equal numbers. A second-degree burn was generated on the back of all animals. The burned area in the first and second group was exposed and autologous PRP and LLL (6 J/cm2), respectively were applied on burned area continuously for five days. Fourteen days later, samples were collected from all animals for histopathological examinations. Results: Histopathological evaluations on the second week showed the burn healing to be better in the PRP than LLL and both of them were better with respect to the control group. Conclusion: The application of PRP for five days is effective than LLL application in healing burn-related skin wounds in sheep model.

Nile tilapia skin xenograft versus silver-based hydrofiber dressing in the treatment of second-degree burns in adults

Nile tilapia skin xenograft versus silver-based hydrofiber dressing in the treatment of second-degree burns in adults

Healing effect of &lt;i&gt;Sanguisorba officinalis&lt;/i&gt; L extract on second-degree burns in rats

Purpose: To investigate the healing effect of Sanguisorba officinalis L. extract (SOLE) on seconddegree burns in rats. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 200 – 220 g, were subjected to deep second-degree skin burns by electrical scald instrument. The animals were divided into three groups as follows: (1) second-degree burns model (control), (2) burns model treated with 1 % silver sulfadiazine (SSD), and (3) burns model treated with SOLE. On days 3, 7 and 14, following administration of drug/extract, the wound area and histopathological changes of rat epidermis were evaluated in all the groups. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SOLE on Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli was also assessed separately. Results: On day 14, the mean wound area of SOLE treatment group (0.22 ± 0.05 cm 2 ) was significantly smaller than that of control rats (2.67 ± 0.18 cm 2 , p < 0.01). Histological data indicate that inflammatory cells of burnt rats disappeared and were replaced by new granulation tissue by day 14 for the group treated with SOLE. The antibacterial results revealed that the MIC of SOLE for Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli was 3.5, 14.0 and 7.0 mg·mL -1 , respectively. Conclusion: Sanguisorba officinalis L. appears to be an effective medicinal herb for the treatment of second-degree burns. Keywords: Sanguisorba officinalis , Burns, Healing, Antibacterial, Silver sulfadiazine

Effect of Paris polyphylla extract on second-degree burns in rats

Purpose: To investigate the healing effect of Paris polyphylla extract (PPE) on second-degree burns in rats. Methods : Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, weighing 200 – 220 g, were subjected to deep seconddegree skin burns by electrical scald instrument. The animals were divided into three groups as follows: (1) second-degree burn model (control) group, (2) burn model treated with 1 % silver sulfadiazine (SSD) group, and (3) burn model treated with 120 mg·mL -1 PPE group. On days 3, 7 and 14 following the administration of the drug/extract, wound area and histopathological changes in rat epidermis were evaluated for the three groups. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PPE on Staphyloccocus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were also assessed. Results: On day 14, the mean wound area of PPE treatment group (0.21 ± 0.04 cm 2 ) was significantly smaller than that of the control rats (2.78 ± 0.18 cm 2 , p < 0.01). Histological results indicate that inflammatory cells disappeared and were replaced by new granulation tissue in the group treated with 120 mg·mL -1 PPE by day 14. Compared with SSD group rats, the inflammatory cells and fibroblast and granulation tissues of burnt rats with burns and treated with 120 mg·mL -1 PPE decreased significantly. The antibacterial data revealed that the MIC of PPE against S. aureus , P. aeruginosa and E. coli was 2.35, 8.2 and 4.70 mg·mL -1 , respectively. Conclusion: Paris polyphylla is an effective medicinal herb that holds promise for the treatment of second-degree burns. Keywords: Paris polyphylla, Second-degree burns, Wound healing, Antibacterial, Inflammatory cells, Granulation tissues, Silver sulfadiazine

Increased wound pH as an indicator of local wound infection in second degree burns

Wound pH affects a number of important factors in wound healing. It is known that the pH of the skin surface of healthy adults and children is 4.2–5.6 and that it decreases with the lapse of epithelialization. We measured the pH of the exudates from second degree burns in 26 cases. Among these, local burn wound infection developed in 6 cases. The causative organisms were Staphylococcus aureus in 2 cases and Staphylococcus epidermidis in 4 cases. The maximum pH value measured was 10.0 and the minimum was 5.0 for all samples. There were no differences in the initial measurements of pH between the non-infected cases and the local-infected cases. In cases of local infection, the pH rose prior to the onset of clinical signs of local burn infection. By consecutive measurement of pH, early detection of local wound infection can be achieved and this is very beneficial in clinical practice. Moreover, measurement is very easy and results are available immediately. In conclusion, consecutive pH measurement of exudates is considered to be a useful indicator in the treatment of second degree burns.

Raal ointment compared with 1% silver sulfadiazine cream for the treatment of second degree burns

Aim: The aim of the following study is to assess the efficacy of Raal ointment (herbal plant resin) compared with 1% silver sulfadiazine cream as a burn dressing for the treatment of second degree burns covering less than 30% of the body surface area. Materials and Methods: A randomized comparative study was carried out at our institute during August 2010 to June 2012. Ethical committee permission was obtained. Written informed consent was taken from each patient. Fifty patients with second degree burn wounds of approximately equal size present on both half of the body were selected. One side of the wound was treated with silver sulfadiazine cream and the other side of the wound was treated with Raal ointment. Raal ointment is an herbal product made up of resin of Shorea robusta plant. Both the wounds were assessed for parameters such as pain, infection, rate of healing and resultant scar. Results: The average pain score was 7.02 (Scale 0-10) in silver sulphadizine cream group when compared with 5.14 in the Raal ointment group at the end of 24 h (P < 0.0001). At 48 h the average pain score was 6.12 in silver sulfadiazine group, whereas it was 3.86 in the Raal ointment group (P < 0.0001). The result was statistically significant. Infection rate was 20% in silver sulfadiazine group and was only 12% in Raal ointment group. In Silver sulfadiazine group healing was achieved on an average of 19.06 days. In Raal ointment group, it took an average of 17.2 days (P < 0.0001). This shows that Raal ointment dressing helps in decreasing healing time when compared with silver sulfadiazine cream dressing. Resultant scar of both groups were assessed using Vancouver scar scale at the end of 10 weeks and 14 weeks. Both the treatment groups had equal quality of scar at 10 and 14 weeks. Cost-effectiveness was calculated by comparing the cost of the same amount of silver sulfadiazine cream and Raal ointment. Raal ointment was a cost-effective alternative to silver sulfadiazine cream for treatment of burn wound. Conclusion: Raal ointment was found superior in pain control, rate of healing, control of infection and cost-effectiveness than silver sulfadiazine cream for treatment of second degree burns.

The efficacy of infrared irradiation combined with recombinant human epidermal growth factor in the treatment of second degree burns

Objective To observe the efficacy of infrared irradiation combined with a topical solution of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) in dressing second degree burns. Methods A total of 100 second degree burn cases were divided into a treatment group and a control group using a random number table.The treatment group received infrared irradiation combined with rhEGF topical solution; the control group was given only dressings with pure rhEGF topical solution.Pain was assessed by using the visual analogue scale,the time for wound secretions to completely disappear and wound healing time were assessed in both groups.Results Pain was less severe in the treatment group,secretions completely stoppedmore quickly and average wound healing time was significantly shortened.The difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant.Conclusion Infrared irradiation combined with rhEGF topical solution can have synergistic effects in shortening the duration of secretions and wound healing time and alleviating pain.The combination is worthy of clinical promotion. Key words: Infrared irradiation; Recombinant human epidermal growth factor topical solution; Bums

A herbal cream consisting of Aloe vera, Lavandula stoechas, and Pelargonium roseum as an alternative for silver sulfadiazine in burn management

Background: Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) is the most used topical agent for the treatment of burn wounds. However, it has some side effects such as delayed and incomplete epithelialization, generation of black scars, and limited penetration to the depth of a wound. Objective: The present study investigated the efficacy of herbal combination cream containing Aloe vera gel and essential oils of Lavandula stoechas and Pelargonium roseum in the alleviation of symptoms in patients with superficial second-degree burns and comparison of its effects with those of SSD 1% cream. Methods: One hundred eleven patients with second-degree burns (occurring in the preceding 48 hours and affecting Results: Both groups experienced a significant reduction in the pain severity at day 14 compared to baseline (p 0.05). There was a single case of infection in the herbal cream group, which cleared with continuation of treatment. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that the herbal cream used here is superior to SSD 1% cream in the alleviation of pain and may serve as a natural alternative for treatment of second-degree burns. Keywords: Aloe vera, burn wound, Lavandula stoechas, Pelargonium roseum, silver sulfadiazine

Topical application effect of the isolectin hydrogel (Cramoll 1,4) on second-degree burns: experimental model.

This study aimed at evaluating the use of hydrogel isolectin in the treatment of second-degree burns. Twenty male rats were randomly divided into two groups (G1 = treatment with hydrogel containing 100 μg/mL Cramoll 1,4 and G2 = Control, hydrogel). After 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days, animals were euthanized. On the 7th day, G1 showed intense exudates, necrosis and edema. On the 14th day, G1 showed tissue reepithelialization and moderate autolysis. On the 21st day, G1 showed intense fibroblastic proliferation, presence of dense collagen, and moderate fibrosis. On the 28th day, G1 showed complete tissue epithelialization. On the 35th day, G1 showed modeled dense collagen. The significant wound contraction was initiated from day, 14 in the G1. There were no significant differences in biochemical and hematological parameters analyzed. These results extend the potential of therapeutic applications for Cramoll 1,4 in the treatment of thermal burns.

The Use of Light Photobiomodulation on the Treatment of Second-Degree Burns: A Histological Study of a Rodent Model

The aim of this investigation was to compare, by light microscopy, the effects of the use of laser photobiomodulation (LPBM) and polarized light (PL) on second-degree burns on rodents. Burns are severe injuries that result in the loss of tissue fluids, destruction of tissues, infection, and shock. With severe and widespread third-degree burns death may occur. Several light sources have been suggested as being effective for improving wound healing. Forty five rats were used in this study. A second-degree burn was created on the dorsum of each animal, and the animals were divided into four groups: PL (400-2000 nm, 40 mW, 2.4 J/cm(2)/min); LPBM-1 (780 nm, 35/40 mW, theta approximately 2 mm, 4 x 5 J/cm(2)); LPBM-2 (660 nm, 35/40 mW, theta approximately 2 mm, 4 x 5 J/cm(2)); and untreated animals acted as controls. The treatment was started immediately post-burn at four points around the burned area (laser: 5 J/cm(2) per site). The illumination with PL was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Treatments were repeated at 24-h intervals for 7 d. The animals were sacrifice at 3, 5, and 7 d post-burn. The specimens were routinely cut and stained and analyzed by light microscopy using hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red. The analysis of the results demonstrated that the damaged tissue was able to efficiently absorb and process the light at all tested wavelengths. LPBM at 660 nm showed better results at early stages of wound healing. However, the use of 780-nm laser light had beneficial effects throughout the experimental period, with the animals growing newly-formed tissue similar to normal dermis. Despite our findings that the use of both types of light energy improved the healing of second-degree burns at the early stages, long-term assessment is needed to verify if this improvement will influence the final results of treatment.

Xenoderm dressing in the treatment of second degree burns

Background In many countries the standard treatment of second degree burns includes the use of local antibacterial agents, frequent debridement of the wound, and frequent dressing changes, which are debilitating and costly. Since accurate information about alternative cures is scanty, this study was conducted to assess the outcome of the use of xenoderm biologic dressings as one alternative. Materials and methods This descriptive, goal-oriented sampling study was performed on 97 subjects suffering from deep partial thickness burns. Additionally, some of them had superficial and third degree burns. The patients underwent surgical operation and xenoderm dressings. The outcome of xenoderm application was considered such as frequency of dressings, hospital stay, the duration of analgesia use, wound infection, and the formation of granulation and scars at the burns site. Results The results of this study indicate that the mean hospital stay from the time the patients were referred to the emergency ward was 6.45 ± 5.51 days and it was 4.69 ± 5.51 days from the time the operation was performed. The mean frequency of dressings in the interval between the use of xenoderm and the patients’ discharge was 1.51 ± 1.60 times. 22.9% (22 patients) of the patients did not take any analgesic after the operation. 27.1% of the patients had superficial infection at the burns site. Granulation tissue was observed in 46.9% of the patients. Conclusion The finding of the present study suggest that the use of xenoderm reduces the frequency of the dressings, Hospital stay, pain and analgesic. Therefore, the use of xenoderm in the treatment of second degree burns is recommended.