Rhizobium Treatment Research Articles

Effect of Phosphorus Levels and Biofertilizers on the Growth and Yield of Summer Black Gram (Phaseolus mungo L.)

Background: India is the world’s leading producer and consumer of pulses, contributing a quarter to global production. Pulses are crucial in the Indian diet, providing 14% of total protein intake, especially for vegetarians. However, production falls short of demand due to inadequate nutrient management, particularly phosphorus, and biofertilizers. Black gram (Phaseolus mungo L.), a key kharif pulse crop, has significant potential but suffers from low productivity. Proper fertilization, especially phosphorus, and biofertilizers, is essential to bridge this productivity gap. Methods: A field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2022 at the experimental farm of the School of Agricultural Sciences (SAS), Nagaland University, Medziphema Campus, to evaluate the effect of phosphorus levels and biofertilizers on the growth and yield of summer black gram. The experiment was conducted by adopting a Factorial Randomized block design with four phosphorus levels , viz. P0- Control, P1- 15 kg ha-1, P2- 30 kg ha-1, and P3- 45 kg ha-1 and four treatments of biofertilizers , viz. B0- Control, B1- Rhizobium (20 g kg-1 seed), B2- Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (20 g kg-1 seed) and B3- Rhizobium (20 g kg-1 seed) + Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (20 g kg-1 seed), and the treatments were replicated thrice. Black gram variety “Pusa-1” was sown at a spacing of 30 cm × 10 cm, and it was uniformly fertilized by 20 kg N ha-1 through urea. However, phosphorus and biofertilizers were applied as per the treatment requirements. Result: The experimental results revealed that among the levels of phosphorus, application of 45 kg ha-1 phosphorus recorded significantly the highest plant height, number of primary branches, leaf area index, plant dry weight, and seed yield (724.17 kg ha- 1). Among the biofertilizer treatments, Rhizobium (20 g kg-1 seed) + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (20 g kg-1 seed) resulted at highest growth attributes and yield of black gram. Thus, for summer black gram cultivation, application of 45 kg ha-1 phosphorus and treatment of Rhizobium (20 g kg-1 seed) + Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (20 g kg-1 seed) treatment was identified as the most promising method for boosting black gram yield.

Comparative Effects of Organic Nutrient Sources on Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.) Quality and Soil Properties

A field experiment was conducted during summer season of the year 2020-21 on organic certified plot A-7 at Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat. Different sources of organic manures were tested using randomized block design with four replications. The treatment T7 (50% N through FYM followed by Seed treatment of Rhizobium) recorded significantly higher available nitrogen content (212 kg/ha) in soil and also same behaviour observed in available phosphorus content in soil. The treatment T9 (50% N through castor cake followed by Seed treatment of Rhizobium) recorded significantly higher available phosphorus content in soil. Significantly higher value of EC of soil (0.18) was found in treatment T1, which was significantly higher EC of soil (0.11) which was recorded with treatment T9. Higher organic carbon (0.65%) of soil after harvest of green gram was observed in treatment T8. Significantly higher nitrogen content in seed of green gram was obtained with application of treatments T10. Treatment T2 [Rhizobium (5.0 mL/kg seed treatment and 1.0 L/ha soil application)] recorded significantly higher Rhizobium population in soil at harvest of green gram. Subsequent, treatment T6 (100 % N through neem cake) recorded significantly higher phosphorus solubilising bacteria (PSB) population in soil as compared to control. The maximum net return 63287 INR/ha was obtained with application of treatment T10 (50% N through NC + Rhizobium seed treatment) followed by treatment T7 (50% N through FYM + Rhizobium seed treatment) with net realization of 54063 INR/ha. With respect to benefit cost ratio, the highest 3.62 BCR was achieved with Treatment T7, which closely followed by treatment T2 (Rhizobium seed treatment + 1.0 L/ha soil application) having BCR of 3.52.

Analyzing the Role of Different Molybdenum doses and Rhizobium Inoculation in Optimizing Nutrient Absorption and Yield in Vegetable Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cv. AVCP 1

Legumes, along with cereals, can be considered a main plant source of energy and quality proteins. A versatile legume crop, cowpeas offer economic, agronomic, environmental, and nutritional advantages. Cowpeas have a high total protein level and a relatively low fat content, making them nutritionally similar to other pulses. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of different rates of ammonium molybdate and Rhizobium inoculation on the yield and nutrient uptake of vegetable cowpea. There were 12 treatment combinations comprising six concentrations of molybdenum i.e. M0:control, M1: soil application of molybdenum @ 200 g ha-1, M2: soil application of molybdenum @ 300 g ha-1, M3: seed treatment of molybdenum 25 g ha-1 seeds, M4: seed treatment of molybdenum 50 g ha-1 seeds and M5: seed treatment of molybdenum 6 ml kg-1 seeds and two levels of Rhizobium i.e. R0: without Rhizobium seed treatment, R1: with Rhizobium (10 ml kg-1 seed) seed treatment in a Randomized Block Design (Factorial) with three replications. Results indicated that the application of ammonium molybdate and Rhizobium inoculation significantly improved total cowpea yield. The highest yield was observed with the treatment combination of 300 g ha⁻¹ ammonium molybdate (M₂) and Rhizobium inoculation (R₁). Nutrient analysis revealed that phosphorus, potassium and iron content in cowpea pods significantly increased with ammonium molybdate and Rhizobium treatments. The highest phosphorus and potassium contents were recorded with M₂ treatment, while the maximum iron content was found in M₃ treatment. Rhizobium treated seeds (R₁) also enhanced phosphorus, potassium and iron content in the pods. In terms of nutrient uptake, the highest nitrogen and phosphorus uptake were observed with the combined M₂R₁ treatment. Similarly, the highest potassium uptake in pods and total potassium uptake were recorded with M₂R₁ treatment, respectively. The interaction between ammonium molybdate and Rhizobium inoculation showed significant effects on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake, highlighting the importance of these treatments in enhancing cowpea nutrient absorption and yield. The use of biofertilizers can be highly successful in restoring agricultural soil, and this study highlights the possibility of combining Rhizobium inoculation with ammonium molybdate treatment to maximize nutrient uptake and enhance cowpea yield in sustainable agriculture production.

Plant growth regulators improve nitrogen metabolism, yield, and quality of soybean–rhizobia symbiosis

PurposeIn recent years, considerable research has been conducted on the use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) to improve crop yields. Large amounts of PGRs are applied to regulate crop growth. However, few studies have assessed the impact of PGRs, which leave soil residues, on soil microorganisms, especially rhizobia.MethodsIn this study, the influence of inoculation of soybean roots with Sinorhizobium fredii and Bradyrhizobium japonicum exposed to gibberellin A3 (GA3) and mepiquat chloride (MC) on nodule number, nitrogenase activity, and a symbiotic nitrogen fixation gene (fixA) expression was studied. The nitrate content, free amino acids, and nitrate reductase activity of the roots, and seed yield and quality of soybean were measured.ResultNodulation was promoted to some extent, whereas nitrogenase activity and fixA expression were inhibited to some extent by treatment with GA3; however, these effects were reversed by treatment with MC. In a pot experiment to study phenotypic characteristics, rhizobia treatment in combination with GA3 or MC significantly improved soybean yield and seed nitrogen content, and increased the root nitrate content, free amino acid content, and nitrate reductase activity.ConclusionThe results indicated that PGRs, which leave soil residues, have significant positive effects on the growth and activity of soybean and rhizobia.

Application of Biofertilizer and Two Sources P Fertilizer to N and P Uptake and Growth of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) at Ultisol

The research aims to know the effect biofertilizer, two sources P fertilizer and the interaction of biofertilizer and two sources P fertilizer to N and P uptake and the growth of soybean at Ultisol. This research was conducted on the Screenhouse Faculty of Agriculture University of North Sumatera, Medan. It used Randomized Block Design with 2 treatment factors and 3 replications. The first factor was biofertilizer, consist of : without the application, 108 CFU/mL Rhizobium sp. (5 mL/plant), 108 CFU/mL Burkholderia cepacia (5 mL/plant), combination 108 CFU/mL Rhizobium sp. (5 mL/plant) and 108 CFU/mL Burkholderia cepacia (5 mL/plant). The second factor was the sources P fertilizer, consist of : without the application P, 1.8 g/plant SP-36, 2.1 g/plant RP. The results showed that application of biofertilizer significantly increased soil pH, population of phosphate bacteria, total effective root nodules, shoot dry weight and P uptake of soybean at Ultisol. The best treatment of combination Rhizobium sp. and Burkholderia cepacia. The application P fertilizer significantly increased soil pH, P available, total effective root nodules, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, N and P uptake of soybean at Ultisol. The best treatment of SP-36 1.8 g/plant. The interaction between biofertilizer and P fertilizer significantly increased P uptake of soybean at Ultisol. The best treatment of Burkholderia cepacia with SP-36 fertilizer.

Effect of Rhizobium Inoculation with Different Levels of Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield, Nutrient Content & Uptake of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2021-22, to study the effect of combination of biofertilizer and different level of inorganic fertilizers on yield, quality, nutrient content & uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) at pot culture farm of Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur (U.P.). The experiment comprises of eight treatments T1 (Control), T2 (RDF 75%), T3 (RDF 100%), T4 (RDF 125%), T5 (Rhizobium), T6 (RDF 75% + Rhizobium), T7 (RDF 100% + Rhizobium), T8 (RDF 125% + Rhizobium) in randomized block design with four replications. The chickpea variety RVG-202 is grown by adopting various agronomic practices. The result revealed that among all the treatments, RDF 125% + Rhizobium (T8) treatment recorded maximum yield, highest nutrient content in terms of % N(3.58 %), % P (1.34 %) and % K (0.69 %) in grain % N(2.38 %), % P (1.35 %) and % K (0.86 %) in stover. Highest nutrient uptake viz. N (65.69 kg ha-1), P (24.58 kg ha-1) and (12.66 kg ha-1) in grain and N (61.14 kg ha-1), P (8.99 kg ha-1) and (47.78 kg ha-1) stover is also associated with the treatment T8 [RDF 125% + Rhizobium]. It is clearly identified that seed inoculated with rhizobium can increase yield, nutrient content and uptake values of chickpea crop.

Effect of Seed Treatment with Biofertilizers and Plant Growth Regulators on the Growth and Yield Attributing Characters of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

India is one of the largest producers of Field pea in the world and stands at the 5th place in the list of major pea producers next to Russia. A field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2021 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P). The experiment was placed in a randomized blocking design and consisted of 13 treatments and 3 replicates. The experimental results revealed that viz: Field emergence (%), plant height @ 30, 60 and 90 DAS, Days to 50% flowering, number of branches per plant, days to maturity. biological yield (gm), were recorded significantly highest in the treatment of T9: Gibberellic acid 100 ppm @12 hrs and yield parameters like Number pods per plant, Numbers of seeds per pod, Seed yield per plant (gm), Seed yield per plot (gm), Biological yield (gm), Seed index (gm) and Harvest index (%) were recorded significantly highest in the treatment of (T3) Rhizobium 30g @12 hrs as compared to the other treatment. It is clearly concluded from the research that T3: (Rhizobium 30g @12 hrs) significantly produced more yield. Hence the seed treatment of Rhizobium 30g @12 hrs could be recommended for the field pea.

Effects of Tiba and Rhizobium Application on Growth, Yield and Biochemical Components of Brri Dhan-55 (Oryza Sativa L.)

Effects of TIBA (10, 25, 50 ppm) and Rhizobium inoculation on growth, yield and biochemical components of BRRI Dhan-55 were investigated. Results showed that application of 10 ppm TIBA produced tallest plant, higher number of tillers and leaves per plant although statistically identical to control. The Rhizobium and TIBA treatments had mostly retarding effects on dry weight of leaves, shoots and roots where the lowest values was obtained from Rhizobium application. Leaf area ratio was positively affected by TIBA and Rhizobium treatments except due to 10 ppm where, significantly maximum value was noted from Rhizobium treatment. Specific leaf weight, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were negatively responded following all treatments and the least value was also recorded from Rhizobium treatment in each cases. Yield attributes and yield of BRRI Dhan-55 were both positively and negatively influenced by Rhizobium and TIBA treatments. The highest harvest index was found in Rhizobium treated plants. The only increase in yield per plant due to 10 ppm TIBA was 2.48 % over the control but statistically similar to control. Results showed that Rhizobium inoculation had showed lowest value in protein content of leaves and seeds. Application of TIBA treatments had significant positive effects on protein content of leaves at flowering stage. However, the influence was rather negative at both tillering and grain filling stages. The 25 ppm TIBA resulted significantly maximum protein content of seeds followed by 10 ppm. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(4): 1181-1189, 2021 (December)

Effect of Oil Cakes and Bio-agents Each Alone and in Combination for Management of Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in Green Gram

A pot experiment was carried out in the net house of Department of Nematology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India during June to August, 2017 on the application of oilcakes (mustard cake and neem cake) and bio-agents (Trichoderma viride, Glomus fasciculatum, Rhizobium leguminosarum) each alone and in combination for the management of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in green gram. Result of the experiment indicated that soil application of mustard or neem cake @ 50 g m-2 with AM fungus (Glomus fasciculatum) @ 5 g m-² and seed treatment of Rhizobium @ 25 g kg-1 of green gram seed declined the root knot nematode population, number of galls plant-1, number of eggmass plant-1and root knot index with corresponding increase of plant growth parameters and chlorophyll content in green gram plant as compared to other treatments and untreated check. But integration of mustard cake @ 50 g m-2 at 2 weeks prior to sowing with AM fungus @ 5 g m-2 at 10 days before sowing and seed treatment of Rhizobium @ 25 g kg-1 green gram seed exhibited the lowest M. incognita population 200 cc soil-1 (153.33 J2), number of galls plant-1 (7.0), number of eggmass plant-1 (2.0) and root knot index (2.0) reflecting enhancement of plant growth parameters, number of pods (206.67%), number of nodules (691.17%) over untreated check. This integrated management module also recorded maximum increase in the availability of NPK content in soil and chlorophyll content as compared to other treatments.

Synergetic effects of seaweed extract and Rhizobium on cowpea

Seaweed extracts have been used as fertilizer for crops to enhance yield and quality of the crop products. Only very few studies have been carried out on the effects of seaweed extracts and beneficial soil microbes on growth of crop plants. Hence, the present study was conducted to investigate the synergistic effect of seaweed extract (SE) prepared from Sargassum wightii Greville, with and without the application of Rhizobium biofertilizer, on seed germination, seedling growth, biochemical constituents and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp Var. pusa 151 (family Fabaceae). Seaweed extract (1% concentration), with or without Rhizobium (biofertilizer) treatment, compared with the control, significantly (p≤ 0.05) enhanced vegetative growth (dry weight of shoot and root, number of lateral roots and total leaf area), biochemical parameters (total chlorophyll, carotenoids, proteins, lipids, total sugar and amino acids) and yield and yield components (pod number, length, weight, number of seeds per pod and 100 seeds weight). Seaweed extract application, along with Rhizobium biofertilizer, exhibited better results in terms of vegetative growth, biochemical and yield than the seaweed extract alone in enhancing the growth and yield of a cowpea.

Effectiveness of plant growth promoting microrganisms as biofertilizer for soybeans under oil palm plantations on tidal land

A research to study the effectiveness of biofertilizers on nodulation, growth and productivity of soybean was carried out at two locations on type D tidal lands in South Kalimantan, using a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments tested were N-fixing bacteria Rhizobium japonicum, P solubilizing bacteria (PSB) Pseudomonas sp and mycorrhiza biofertilizers, combined with inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers in the form of Urea and SP36 with low (25:25), moderate (50:50) and high (100:100) kg/ha doses. At the first location, the highest seed yield (2.04 t ha) was obtained in the rhizobium + PSB treatment combined with moderate dose of Urea and SP36 (50:50). This yield was 34% increase compared to seed yield at the same fertilizer rate without any biofertilizer. The same response was also obtained in second location where the soil was more acidic. The highest seed yield (1.9 t/ha) was obtained in the rhizobium + PSB treatment with a moderate dose of N and P fertilizer (50:50). This treatment resulted in 70% yield increase compared to that obtained by the treatment of the same fertilizer rate without bio fertilizer. In treatment of rhizobium + PSB + mycorrhiza, the seeds yield obtained were not different from the rhizobium + PSB treatment. This yield increase was supported by increasing the number and weight of root nodules, leaf chlorophyll index, weight of 100 seeds, and the number of filled pods per plant. This shows that the tested biofertilizers was effective on tidal land, and was able to increase soybean productivity.

Response of Lentil to Crude Humates and Rhizobacteria Inoculation under Calcareous Soils Conditions

TWO field experiments were conducted, during two cropping seasons, to study the cultivation of two lentil cultivars, namely Sina-1 and Giza-9, under a calcareous soils condition. The cultivation was done using liquid crude humates, extracted from compost, as organic fertilizer or consortium of some PGPR including Serratia marcescens, Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biofertilizer against mineral fertilization. The experiments were designed in a split block design. The humate application or PGPR stimulate microbial count and dehydrogenase activity, in the rhizosphere, against a full dose of mineral fertilizers. In general, high rate of humates followed by a full dose of nitrogen recorded maximum values with respect to the plant height, shoot dry weight and leaf area at vegetative state. Concerning to the dark green color index (DGCI), the plants significantly captured more greenness due to applying a full dose of nitrogen followed by a high dose of humate (20L/fed) with Giza 9 compared with Sinai 1 cultivar. The maximum values were recorded by Giza 9 cultivar fertilized with a high dose of humate followed with that of a full dose of nitrogen for pods and seeds number and seeds yield during both cropping seasons. However, the effect of the co-inoculation with PGPR and Rhizobium boosted the yield components against the absolute control and treatment of individual Rhizobium + activation dose of nitrogen for the same parameters. Based on results it may be concluded that cultivation of Giza 9 cultivar with the application of crude humate at 20L/fed and Rhizobium inoculation is being favored under calcareous soil.

Increase in defense response of biocontrol agents for reduction of Cercospora leaf spot of greengram (Vigna radiata L.)

In addition to the prevalent practice of seed inoculation with nitrogen fixing bacteria, several other biological control agents are also applied to green gram in the form of seed treatment particularly for organic cultivation of green gram. To study the effect of such seed inoculation treatments with biological agents on reduction of cercospora leaf spot disease as well as its component characters, a field experiment was conducted during summer season, 2015 at the organic plot of the Instructional Cum Research (ICR) Farm of Assam Agricultural University (AAU), Jorhat. Seeds of green gram variety Pratap (SG-1) were treated with microbial formulations of Rhizobium, Bacillus megaterium, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride and their combinations. The seven treatments consisted of-Rhizobium (T1), Trichoderma harzianum (T2), Trichoderma viride (T3), Bacillus megaterium (T4), Trichoderma harzianum + Trichoderma viride + Bacillus megaterium (T5), Rhizobium + Trichoderma harzianum + Trichoderma viride + Bacillus megaterium (T6) and Control (T7). The experiment was laid out in Randomised Block Design with four replications. The unit plot size was 1.5 m x 3 m with a row to row spacing of 30 cm and 10 cm between plants. Seeds treated with combined inoculation of Rhizobium @ 4 g + Bacillus megaterium @ 5ml/1000 ml of water + Trichoderma harzianum @ 5ml/1000 ml of water + Trichoderma viride @ 5ml/1000 ml of water (T6) recorded significantly higher response in terms of reduction of percentage of disease occurance. These results, thus, indicated that the combined inoculation treatment of Rhizobium with other biological agents improves vigour characteristics, seed yield as well as increasing the efficiency of defense response mechanism thereby reducing the occurance of cercospora leaf spot in green gram.

Investigating the effect of inoculation of chickpea with rhizobium and mycorrhizal fungi (Funneliformis mosseae) on soil mechanical and physical behavior

Symbiosis with plants by mycorrhiza and rhizobium (bio-fertilizers) is effective in improving soil structure and increasing the stability of aggregates against compression. In addition to soil deformation, soil structural properties should be included for the assessment of compaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of application of rhizobium and mycorrhizae on plant yield, some soil physical properties, and the confined compression curve and its characteristics, which have not been reported in any research so far. Experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the field and glasshouse. Mycorrhizal fungi (Funneliformis mosseae), rhizobium (Mesorhizobium), mycorrhiza - rhizobium and control (no inoculation) were the treatments of the field experiment. Sterilized mycorrhiza background material and non-plant-non-inoculation were the two additional treatments of the glasshouse experiment. The plant cultivated in this experiment was chickpea. Mycorrhizal and rhizobium treatments increased the stability of aggregates compared to non-plant-non-inoculation treatment. Mycorrhiza and rhizobium increased the macroporosity and near-saturation water content. The smallest total yield was found in the sterilized mycorrhiza background material and control treatments. Mycorrhiza and rhizobium increased the void ratio at different compression stresses by 9–16% and 19–25%, respectively, compared to non-inoculation treatments under the glasshouse experiment. Pre-compression stress was increased by 84.3% in the control treatment with plant compared to the mycorrhiza treatment in the glasshouse experiment, but did not change significantly in the field experiment. Symbiosis of mycorrhiza and rhizobium as a sustainable biological method improved the physical and mechanical properties of the soil by affecting plant yield and root exudates.

PENGARUH INTERAKSI PERLAKUAN Rhizobium DAN PEMUPUKAN NITROGEN TERHADAP INDEKS PANEN TERHADAP TIGA VARIETAS KEDELAI

The use of nitrogen chemical fertilizers tends to be high in soils with low nitrogen; this can affect the balance of the global N cycle. One alternative to minimize the above problem is to optimize the utilization of biological nitrogen fixation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of increased nitrogen uptake of yields and some soybean varieties. The study was conducted using a split plot design that consisted of three factors where the first factor was Rhizobium (R) inoculation, the second factor was soybean (V) variety, and the third factor was N (N) fertilizer. Results of this study showed that the N fertilization treatment gave a significant response while Rhizobium (R) treatment and variety (V) did not provide a significant response to the harvest index parameters. The interaction of varieties and N fertilization (VxN) gave a significant response while the interaction of Rhizobium and varieties (RxV), Rhizobium and N (RxN), Rhizobium fertilization, varieties and N (RxVxN) fertilization did not provide a significant response to the harvest index. The highest Index was Wilis variety that was harvested without N (V3N0) fertilization but was not significantly different from V3N1, V3N2 and V3N3. The production of soybean seeds had not been able to increase ESN because the plant dry weight and N uptake were not comparable.  Â

Formulation of rhizobial fertilizer for leguminous plant Vigna mungo growth

The effect of Rhizobium treatment on morphometric analyzed in soaked with Vigna mungo seeds recorded the root and shoot length, leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight respectively on 7th and 14th day after germination. The presence of nitrogen fixing bacteria on rhizospere and root nodules of leguminous plant. Not only the leguminous plants but also the rhizosphere contains rhizobia which help in soil fertilization. It would have zero impact on the environment as compared to conventional chemical fertilizers. It was found that these nitrogen fixing strains along can substitute the chemical fertilizer.

Effect of some Broomrape Control Treatments and Plant Densities on Productivity of Two Faba Bean Varieties (Vicia faba L.)

Experimental field was carried out in naturally infested field with broomrape at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt, during two growing seasons 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 in order to study the effect of broomrape control treatments and planting density on faba bean productivity. In this study, we used two faba bean varieties (Misr 3 and Sakha 4), two plant densities (one side and two sides) and some broomrape control treatments (rhizobium at 20 g kg-1seeds, glyphosate twice at 36 g fed-1., rhizobium + glyphosate, hand pulling twice and untreated check). A split split plot design with four replicates was used. The results showed that the highest reduction in number of broomrape spikes plant-1, number of broomrape m-2 and dry weight of broomrape was recorded for Misr 3 variety with planting on one side and spraying glyphosate twice by (96.6, 97.9 and 98.0 %) in the first season, and by (96.2, 97.2 and 97.5 %) in the second season, respectively as compared to untreated Sakha 4 variety and planting on two sides. The highest yield of seeds (ardab fed-1) was obtained from Misr 3 variety with planting on two sides and spraying glyphosate twice + rhizobium treatment which surpassed by (84.8 and 88.5 %) in both sowing seasons, respectively as compared to untreated Sakha 4 variety and planting on one side. Thus, from the aforementioned results, could be recommended that the best control package for growing faba bean in soil infested with broomrape by planting Misr 3 variety with two sprays of glyphosate + rhizobium with planting on one side in kafr El-Sheikh area.

Growth, nutrient uptake and yield parameters of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) enhance by Rhizobium and Azotobacter inoculations in saline soil

A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive growing seasons (2013 and 2014) to evaluate the effects of inoculations with Rhizobium and Azotobacter on the growth and yield of two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties under saline (5.8 dS m−1) arid condition. The single treatment of either Rhizobium or Azotobacter exhibited to promote the growth of chickpea to some level, however, co-inoculation produced more effects and increased the shoot dry weight (30.3 and 26.4%), root dry weight (17.5 and 26.3%), nodule number (79.1 and 43.8 piece per plant), nitrogen content in roots (9.62 and 10.9%), in shoots (12.6 and 8.3%) and seed protein (7.1 and 4.3%) in both Flip06-102 and Uzbekistan-32 chickpea varieties compared to the control. Our studies showed that the highest yield response of 429 (27.9%) and 538 (23.9%) kg ha−1 over the control was revealed by the co-inoculation with Rhizobium and Azotobacter inoculants in Flip 06-102 and Uzbekistan-32, respectively. A new introduced Flip 06-102 chickpea variety was more salt tolerant and had higher root nodulation than the local Uzbekistan-32 chickpea variety. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents in the shoots and roots were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the co-inoculated treatment, while plant sodium (Na+) concentration was the lowest for both chickpea varieties exhibiting co-inoculation alleviated the detrimental effects of salinity. Therefore, the co-inoculation of Rhizobium plus Azotobacter could be applied to improve the vegetative growth and yield of chickpea and to alleviate the effects of salt stress.

Quality, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Fenugreek as Influenced by Integrated Nutrient Management

Organic Agriculture sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible. The experiment was carried out at Agriculture experimental field, Nehru PG collage Lalitpur (U.P.) during 2014-15. Lalitpur district is a part of Bundelkhand plateau. Betwa River is the boundary between Jhansi and Lalitpur in the north. Most of the area is under the average elevation of 300 m to 450 m from the sea level, whereas some portion in south has an elevation above 450m. Its latitudinal extension is from 24°10'N to 25°15'N and longitudinal extension is from 78°10'E to 790°0'E. The experimental comprising four levels of Vermicompost, Farm Yard Manure and Rhizobium was conducted in the factorial randomized block design with 12 treatment combinations and three replications in 30 pots. Application of integrated nutrient management increased the seed &amp; straw yield (kg/ha) as compared to control. Seed and straw yield (kg/ha) of fenugreek crop was found, the maximum 300 gm/pot of vermicompost (1433 kg/ha) and (9267 kg/ha) followed by FYM and Rhizobium. The Application of vermicompost (300 gm/pot) resulted in significantly higher nitrogen phosphorus and potassium uptake than FYM, Rhizobium treatment and control.

Effect of urea, bio-fertilizers and their interaction on the growth, yield and yield attributes of Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba

A field experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station Bahawalpur (Pakistan) during Kharif, 2016 to evaluate the response of cluster bean against bio and chemical fertilizers. The treatments consisted of three levels of nitrogen (urea 75g, 85g and 95g/40g seeds) with three level of Rhizobium (1.5g, 2.0g and 2.5g/40g of seeds). The experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design with 16 treatments and three replications. Combine treatment of urea and Rhizobium resulted in maximum plant height, number of pods/plants, number of seeds/pod, 1000 seeds weight, yield/plant, and chlorophyll content. Similarly, application of 2.5g rhizobium and 85g of urea separately resulted in highest number of leaves. Our results concluded that the use of urea and rhizobium in consortium could be a potential agronomic practice for the production of high grain yield in cluster bean.