Treatment Of Respiratory Diseases Research Articles

Potential Use of GLP-1 and GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for Respiratory Disorders: Where Are We at?

Chronic respiratory disorders are the third leading cause of mortality globally. Consequently, there is a continuous pursuit of effective therapies beyond those currently available. The therapeutic potential of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/GLP-1 (GIP/GLP-1) receptor agonists extends beyond the regulation of glycemia, including glucometabolic, cardiovascular, and renal effects, rendering them viable candidates, due to their mechanisms of action, for the possible treatment of respiratory disorders. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the evidence on potential direct (cellular) and indirect (metabolic) actions of GLP-1 and GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists within the pulmonary systems. In addition, it examines their efficacy in addressing prevalent respiratory disorders, specifically chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumonia, obstructive sleep apnea, pulmonary hypertension, lung cancer, and lung transplantation. Finally, the manuscript seeks to identify potential avenues for further focused research in this field.

Update on aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease with chronic rhinosinusitis.

This review provides the current understanding on the mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Updates focus on the current understanding of type 2 inflammation as a disease driver, alterations in gene expression in nasal polyps, and use of biologics in treating aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease. Recent findings include altered expression of GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-17 in nasal polyps supports the current understanding that type 2 inflammation predominantly drives the pathophysiology of AERD with CRS. From a clinical standpoint, biologics offer an effective treatment option to address type 2 inflammation. Biologics should not be favored over endoscopic sinus surgery and aspirin desensitization with daily aspirin therapy (unless contraindication are present) due to high associated cost and failure to achieve remission. This review outlines the current approach for diagnosis and treatment of aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease with a focus on desensitization protocols, the importance of endoscopic sinus surgery, the role of biologics, and the use of leukotriene modulators.

Biopolymeric Inhalable Dry Powders for Pulmonary Drug Delivery

Natural and synthetic biopolymers are gaining popularity in the development of inhaled drug formulations. Their highly tunable properties and ability to sustain drug release allow for the incorporation of attributes not achieved in dry powder inhaler formulations composed only of micronized drugs, standard excipients, and/or carriers. There are multiple physiological barriers to the penetration of inhaled drugs to the epithelial surface, such as the periciliary layer mucus mesh, pulmonary macrophages, and inflammation and mucus compositional changes resulting from respiratory diseases. Biopolymers may facilitate transport to the epithelial surface despite such barriers. A variety of categories of biopolymers have been assessed for their potential in inhaled drug formulations throughout the research literature, ranging from natural biopolymers (e.g., chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid) to those synthesized in a laboratory setting (e.g., polycaprolactone, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)) with varying structures and compositions. To date, no biopolymers have been approved as a commercial dry powder inhaler product. However, advances may be possible in the treatment of respiratory diseases and infections upon further investigation and evaluation. Herein, this review will provide a thorough foundation of reported research utilizing biopolymers in dry powder inhaler formulations. Furthermore, insight and considerations for the future development of dry powder formulations will be proposed.

Topical antibiotics for the treatment of upper respiratory tract diseases

Actuality. Antibiotic resistance includes the unjustified use of topical antibacterial agents.Objective. To study the frequency of topical and systemic antibacterial drugs among adults with symptoms of otorhinolaryngological diseases over the past 6 months and the role of physicians in prescribing antibacterial drugs.Methods: online questioning of adults. The data from a survey of 111 respondents aged over 18 years were analyzed. A group (61 out of 111) of respondents (54.96%) experiencing symptoms of otorhinolaryngological diseases and using medications 6 months before the survey was conducted was identified.Results: 31.15% of respondents took systemic antibiotics. Of all respondents who received a systemic antibacterial drug, only 14 out of 19 (73.68%) took it as prescribed by a physician and 1 (2.38%) was prescribed by a pharmacist. At the same time, the respondents used all topical antibacterial drugs — 4 cases (6.6%) without the recommendation of a physician or pharmacist.Conclusion. The prevalence of topical antibacterial drugs for the treatment of upper respiratory tract diseases among the study population was low, but the frequency of their use without the appointment of a specialist was high.

How can traditional Chinese medicine enhance the efficacy of antibiotics in the treatment of MRSA-infected pneumonia: an experimental study on the combination of Reyanning mixture and linezolid.

The Reyanning Mixture (RYN) is a Chinese patent medicine widely used in the treatment of respiratory inflammatory diseases in China and has potential in the treatment of bacteria-infected pneumonia. The present study aimed to demonstrate the therapeutic potential of RYN in combination with linezolid for the treatment of MRSA-infected pneumonia and to explore the mechanisms of action and active components. The pharmacodynamics of RYN alone and in combination with linezolid was investigated in a rat model of MRSA-induced pneumonia. Transcriptomics, ELISA, western blot and qRT-PCR were used to explore and verify the pharmacological mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of RYN. UPLC-MS and molecular docking were used to explore the anti-inflammatory components of RYN for the treatment of MRSA-infected pneumonia. In vivo, RYN reduced lung injury and inflammation in patients with pneumonia. In particular, the combination of RYN and linezolid enhanced the therapeutic effect compared to that of either treatment alone. Further research suggests that the synergistic therapeutic effect of the combination may be related to the inhibition of the inflammatory response by RYN and the enhancement of linezolid inhibition and clearance of MRSA in lung tissues by RYN. RYN plays an anti-inflammatory role in MRSA-infected pneumonia by inhibiting the TLR2/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, with 7 active components that may play a dominant role. These results indicate that RYN may serve as an adjuvant drug to antibiotics for the treatment of MRSA-associated pneumonia. Exploration of its active components and mechanisms is conducive to the clinical application and quality improvement of RYN. More importantly, this study showed that the synergistic therapeutic effect of the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and antibiotics may be a valuable therapeutic strategy.

Influence of Hypoxia on the Airway Epithelium

The necessity of oxygen for metabolic processes means that hypoxia can lead to serious cell and tissue damage. On the other hand, in some situations, hypoxia occurs under physiological conditions and serves as an important regulation factor. The airway epithelium is specific in that it gains oxygen not only from the blood supply but also directly from the luminal air. Many respiratory diseases are associated with airway obstruction or excessive mucus production thus leading to luminal hypoxia. The main goal of this review is to point out how the airway epithelium reacts to hypoxic conditions. Cells detect low oxygen levels using molecular mechanisms involving hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). In addition, the cells of the airway epithelium appear to overexpress HIFs in hypoxic conditions. HIFs then regulate many aspects of epithelial cell functions. The effects of hypoxia include secretory cell stimulation and hyperplasia, epithelial barrier changes, and ciliogenesis impairment. All the changes can impair mucociliary clearance, exacerbate infection, and promote inflammation leading to damage of airway epithelium and subsequent airway wall remodeling. The modulation of hypoxia regulatory mechanisms may be one of the strategies for the treatment of obstructive respiratory diseases or diseases with mucus hyperproduction.

Dupilumab Treatment for Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease in a Real-World Setting: Impact on Quality of Life and Healthcare Utilization.

Patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) have difficult-to-treat asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and often require treatment with biologic therapy for asthma or CRSwNP. Healthcare utilization in patients with AERD has not been well described since the advent of respiratory biologics. To determine real-world healthcare utilization and quality of life among patients with AERD and to understand the impact of dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin 4 receptor, on patient-reported health outcomes and healthcare utilization. We conducted a longitudinal survey study of 98 patients with AERD recruited from the Brigham and Women's Hospital AERD registry. Patients completed online questionnaires describing their medication history, healthcare utilization, and quality of life every 3 months for 2 years. At the end of 24 months, participants who were on dupilumab at the start of the study and those who started dupilumab had a significant reduction in the number of reported poor health days in the preceding month compared to patients not on dupilumab (P < .001 and P < .01, respectively). Participants on dupilumab and those who started dupilumab also had significantly lower overall sinonasal outcome test-22 and asthma control test scores compared to those not on dupilumab over 24 months (P < .05 for both groups). Dupilumab therapy significantly improves health-related quality of life in patients with AERD, specifically as it pertains to patient assessment of days of overall poor health and quality of life related to sinonasal and asthma symptoms.

Volatolomics in Fritillarias and Their Identification by Orientation Controlled cMOF Thin Film Chemiresistors

Comprehensive SummaryAs one of the famous traditional Chinese herbal medicines, Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus (FCB) is widely used in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases and has the best curative effect among the known fritillarias medicines. Due to the variety, complex sources, similar appearance and shape, it is difficult to distinguish FCB with high curative effect (h‐FCB) from other common fritillarias (c‐FCB) in the market. In this paper, a very simple chemiresistor is used to identify FCB from three commonly used fritillarias drugs. The sensors are fabricated by anisotropic electrically conductive metal‐organic framework (cMOF) thin film Cu3(HHTP)2 (Cu‐HHTP[001] and Cu‐HHTP[100]) as active materials owing to their ability to detect specific groups of volatile organic compounds (volatolomics) as the functional motifs of chemiresistor. As a result, the sensors show orientation‐dependence identification ability to FCB. Cu‐HHTP[001]‐ based sensor shows the highest response (344.17%) to 0.5 g h‐FCB powder volatiles among its three other c‐FCB which is much higher than Cu‐HHTP[100] (135.50%). Ultimately, Cu‐HHTP[001] can realize the identification of FCB with an accuracy of 97.2% in a simple and real‐time manner.

A mixed method approach to analysing patterns and drivers of antibiotic use and resistance in beef farms in Argentina.

Antimicrobial resistance is a challenge to be faced by all livestock sectors; within beef farming, antibiotic use patterns vary by country and management practices. Argentina is a country with high beef production & consumption but limited information surrounding antibiotic use. The aims of this project was to understand how antibiotics are being used across the beef industry in Argentina and exploring drivers of usage. Quantitative and qualitative data was collected by: A survey of breeding and feedlot farms including antibiotic use (from purchase data); a detailed analysis of two feedlot farms' therapeutic antibiotic use records; a survey of vets' views on certain antibiotic practices; and a focus group of farmers and vets focusing on wider influences affecting decision making. Antibiotic use data was calculated using mg/population corrected unit (PCU) (ESVAC) and thematic analysis was used to identify drivers of antibiotic use among participants. The median use across 17 farms that supplied purchase data was 76.52 mg/kg PCU (ESVAC; IQR = 36.81 mg/kg PCU [ESVAC]). The detailed farm records showed that the largest reason for treatment was group treatments (72.92% of treatments) followed by treatment for respiratory disease (12.75% of treatments). Macrolides accounted for 76.37% of treatments. Nearly half of farms used routine prophylactic treatment for arriving animals (n = 7/18). The use of quarantine and 'sick pens' were seen as important by surveyed vets with antibiotic prophylaxis and in-feed antibiotics seen as contributors to antibiotic resistance. The focus group highlighted the influence of the economic and political landscape on husbandry practices and the responsibility the farming sector had towards antibiotic stewardship. Overall, Argentine beef feedlots resemble North American beef feedlots in terms of antibiotic practices but with considerably lower usage, with in-feed monensin representing a large proportion of total ABU. The adaptation period presents a challenge to animal health; antibiotics are administered a prophylaxis, metaphylactic and individual treatments depending on farm management practices. Further research into internationally comparable measures of ABU and detailed cost-benefit analysis of practical, on-farm interventions are needed to aid improved antimicrobial stewardship in livestock systems globally.

Dry powder inhaler deposition in the larynx and the risk of steroid inhaler laryngitis: A computational fluid dynamics study

Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs) are a mainstay in the treatment of obstructive respiratory diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Deposition of inhaled corticosteroids in the larynx elicits local side effects, potentially leading to steroid inhaler laryngitis. The objective of this study was to estimate the dose of DPIs that are deposited in the larynx relative to other regions of the respiratory tract using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). An anatomically accurate model of the airways (mouth to main bronchi) was constructed based on medical imaging of a healthy adult. Respiratory airflow and particle transport were simulated for constant inhalation rates of 30, 45, and 60 L/min. Two turbulence models were compared, namely the large eddy simulation (LES) and the k−ωSST models. DPIs were assumed to generate an aerosol cloud with a log-normal particle size distribution characterized by the mass median aerodynamic diameter (d50) and geometric standard deviation (σg). We compared two commercial DPIs, namely DPI 1 had a large particle size (d50 = 50 μm, σg=2.55) and DPI 2 had a small particle size (d50 = 2 μm, σg=1.99). The laryngeal dose was 1.6-to-3.8-fold higher than the bronchial dose for DPI 1, while the laryngeal and bronchial doses (units of mass per unit surface area) were similar for DPI 2 for both turbulence models and all inhalation rates. The choice of turbulence model had little impact on the total extrathoracic deposition, but a significant impact on regional doses, with the LES model predicting higher larynx-to-bronchi relative doses than the k−ω model. Our prediction that the larynx is a hotspot for DPI deposition is consistent with the observation of laryngeal side effects in DPI users. Importantly, our simulations suggest that DPIs with larger particles (d50 = 50 μm) may increase the risk of steroid inhaler laryngitis.

Comparative phytochemical profile and biological activity of three Terminalia species as alternative antimicrobial therapies

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMedicinal plants can help combat antibiotic resistance by providing novel, active molecules. Three plant species of the Terminalia genus are widely used in traditional medicine in the Mouhoun region for the treatment of cutaneous and respiratory diseases. Therefore, it is important to determine the ethnopharmacological potential of bark extracts from the trunks of these three Terminalia species. Aim of the studyThis study compared the phytochemical and biological activities of extracts from three Terminalia species to determine their ethnopharmacology. Materials and methodsThe medicinal properties of the extracts were assessed based on their ability to inhibit the growth of the following microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, and Candida tropicalis. The significant interest in these medicinal plants among the local communities were elucidated by their antioxidant properties and phytochemical composition, along with the detection key bioactive compounds. Major phytochemical groups and phenolic compounds were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. These phytochemical findings were validated by evaluating the antioxidant capacity of the extracts using DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays. ResultsHydroethanolic, ethanolic, and hexane extracts from the bark of three Terminalia species inhibited the growth of both bacteria and fungi, as evidenced by their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs).The findings showed that Terminalia species were most effective against various tested bacteria and fungi, with MICs ranging from 0.1 to 6.25 mg/mL. Terminalia avicennioides, Terminalia macroptera, and Terminalia laxiflora extracts demonstrated 50 % inhibition of DPPH at concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 0.6 mg/mL. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of several families of chemical compounds, such as total phenolics and flavonoids. Phenolic compounds identified by HPLC in ethanolic extracts of T. avicennioides, such as isorhamnetin, quercetin, and ferulic acid, are recognised for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. ConclusionThese findings establish an ethnobotany for these three Terminalia species, with their chromatographic characteristics facilitating the identification of key molecules of interest. The ethanolic extract of T. avicennioides can be used in phytomedicinal formulations against bacterial (P. aeruginosa and S. aureus) and fungal (C. albicans and C. glabrata) infections, both of which are recurrently recorded in certain skin and respiratory tract diseases.

Public health and broader economic benefit of treating autoimmune and respiratory diseases in Greece

Abstract Background The increasing prevalence and incidence of autoimmune and respiratory diseases is a leading public health concern. This study aims to quantify the public health and broader economic gains from treating autoimmune and respiratory diseases in Greece. Methods A decision-analytic model was constructed evaluating the socioeconomic and fiscal gains of established standard of care treatments against 4 autoimmune disorders namely, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis and against the respiratory diseases of asthma, and COPD. Morbidity reductions from treatment were translated into averted loss of income and absenteeism and averted tax revenue loss and prevented disability pensions. Targeted literature reviews were conducted to obtain the effectiveness of treatments on productivity-related outcomes. Economic data were obtained from official sources. Results Treating 1,000 patients for the autoimmune and respiratory conditions is estimated to generate annual gains of 196.3 productive life years (PLYs), to avert 48,547 absenteeism days and to prevent 1.2 disabilities. The annual socioeconomic and fiscal gains of treatments against autoimmune disorders are estimated at €6.5 million and €1.3 million, respectively. Preventing asthma and COPD-related morbidity, among 1,000 patients, is estimated to yield annual socioeconomic gains of €1.2 million and fiscal gains of €0.4 million. Conclusions Effective treatment of autoimmune and respiratory diseases may generate substantial public health, socioeconomic and fiscal gains, simultaneously promoting population’s health and the sustainability of the healthcare system. Key messages • It is the first study carried out in Greece aimed to assess the positive impact on public health and the broader economic value of treating autoimmune and respiratory diseases. • Therapeutic value of pharmacological interventions transcends the potential benefits to patients and public health.

Prediction of Transport and Deposition of Porous Particles in the Respiratory System Using Eulerian-Lagrangian Approach.

Deep lung delivery is crucial for respiratory disease treatment. Although nano and submicron particles exhibited a good deposition efficiency in deep regions of the lung, powder nonuniformity and particle agglomeration reduce their efficiency. Inhalation of porous particles (PPs) can overcome the mentioned challenges due to their larger size and low-density. The present study numerically investigates the deposition and penetration efficiency of orally inhaled PPs. A revised drag coefficient was implemented for PP transport. A realistic mouth-throat to the fifth generation of the lung was reconstructed from CT-scan images. A dilute suspension of uniformly distributed particles was considered at three inhalation flow rates (15, 30, and 45 L/min). Governing equations of the flow field and particle transport are solved using an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. The results demonstrate that inhaling PPs significantly reduces the total and regional deposition of particles. There was also a critical porosity value under moderate and high inhalation flow rates for large PPs. Below this critical value, PP deposition efficiency substantially decreases. Additionally, it was also found that under low inhalation flow rates, the impact of porosity value is negligible. Almost 95% of the PPs penetrate the lower branches. These findings provide particle engineers and pharmaceutics with profound insight into developing novel inhalation techniques and drug delivery methods for deep lung delivery.

Polyphyllin VI Ameliorates Pulmonary Fibrosis by Suppressing the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathways via Upregulating DUSP6.

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a lethal disease caused by inordinate repair of damaged lungs, for which limited strategies are available. Polyphyllin VI (PPVI), extracted and isolated from Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara, has been regarded as an important traditional Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of respiratory system diseases. This study evaluated effects of PPVI on PF and its underlying mechanism. Experimental procedure For evaluating the anti-PF effect of PPVI, we established an in vivo PF mouse model via intratracheal infusion of bleomycin (BLM) in mice and an in vitro PF model induced by TGF-β1 in NIH/3T3, HPF and A549, respectively. Subsequently, the mechanism of PPVI effects was further explored using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). The in vivo and in vitro results demonstrated that PPVI significantly inhibited inflammation, oxidative damage, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, RNA sequencing indicated that PPVI ameliorated PF by modulating inflammation and oxidative stress responses. Furthermore, dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6), was the shared and most significant differentially expressed gene associated with inflammation and oxidative stress response after PPVI treatment. Mechanistically, silencing DUSP6 can eliminate the suppressive impact on PPVI for the activation of fibroblast and the phosphorylation of ERK and AKT. Summarily, our findings revealed the potential of PPVI in mitigating PF via upregulating DUSP6 and highlighted the regulatory function of DUSP6 in the pathogenesis of PF.

HPLC Profile of Bioactives and Antioxidant Potential in Acalypha indica Extract

Acalypha indica is a plant found in many parts of Africa and Asia. The plant is used for the treatment of many respiratory diseases, management of cancers, diabetes and other diseases. The leaves of Acalypha indica were harvested, washed and shade dried. They were later extracted with methanol. The methanolic extract of Acalypha indica was subjected to DPPH radical scavenging assay, total antioxidant and HPLC quantification of phenols and flavonoids. The result showed a percentage yield of 5.72 %. Also the antioxidant capacity of Acalypha indicia based on the phosphomolybdenum method showed 13.60 ± 0.21 mg AAE/g extract. The DPPH radical scavenging potential of Acalypha indica showed that at 100 – 1000 µg/ml, the extract of Acalypha indica inhibited 7.2 ± 0.35 – 65.13 ± 1.53 % of DPPH radical as compared with standard gallic acid. The phenolics and flavonoids detected through HPLC are shown in Table 3. The phenolics and polyphenols with higher quantity in Extract of Acalypha indica are naringenin (169.91 mg/100 g), gallic acid (131.51 mg/100 g), rutin (76.72 mg/100 g), syringic acid (35.75 mg/100 g), ferulic acid (30.10 mg/100 g) and quercetin (11.36 mg/100 g). The results showed that Acalypha indica possesses antiradical, total antioxidant properties including a wide range of phenols and polyphenols. Therefore the extract can be a source of dietary supplement. This plant extract is a source of medicine if further research is applied.

Exposure to toluene diisocyanate induces dysbiosis of gut-lung homeostasis: Involvement of gut microbiota

Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is a major industrial compound that induces occupational asthma with steroid-resistant properties. Recent studies suggest that the gastrointestinal tract may be an effective target for the treatment of respiratory diseases. However, the alterations of the gut-lung axis in TDI-induced asthma remain unexplored. Therefore, in this study, a model of stable occupational asthma caused by TDI exposure was established to detect the alteration of the gut-lung axis. Exposure to TDI resulted in dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, with significant decreases in Barnesiella_intestinihominis, Faecalicoccus_pleomorphus, Lactobacillus_apodemi, and Lactobacillus_intestinalis, but increases in Alistipes_shahii and Odoribacter_laneus. The largest change in abundance was in Barnesiella_intestinihominis, which decreased from 12.14 per cent to 6.18 per cent. The histopathological abnormalities, including shorter length of intestinal villi, thinner thickness of muscularis, reduced number of goblet cells and inflammatory cell infiltration, were found in TDI-treated mice compared to control mice. In addition, increased permeability (evidenced by significantly reduced levels of ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-1) and activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling were observed in the intestine of these TDI-exposed mice. Concurrently, exposure to TDI resulted in airway hyperresponsiveness, overt cytokine production (e.g., IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-25, and IL-33), and elevated IgE level within the respiratory tract. The expression of tight junction proteins is reduced and TLR4/NF-κB signaling is activated in the lung following TDI treatment. In addition, correlation analyses showed that changes in the gut microbiota were correlated with TDI exposure-induced airway inflammation. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the immune gut-lung axis may be involved in the development of TDI-induced asthma, which may have implications for potential interventions against steroid-resistant asthma.

Mannose targeting of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid): a promising approach for improving sublingual allergen-specific immunotherapy

Objective One of the most effective treatments for allergic respiratory diseases is allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT). While, mannose targeting has been applied in various immunostimulatory approaches, but it has not been investigated in sublingual allergen-specific immunosuppressive treatment. This study assesses mannose targeting for the ovalbumin (Ova) loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles(NPs). Methods The emulsion-solvent evaporation method was employed for the synthesis of PLGA NPs containing Ova, and subsequently they attached to D-mannose. Ova-sensitized mice underwent treatment in different ways: subcutaneous administration of 10 µg Ova, sublingual administration of 5 and 10 µg Ova loaded in PLGA NPs, 5 and 10 µg Ova loaded in mannose-targeted PLGA NPs, 10 µg Ova, and 10 µg Ova loaded in dendritic cell-specific aptamer-attached PLGA NPs. Serum Ova-specific IgE and IgG2a levels, as well as IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17a levels in the supernatant of Ova-stimulated splenocytes were measured. Splenocyte proliferation was assessed using an MTT assay, and also lung histological examinations, and nasal lavage fluid cell counting were performed. Results Ova-specific IgE, IL-4, IL-17a levels, eosinophil cell count, and splenocyte proliferation were remarkably reduced in the mice treated with mannose or aptamer targeted NPs compared to other groups. Also, IL-10 and IFN-γ levels were remarkably increased in the targeted NPs groups. Conclusion Our findings indicated that mannose targeting of PLGA NPs could decrease allergen dose and improve immunomodulatory effects of SLIT. However, this approach suggests an effective formulation for SLIT in the mice model, further studies with common allergens are needed for application in humans.

A Comparative Study of Metaheuristic Feature Selection Algorithms for Respiratory Disease Classification.

The correct diagnosis and early treatment of respiratory diseases can significantly improve the health status of patients, reduce healthcare expenses, and enhance quality of life. Therefore, there has been extensive interest in developing automatic respiratory disease detection systems. Most recent methods for detecting respiratory disease use machine and deep learning algorithms. The success of these machine learning methods depends heavily on the selection of proper features to be used in the classifier. Although metaheuristic-based feature selection methods have been successful in addressing difficulties presented by high-dimensional medical data in various biomedical classification tasks, there is not much research on the utilization of metaheuristic methods in respiratory disease classification. This paper aims to conduct a detailed and comparative analysis of six widely used metaheuristic optimization methods using eight different transfer functions in respiratory disease classification. For this purpose, two different classification cases were examined: binary and multi-class. The findings demonstrate that metaheuristic algorithms using correct transfer functions could effectively reduce data dimensionality while enhancing classification accuracy.

Harnessing spectrophotometry resolution power for determining ternary mixture for respiratory disorders treatment in their pharmaceutical formulation.

A ternary mixture incorporating Hydroxyzine hydrochloride (HYX), Ephedrine hydrochloride (EPH) and Theophylline (THP) frequently prescribed for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Herein, two spectrophotometric methods are designated and applied to resolve these three components in their mixture. Method A is ratio-subtraction combined with derivative spectrophotometry, where THP can be determined directly at its λmax 271 nm (neither HYX or EPH interfere), then for determination of HYX and EPH, the ternary mixture was divided by 22 μg/mL of THP and after subtraction of the plateau region, HYX can be determined directly at its λmax 234.2 nm (absence of EPH intervention). Finally, the third derivative (3D) spectrophotometric approach was utilized to estimate EPH by detecting the peak amplitude at 222 nm with Δλ = 4 and a scaling factor 100. Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Squares (PLS), two multivariate calibration approaches, were applied effectively in Method B. This method effectively quantified the mixture under investigation by using the absorption spectra obtained from suitable solutions of the three components in the 210-230 nm region. The calibration models were evaluated using cross-validation with PCR and PLS, producing statistical characteristics that demonstrate the effectiveness of the calibration models. Synthetic and pharmaceutical preparations were also used to conduct external validation. In pharmaceutical formulation, these methods were successfully applied to analyze HYX, EPH, and THP without overlap from formulation's excipients. Moreover, the study's findings were statistically contrasted with those of earlier reported HPLC method. Appraisal approaches were used to determine whether the new spectrophotometric methods had an adverse environmental impact involving the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and the AGREE (Analytical Greenness). These evaluations delivered information about the methods' eco-friendliness and sustainability, proving that they are in line with ecologically attributed practices. Furthermore, the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) was utilized to identify and verify the feasibility and practicality of the suggested approaches.

Research Progress of Breath Sound Analysis for Common Respiratory Diseases in Children

Breath sounds can reflect the physiological and pathological conditions of the lungs and airways.Due to the differences in acoustic characteristics of breath sounds between healthy children and those with different respiratory diseases,analyzing breath sounds may provide important information for the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases in children.With the development of digital auscultation,children's breath sounds have gradully become a research focus.This article summarizes the recent research progress in breath sound analysis for the diagnosis and treatment of common respiratory diseases in children,offering reference for the research in related fields.