Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment Research Articles

Systematic Review of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment: Unveiling the Potential of Nanobubble Technology

Aeration is crucial for the biological decomposition of organic compounds in wastewater treatment. However, it is a highly energy-intensive process in traditional activated sludge systems, accounting for 50% to 75% of a plant’s electricity consumption and making it a major cost driver for wastewater treatment plants. Nanobubbles (NBs), characterized by their tiny size with diameters less than 200 nm, have emerged as a potential alternative to the low efficiency of aeration and high sludge production in aeration systems. NBs proved effective in removing COD and other pollutants from wastewater. For example, when applied in flotation, aeration, and advanced oxidation, NBs achieved up to 95%, 85%, and 92.5% COD removal, respectively. Considering the recent advancements in wastewater treatment, a compelling need arises for a thorough investigation of the effectiveness and mechanisms of nanobubbles in this field. This systematic review summarizes recent advancements in understanding nanobubbles (NBs) and their unique properties that enhance physical, chemical, and biological water and wastewater treatment processes. Moreover, this study reviews various methods for generating NBs and provides an in-depth review of their applications in wastewater treatment, with a particular focus on poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) treatment.

Modeling of Biofoam Destabilization by Biodefoamers in Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment Activated Sludge

Biofoam formation in wastewater treatment is a challenge globally. Previously, we successfully proposed the use of biodefoamers instead of synthetic defoamers for environmental protection. In this study, we report on biodefoamation modeling using activated sludge organisms. Overall, the rate law model was determined to adequately describe foam drainage including collapse while applying biodefoamers. The target industry is the poultry processing industry whereby foam formation during wastewater treatment is an ongoing challenge.

Optimizing electrocoagulation for poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment: a fuzzy axiomatic design approach

White meat consumption is increasing day by day, and accordingly, there is an increase in the amount of wastewater resulting from the processes. Today, the reuse of wastewater has become a goal within the scope of the Green Deal. For this reason, wastewater treatment with high pollution and volume has gained importance. In this study, the fuzzy axiomatic design (FAD) method, one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods, has been used. With this method, coagulation, electrocoagulation (EC), dissolved air flotation (DAF), and anaerobic treatment alternatives preferred in poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) treatment were compared with each other and their information contents were calculated. The information content from the smallest to the largest is EC, DAF, coagulation, and anaerobic treatment, respectively. This treatment method was chosen because the smallest information content is in electrocoagulation. EC was applied to bloody PSW containing 1% blood by volume. The effectiveness of Fe and Al electrodes for PSW treatment in the batch EC reactor has been compared. The effective surface areas of 2 anodes and 2 cathodes connected bipolarly in the processes are 288 cm2. The electrolyte, pH, time, and current density effects on energy consumption were also investigated. The optimum conditions for Al and Fe electrodes were found to be 0.5 g·L−1 NaCl concentration, pH 5, 0.639 mA·cm−2 current density, and 5 min time. Under optimum conditions for the Fe electrode, COD, TOC, TN, and oil-grease removal efficiencies were determined as 76.3%, 71.8%, 70%, and 74%, respectively. Moreover, the highest COD, TOC, TN, and oil-grease removal efficiencies were achieved with an Al electrode (82.2%, 82.3%, 82.7%, and 78.9%, respectively). The experimental data were fit to a variety of isotherms and kinetic models to determine the characteristics of the EC. The results indicated that the pseudo-second-order equation provided the best fit for COD removal. Under optimum conditions, the operating cost was calculated as $3.39 and $3.09 for Al and Fe electrodes, respectively. In this study, the fuzzy axiomatic design method was used for the first time to select the most appropriate treatment method for PSW. In addition, blood, a major problem for the poultry slaughterhouse industry, was mixed with PSW at a ratio of 1% (v/v) and treated with EC for the first time with high removal efficiency. By treating PSW, which has a high pollution load, with electrocoagulation, the pollution load of the water to be given to secondary treatment has been greatly reduced.

Biodefoamer-Supported Activated Sludge System for the Treatment of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater

Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) is laden with fats, oil, and grease (FOG), as well as proteins. As such, PSW promotes the proliferation of filamentous organisms, which cause foam formation. In this study, the production of biological defoamers (biodefoamers) uses a consortium with antagonistic properties, i.e., 1.39 L of wastewater/mL defoamers, as reported in our previous study, toward foam formers and their application in the treatment of PSW using a bench-scale activated sludge (AS)-supported treatment system consisting of an aeration and clarification tank. The foam produced was slimy, brown, and thick, suggesting the presence of Nocardia, Microthrix, and Type 1863 species in the PSW/AS wastewater treatment system. The bio (Bio-AS) and synthetic-defoamers (Syn-AS, positive control) supplementation, i.e., at 4% v/v in the PSW/AS primary treatment stage (aeration tank) operated over ten days, resulted in 94% and 98% FOG and protein removal for the biodefoamers, respectively, when compared to 50% and 92% for a synthetic defoamer, respectively. Similarly, the Bio-AS treatment achieved 85.4% COD removal, while a lowly 51% was observed for the Syn-AS PSW treatment regime. Overall, the biodefoamers performed vehemently compared to synthetic defoamers, improving the PSW/AS system’s performance. It was prudent to hypothesize that the biodefoamers might have had FOG solubilization attributes, an assertion that needs further research in future studies. It was concluded that Bio-AS was more efficient in the removal of FOG, proteins, TSS, and COD in comparison to Syn-AS and negative control without supplementation (CAS).

A Sequential Membrane Process of Ultrafiltration Forward Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis for Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment and Reuse

To address some challenges of food security and sustainability of the poultry processing industry, a sequential membrane process of ultrafiltration (UF), forward osmosis (FO), and reverse osmosis (RO) is proposed to treat semi-processed poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSWW) and water recovery. The pretreatment of PSWW with UF removed 36.7% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 38.9% of total phosphorous (TP), 24.7% of total solids (TS), 14.5% of total volatile solids (TVS), 27.3% of total fixed solids (TFS), and 12.1% of total nitrogen (TN). Then, the PSWW was treated with FO membrane in FO mode, pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) mode, and L-DOPA coated membrane in the PRO mode. The FO mode was optimal for PSWW treatment by achieving the highest average flux of 10.4 ± 0.2 L/m2-h and the highest pollutant removal efficiency; 100% of COD, 100% of TP, 90.5% of TS, 85.3% of TVS, 92.1% of TFS, and 37.2% of TN. The performance of the FO membrane was entirely restored by flushing the membrane with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution. RO significantly removed COD, TS, TVS, TFS, and TP. However, TN was reduced by only 62% because of the high ammonia concentration present in the draw solution. Overall, the sequential membrane process (UF-FO-RO) showed excellent performance by providing high rejection efficiency for pollutant removal and water recovery.

Advanced treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater using electrocoagulation and peroxidation: parametric analysis and process optimization

Advanced treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater using electrocoagulation and peroxidation: parametric analysis and process optimization

Anaerobic membrane bioreactor-based treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater: Microbial community adaptation and antibiotic resistance gene profiles

Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) are becoming an increasingly attractive basis for industrial wastewater treatment. Slaughterhouse wastewaters in particular are complex waste streams that have high energy recovery potential. The effectiveness of AnMBR-based treatment for such wastewaters, however, is directly dependent on the adaptability of their functional microbial communities. The present study investigated changes in the microbial consortia of a lab-scale AnMBR upon introduction of a poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) source. The work also evaluated the AnMBR’s effluent for potentially pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance-related elements. 96% COD removal and 73% biogas methane content were achieved, making net energy recovery from the system possible. Microbial communities of the reactor biomass shifted notably during the course of PSW treatment, with the family Syntrophaceae increasing in relative abundance from 2% to 24%. This was accompanied by a change in the dominant methanogenic groups from hydrogenotrophic (Methanocorpusculum) to acetoclastic (Methanothrix). Multiple antibiotic resistance genes detected in the effluent (including sul1, sul2, and ampC) peaked by over an order of magnitude immediately after PSW introduction, with a notable decline thereafter. This coincided with a similar peak in intI1, suggesting that a horizontal gene transfer event was likely induced. This work provides insight into the microbial groups that can enhance treatability of PSW by AnMBR while also advancing the potential for abatement of emerging microbial risks.

Production of nanostructured crystalline composite using residual ashes from flocculated sludge burning process in a poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment system

Nanostructured crystalline composite (activated carbon) was synthesized from residual ashes of the burning process of the sludge generated in the flotation step of a poultry slaughterhouse and was used for Allura red dye adsorption. The ashes were chemically activated using two types of reagents, H2O2 and H3PO4, and the structure, morphology, and surface of the adsorbents were characterized by different techniques such as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method and Barret-Joyner-Hallenda (BJH) method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (MID/FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the point of zero charge (PZC). The adsorbent synthesized with H3PO4 at 400 ºC displayed the best performance in removing dye molecules in 10 mg.L-1 solution, with a removal rate of approximately 100% when using a concentration of 2 g.L-1 in particle size of 0.42 mm. Besides that, the adsorbent synthesized with H3PO4 had a particle diameter of approximately 15 Å, a size corresponding to the nanometer range, presented a crystallinity structure with well-defined phases such as quartz and the major elements in the composition were carbon and silicon. The surface area of the ashes enlarged from 14.71 to 448.1 m2.g-1 when H3PO4 was used as an activator, producing a high-quality adsorbent, with an excellent cost-benefit, being it possible to be produced for a price of 9.35 USD.kg-1, a price lower than the commercial activated carbon, making it a promising candidate for application in an industrial environment.

AN INNOVATIVE SOLUTION FOR THE TREATMENT OF POULTRY INDUSTRY WASTEWATER WITH ADVANCED HYBRID TECHNOLOGY SONO-PHOTOCATALYSIS

<p>Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSWW) is a crucial concern fundamentally due to extensive generation and related substantial amounts of recalcitrant organic content due to high COD and oil and grease (O&G) levels. Hybrid advanced oxidation processes are promising, green, and innovative options to treat various industrial wastewater; to date, this potential has not been implemented to high-strength wastewater from the poultry industry. This work aims to investigate the combination of ultrasound and photocatalysis processes in the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater for the removal of COD and O&G under different operating conditions such as catalyst type (TiO2 and ZnO), irradiation type (UVA365 and UVC254), catalyst dosage (0.5-2.5 g/L), pH (2–10), hydrogen peroxide concentration (0-10 mM) and operation time (30-180 min). Taguchi’s experimental design based on the L36 orthogonal array was adequately applied to optimize the process. The finding results presented that ZnO concentration of 2.5 g/L, pH 2, and operation time of 180 min under UVC254 were optimum parameters to achieve maximum COD removal while, ZnO concentration of 1.5 g/L, pH 6, H2O2 concentration of 5 mmol/L and operation time of 30 min under UVC254 were optimum parameters to achieve maximum oil and grease removal. With these optimum conditions, the best attained COD and O&G removal yields were 54% and 99%, respectively.</p>

Numerical Optimization of the Physico-chemical Process Used in the Treatment of Real Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater for Water Quality Improvement

Numerical Optimization of the Physico-chemical Process Used in the Treatment of Real Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater for Water Quality Improvement

Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in alkaline condition for biodiesel feedstock after biological treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater

Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in alkaline condition for biodiesel feedstock after biological treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater

Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment Using Combine Anaerobic Filter with Constructed Wetland Methods

BACKGROUND: Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater has a complex composition that is very harmful to health and the environment. A two-stage system is applied to treat wastewater, consisting of an anaerobic filter (AF) combined with constructed wetland (CW). AIM: Experiments carried out under mesophilic conditions aim to evaluate the performance of a biological treatment combining AF and CW on three media filters. METHODS: Observations were made for 15 consecutive days on chemical oxygen demand (COD), BOD5, TSS, pH, and fat oils and grease FOG (35.5 mg/L). The treatment system is operated with a sewage loading of 14 m3 s-1 and an RTH of 18.2 h. RESULTS: The results showed that before processing, the average values of COD (2881.4 mg/L), BOD5 (967 mg/L), TSS (860.3 mg/L), pH (6.7), and FOG (35, 5 mg/L). The greater efficiency was obtained using gravel media, BOD5 (88.9%), COD (92.9%), TSS (93.4%), and FOG (87.3%). Optimal treatment conditions in this system were found for AF with gravel media, operating at hydraulic retention time = 4.2 h, out of a total of 18.2 h. The IB value increased from 0.3 to >0.5, indicating the combined AF and CW method is suitable for treating wastewater from poultry slaughterhouses. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of the AF method and CW is well applied to the wastewater treatment of poultry slaughterhouses, and parameters values have complied with the applicable regulations. Nevertheless, the removal of oil and grease is highly recommended in pre-treatment to inhibit the anaerobic process.

Treatment of a poultry slaughterhouse wastewater using advanced oxidation processes

In the present study, different chemical species such as hydrogen peroxide, potassium persulfate, titanium dioxide, and iron salts were employed for the treatment of a real poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (poultry-SWW) under UV-C light (254 nm). The experiments lasted 150 min and were carried out in a batch photoreactor aiming at investigating the most efficient operating conditions in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) removal. UV photolysis or Fe-doped TiO2 photocatalysis were practically inefficient, while application of un-doped TiO2 resulted in 44% TOC removal after 60 min of UV irradiation. The use of 98 mM H2O2 under UV light led to 74% TOC removal after 150 min. The addition of Fe(II) ions to this system coupled with initial pH adjustment to 3 increased the TOC removal to 82.5% after 150 min. Finally, the combination of UV with 15 mM of K2S2O8 resulted in 85% TOC removal. This was the first time when the persulfate oxidation was successfully applied for SWW treatment. To assess the energy efficiency of the various photochemical treatment processes tested, estimation of the electric energy per order (EEO, kWh/m3/order) was conducted. The lowest EEO value of 226 kWh/m3/order was observed for the UV/K2S2O8 process and compared with other photochemical treatment technologies. The effluent quality of UV/K2S2O8 treatment complies with the discharge water quality standards of the developed countries. Therefore, it is possible to use UV/K2S2O8 process as a post-treatment after biological treatment of SWW to meet the discharge water standards and reuse the wastewater.

Assessing the Influence of Electrode Polarity on the Treatment of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater.

Electrochemical methods have been increasingly gaining popularity in the field of wastewater treatment. However, the performance of these methods can be highly affected by the polarity direction as determined by the electrodes arrangement (anode to cathode or cathode to anode); as well as the characteristics of the wastewater to be treated as determined by the type of wastewater. The presented research work investigated the relationship between polarity direction and the removal of pollutants from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater using titanium and aluminium electrode materials. In the first case, the wastewater was exposed to the Ti (anode)-Al (cathode) combination, whereas in the second case the wastewater was subjected to the Al (anode)-Ti (cathode) arrangement. The two cases were designed to see if the polarity direction of the chosen electrode materials affected the removal of pollutants. The removal efficiencies were computed as a ratio of the remaining concentration in the treated effluent to the concentration before treatment. It was observed that the production processes generate highly fluctuating wastewater in terms of pollution loading; for instance, 422 to 5340 Pt-Co (minimum to maximum) were recorded from color, 126 to 2264 mg/L were recorded from total dissolved solids, and 358 to 5998 mg/L from chemical oxygen demand. Also, the research results after 40 min of retention time showed that both electrode arrangements achieved relatively high removal efficiencies; Whereby, the aluminium to titanium polarity achieved up to 100% removal efficiency from turbidity while the titanium to aluminium polarity achieved a maximum of 99.95% removal efficiency from turbidty. Also, a similar phenomenon was observed from total dissolved solids; whereby, on average 0 mg/L was achieved when the wastewater was purified using the aluminium to titanium arrangement, while on average 2 mg/L was achieved from the titanium to aluminium arrangement. A little higher removal efficiency discrepancy was observed from ammonia; whereby, the aluminium to titanium arrangement outperformed the titanium to aluminium arrangement with average removal efficiencies of 82.27% and 64.11%, respectively.

Treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater using electrocoagulation: a review

AbstractPoultry slaughterhouses are generally large consumers of fresh water, which is exhausted as wastewater characterized by a high concentration of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand COD, and fats, oil, and grease (FOG). Cost-effective methods are required for the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater, with the aim of attaining a high quality effluent that can be reused in industrial processes to promote sustainability. As compared to conventional treatment methods, electrocoagulation is an efficient and low-cost system. Electrocoagulation is environmentally friendly, treating wastewater without the need of chemicals, thus limiting secondary pollution. The metal anodes initiate electrochemical reactions for coagulation and flocculation. Its distinct advantages include compact installation and simple operation. This paper offers a comprehensive review of recent literature that has been dedicated to utilizing electrocoagulation for poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment. This paper also examines aspects such as theory, potential applications, current applications, as well as economical assessment of the technique.

Contribution of Electrolysis within an Integrated System for a Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment

Treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater before disposal or reuse is an essential part of human health and environmental protection in general. This study aimed to investigate the influence of the pre-treatment system based on electrolysis technology within an integrated lab-scale treatment plant in the removal of contaminants from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. Several treatment units (averaging tank, feather catcher, fat catcher, and coarse mechanical filter) were connected in series before the electrolysis chamber. While in general, the entire integrated system also included some other units such as ultra-filtration, reverse osmosis, and the ultraviolet lamp connected in series. From the analysis results, it was observed that the pre-treatment phase with electrolysis had a significant influence on the general performance of the treatment plant. The pre-treatment contributed to about 33.5% to 100% in the general contaminants’ removal efficiency. The highest contribution was observed from the total chlorine (100%), nitrate (98.2%), as well as BOD (95.3%). The lowest contribution was observed from the nitrite removal, with 33.5%. This study revealed further that the integration of electrolysis technology in a wastewater treatment system has a significant potential for developing an effective wastewater treatment plant.

Performance comparison of three high rate anaerobic bioreactors for poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment

Performance comparison of three high rate anaerobic bioreactors for poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment

Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Remediation Using a Bio-Delipidation Pre-Treatment Unit Coupled with an Expanded Granular Sludge Bed Reactor

The treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) with an Expanded Granular Sludge-Bed Bioreactor (EGSB) is hindered by the washout of activated sludge, and difficulties associated with the operation of the three-phase separator and the determination of the optimum up-flow velocity for sludge-bed fluidization. This results in a poor reactor functionality, and thus a poor performance due to pollutants such as fats, oil and grease (FOG) in the PSW being treated. Hydrolyzing the FOG content with a bio-delipidation, enzyme-based agent in a pre-treatment unit would significantly improve the effectiveness of the primary PSW treating system, i.e., the EGSB. In this study, PSW was pre-treated for 48 h with a biological mixture containing bioflocculants and bio-delipidation constituents. The pre-treated PSW was further treated in an EGSB. The PSW FOG, total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) content were determined to assess the effectiveness of the pre-treatment process as well as to observe the remedial action of the combined pre-treatment-EGSB system. An increased treatment efficacy was noted for the combined PSW treatment system, whereby the tCOD, FOG and TSS removal averaged 76%, 88% and 87%, respectively. The process developed is intended for micro, small and medium poultry slaughterhouses.

Performance evaluation of an integrated multi-stage poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment system

Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) with a high fats, oil, and grease (FOG) content in South Africa (SA) is generally discharged into municipal wastewater systems. This is detrimental for municipal treatment plants since there is a limited number of these wastewater treatment works (WWTWs) that are operating optimally. Furthermore, increasingly stringent standards for effluent discharge have placed an urgency on the development of advanced wastewater treatment technologies. This study evaluated the performance of a lab-scale integrated multi-stage PSW treatment system consisting of an aerobic pre-treatment tank, an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) bioreactor coupled with a submerged ultrafiltration (UF) membrane. The possibility of treating PSW to a water quality standard compliant with discharge by-laws or the standards of effluent discharge was investigated. The EGSB was operated for 120 days at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5.71 h and an organic loading rate (OLR) ranging from 200 to 700 mg COD/L·h, while the submerged membrane unit had OLR fluctuating between 50 and 450 mg COD/L·h. The integrated system achieved overall average removal efficiencies (REs) of 98% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 97% for FOG, and 99% for total suspended solids (TSS); and reducing the pollutant content of the treated PSW to 101 mg/L COD, 8 mg/L FOG and 7 mg/L TSS, i.e. qualities which are comparable to inland surface water, rendering it safe for discharge into the City of Cape Town (CCT) WWTWs.

Assessment of an Integrated and Sustainable Multistage System for the Treatment of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater.

This paper assesses the performance of an integrated multistage laboratory-scale plant, for the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW). The system was comprised of an eco-flush dosed bio-physico pre-treatment unit for fats, oil, and grease (FOG) hydrolysis prior to the PSW being fed to a down-flow expanded granular bed reactor (DEGBR), coupled to a membrane bioreactor (DEGBR-MBR). The system’s configuration strategy was developed to achieve optimal PSW treatment by introducing the enzymatic pre-treatment unit for the lipid-rich influent (PSW) in order to treat FOG including odour causing constituents such as H2S known to sour anaerobic digestion (AD) such that the PSW pollutant load is alleviated prior to AD treatment. This was conducted to aid the reduction in clogging and sludge washout in the DEGBR-MBR systems and to achieve the optimum reactor and membrane system performance. A performance for the treatment of PSW after lipid reduction was conducted through a qualitative analysis by assessing the pre- and post-pre-treatment units’ chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and FOG concentrations across all other units and, in particular, the membrane units. Furthermore, a similar set-up and operating conditions in a comparative study was also performed. The pre-treatment unit’s biodelipidation abilities were characterised by a mean FOG removal of 80% and the TSS and COD removal reached 38 and 56%, respectively. The final acquired removal results on the DEGBR, at an OLR of ~18–45 g COD/L.d, was 87, 93, and 90% for COD, TSS, and FOG, respectively. The total removal efficiency across the pre-treatment-DEGBR-MBR units was 99% for COD, TSS, and FOG. Even at a high OLR, the pre-treatment-DEGBR-MBR train seemed a robust treatment strategy and achieved the effluent quality set requirements for effluent discharge in most countries.