Treatment Of Periodontal Inflammation Research Articles

The Deubiquitinase OTUD1 Suppresses Secretory Neutrophil Polarization And Ameliorates Immunopathology of Periodontitis.

Tissue-infiltrating neutrophils (TINs) secrete various signaling molecules to establish paracrine communication within the inflammatory milieu. It is imperative to identify molecular mediators that control this secretory phenotype of TINs. The present study uncovers a secretory neutrophil subset that exhibits increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production and enhanced migratory capacity which is highly related with periodontal pathogenesis. Further analysis identifies the OTU domain-containing protein 1 (OTUD1) plays a regulatory role in this secretory neutrophil polarization. In human and mouse periodontitis, the waning of inflammation is correlated with OTUD1 upregulation, whereas severe periodontitis is induced when neutrophil-intrinsic OTUD1 is depleted. Mechanistically, OTUD1 interacts with SEC23B, a component of the coat protein II complex (COPII). By removing the K63-linked polyubiquitin chains on SEC23B Lysine 81, the deubiquitinase OTUD1 negatively regulates the COPII secretory machinery and limits protein ER-to-Golgi trafficking, thus restricting the surface expression of integrin-regulated proteins, CD9 and CD47. Accordingly, blockade of protein transport by Brefeldin A (BFA) curbs recruitment of Otud1-deficient TINs and attenuates inflammation-induced alveolar bone destruction. The results thus identify OTUD1 signaling as a negative feedback loop that limits the polarization of neutrophils with secretory phenotype and highlight the potential application of BFA in the treatment of periodontal inflammation.

Untargeted metabolomics of saliva in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus and healthy non-pregnant women.

The aim of this study was to compare the differences in salivary metabolites between pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), healthy pregnant women (HPW), and healthy non-pregnant women (HNPW), and analyze the possible associations between the identified metabolites and gingivitis. The study included women with GDM (n = 9, mean age 28.9 ± 3.6 years, mean gestational age 30.1 ± 3.2 weeks), HPW (n = 9, mean age 27.9 ± 3.0 years, mean gestational age 28.6 ± 4.7 weeks), and HNPW (n = 9, mean age 27.7 ± 2.1 years). Saliva samples were collected from all participants and were analyzed with LC-MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomic analysis. Metabolite extraction, qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis, and bioinformatics analysis were performed to identify the differential metabolites and metabolic pathways between groups. The identified differential metabolites were further analyzed in an attempt to explore their possible associations with periodontal health and provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of periodontal inflammation during pregnancy. In positive ion mode, a total of 2,529 molecular features were detected in all samples, 166 differential metabolites were identified between the GDM and HPW groups (89 upregulated and 77 downregulated), 823 differential metabolites were identified between the GDM and HNPW groups (402 upregulated and 421 downregulated), and 647 differential metabolites were identified between the HPW and HNPW groups (351 upregulated and 296 downregulated). In negative ion mode, 983 metabolites were detected in all samples, 49 differential metabolites were identified between the GDM and HPW groups (29 upregulated and 20 downregulated), 341 differential metabolites were identified between the GDM and HNPW groups (167 upregulated and 174 downregulated), and 245 differential metabolites were identified between the HPW and HNPW groups (112 upregulated and 133 downregulated). A total of nine differential metabolites with high confidence levels were identified in both the positive and negative ion modes, namely, L-isoleucine, D-glucose 6-phosphate, docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, adenosine, adenosine-monophosphate, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, xanthine, and hypoxanthine. Among all pathways enriched by the upregulated differential metabolites, the largest number of pathways were enriched by four differential metabolites, adenosine, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, D-glucose 6-phosphate, and adenosine-monophosphate, and among all pathways enriched by the downregulated differential metabolites, the largest number of pathways were enriched by three differential metabolites, L-isoleucine, xanthine, and arachidonic acid. Untargeted metabolomic analysis of saliva samples from pregnant women with GDM, HPW, and HNPW identified nine differential metabolites with high confidence. The results are similar to findings from previous metabolomics studies of serum and urine samples, which offer the possibility of using saliva for regular noninvasive testing in the population of pregnant women with and without GDM. Meanwhile, the associations between these identified differential metabolites and gingivitis need to be further validated by subsequent studies.

A Novel Z-Scheme Heterostructured Bi2 S3 /Cu-TCPP Nanocomposite with Synergistically Enhanced Therapeutics against Bacterial Biofilm Infections in Periodontitis.

Porphyrin-based antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has found widespread applications in treating periodontitis. However, its clinical use is limited by poor energy absorption, resulting in limited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. To overcome this challenge, a novel Z-scheme heterostructured nanocomposite of Bi2 S3 /Cu-TCPP is developed. This nanocomposite exhibits highly efficient light absorption and effective electron-hole separation, thanks to the presence of heterostructures. The enhanced photocatalytic properties of the nanocomposite facilitate effective biofilm removal. Theoretical calculations confirm that the interface of the Bi2 S3 /Cu-TCPP nanocomposite readily adsorbs oxygen molecules and hydroxyl radicals, thereby improving ROS production rates. Additionally, the photothermal treatment (PTT) using Bi2 S3 nanoparticles promotes the release of Cu2+ ions, enhancing the chemodynamic therapy (CDT) effect and facilitating the eradication of dense biofilms. Furthermore, the released Cu2+ ions deplete glutathione in bacterial cells, weakening their antioxidant defense mechanisms. The synergistic effect of aPDT/PTT/CDT demonstrates potent antibacterial activity against periodontal pathogens, particularly in animal models of periodontitis, resulting in significant therapeutic effects, including inflammation alleviation and bone preservation. Therefore, this design of semiconductor-sensitized energy transfer represents an important advancement in improving aPDT efficacy and the treatment of periodontal inflammation.

Treatment of Periodontal Inflammation in Diabetic Rats with IL-1ra Thermosensitive Hydrogel.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is considered to be the main cause of adult tooth loss. Diabetes mellitus (DM) has a bidirectional relationship with periodontitis. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is an important pre-inflammatory factor, which participates in the pathophysiological process of periodontitis and diabetes. The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) is a natural inhibitor of IL-1, and the balance between IL-1ra and IL-1β is one of the main factors affecting chronic periodontitis (CP) and diabetes. The purpose of this study is to develop a drug carrier that is safe and nontoxic and can effectively release IL-1ra, which can effectively slow down the inflammation of periodontal tissues with diabetes, and explore the possibility of lowering the blood sugar of this drug carrier. Therefore, in this experiment, a temperature-sensitive hydrogel loaded with IL-1ra was prepared and characterized, and its anti-inflammatory effect in high-sugar environments in vivo and in vitro was evaluated. The results showed that the hydrogel could gel after 5 min at 37 °C, the pore size was 5-70 μm, and the cumulative release of IL-1ra reached 83.23% on the 21st day. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that the expression of IL-1β, Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) inflammatory factors decreased after the treatment with IL-1ra-loaded thermosensitive hydrogel. Histological evaluation and micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) showed that IL-1ra-loaded thermosensitive hydrogel could effectively inhibit periodontal inflammation and reduce alveolar bone absorption in rats with diabetic periodontitis. It is worth mentioning that this hydrogel also plays a role in relieving hyperglycemia. Therefore, the temperature-sensitive hydrogel loaded with IL-1ra may be an effective method to treat periodontitis with diabetes.

Effect of mechanical instrumentation with adjunct photodynamic therapy on salivary TNFα levels and clinical periodontal and peri‑implant status in patients with depression: A randomized controlled trial

IntroductionThe aim of the present randomized controlled trial was to assess the effect of mechanical instrumentation (MI) with adjunct photodynamic therapy (PDT) on salivary tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) levels and clinical periodontal and peri‑implant status in patients with depression. Materials and methodsIn groups 1 and 2, individuals with periodontal and peri‑implant diseases with and without depression, respectively were included. Group-3 comprised of systemically healthy individuals with a healthy periodontal and peri‑implant status. In groups 1 and 2, patients in the test- and control groups received MI with and without PDT respectively. Periodontal and peri‑implant probing depth and plaque and gingival indices were measured. Radiographic evaluation was done at baseline. Whole salivary tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in peri‑implant sulcular fluid were measured at baseline. The clinical and immunological parameters were reassessed at 120 days’ follow-up. Level of significance was set at P<0.05. ResultsThirty-four, 36 and 37 implants were in function in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. At baseline, periodontal and peri‑implant clinical parameters and TNFα levels were significantly higher in groups 1 (P<0.05) and 2 (P<0.05) than Group-3. At 4-months follow-up, there was no difference in periodontal and peri‑implant clinical parameters in the test- and control groups among individuals in groups 1 and 3. In Group-2, there was a significant reduction in periodontal (P<0.05) and peri‑implant (P<0.05) clinical parameters at 4-months follow-up than baseline. In Group-2, there was no significant difference in these parameters among patients in the test- and control-groups. ConclusionIn patients with depression clinical periodontal and peri‑implant status is poorer and salivary TNFα levels are higher after MI with or without PDT. In healthy patients, PDT offers no additional benefits in the treatment of periodontal inflammation.

Treatment of Periodontal Inflammation in Diabetic Rats with Injectable IL-1Ra Thermosensitive Hydrogel

Treatment of Periodontal Inflammation in Diabetic Rats with Injectable IL-1Ra Thermosensitive Hydrogel

Catechin ameliorates Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced inflammation via the regulation of TLR2/4 and inflammasome signaling.

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major periodontopathogen found in patients with chronic periodontitis that can lead to alveolar bone or tooth loss. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a proinflammatory cytokine, is most relevant to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Catechin is one of the main polyphenol compounds found in green tea and possesses a range of health benefits. This study examined the anti-inflammatory effects of catechin in THP-1-derived macrophages infected with P. gingivalis as well as its effects on P. gingivalis-induced periodontitis in a mouse model. The cytokine levels and relevant protein expression in THP-1 cells were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis, respectively. An apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) pyroptosome formation was measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Micro-computed tomography was used to determine the level of bone loss induced by a P. gingivalis oral infection. Catechin attenuated the production of IL-1β by inhibiting pro-IL-1β expression via the downregulation of nuclear factor-κB, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Toll-like receptor signaling. In addition, catechin inhibited the activation of inflammasomes induced by P. gingivalis, but did not affect the growth of P. gingivalis. Catechin reduced the level of alveolar bone loss in a P. gingivalis-induced periodontitis mouse model. Catechin possesses anti-inflammatory properties by reducing the level of IL-1β production, suggesting that it can potentially be used for the prevention and treatment of periodontal inflammation caused by P. gingivalis.

Immunologische Ex-vivo-Untersuchung zur Wirkung potenzierter Substanzen bei parodontaler Entzündung unter Verwendung der Durchflusszytometrie

Hintergrund: Bei der Behandlung parodontaler Entzündungen werden in der Versorgungspraxis auch homöopathische Mittel eingesetzt. Noch ist weniger über deren grundlegende Wirkprinzipien bekannt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, die Auswirkungen potenzierter Substanzen bei parodonta­ler Entzündung mittels Durchflusszytometrie zu untersuchen. Material und Methoden: Lymphozyten aus Blutproben von drei Parodontitis-Patienten und drei gematchten gesunden Probanden wurden extrahiert und mit stark verdünnten wässrigen Extrakten (D12 und C200) aus Mercurius solubilis, Silicea, Sulphur, Tuberculinum oder Placebo inkubiert. Um die Lymphozytenexpression zu untersuchen, wurde die Durchflusszytometrie für CD45R0- und CD25-Antikörper angewandt. Die statistische Analyse wurde unter Verwendung von Histogramm- und bivariaten Dot-Plot-Analysen durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Veränderungen der Expression von CD25 und CD45R0 wurden bei Mercurius C200, Mercurius D12, Silicea D12 und Sulphur D12 beobachtet. Mit 36,47% zeigte Sulphur D12 die höchsten Veränderungen in der CD45R0-Expression zwischen Verum und Placebo bei den Parodontitis-Patienten. Die CD25-Expression war in Mercurius D12 mit 18,68% am höchsten. Aufgrund der hohen Variabilität konnten die Ergebnisse jedoch nicht durch statistische Analysen untermauert werden. Diskussion: Diese Studie konnte zeigen, wie Effekte hoch verdünnter Substanzen mit modernen immunologischen Methoden analysiert werden können. Obwohl die Schlussfolgerungen aufgrund der hohen Variabilität der Lymphozytenexpression begrenzt sind, könnten die Ergebnisse dieser Pilotstu­die weitere Untersuchungen anregen.

Medications for Chronic Conditions and Periodontal Disease

This study aims to review the current literature and consider the use of medication in the medical literature and medication in the treatment of periodontal inflammation. Review articles and non-human studies were avoided. Pain-killers and antibiotics were not covered. Modified tetracycline was, however, included. Non-surgical periodontal therapy remains standard of care procedure in the management of periodontal inflammation. There is a large volume of publications with findings from adjunct treatment of periodontitis using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, also including aspirin. In recent years (2015–2018), there are with the exception of in vitro and animal studies. There are currently few human studies assessing the safety and efficacy of such medication to treat periodontal inflammation alone. In contrast, the medical literature has a large volume of such studies to control inflammatory processes. Foremost, studies primarily on cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis have contributed information on the use of statins, bisphosphonates, cytokine inhibitors, and prednisone in the management of inflammation. Several of these studies have also identified that patients on such medication may benefit from reduced clinical evidence of periodontal inflammation. Due to side effects from many anti-inflammatory medications sole treatment of periodontal inflammation has yet to be considered. Diet rich in flavonoids may also provide potential benefits in the control of periodontal inflammation. There is currently no scientific evidence to suggest anti-inflammatory treatment of periodontal inflammation. There are in vitro and non-human studies suggesting that some anti-inflammatory drugs may be effective in reducing the extent of periodontal inflammation. It should be recognized that patients under medical care may receive added dental benefits as the result of anti-inflammatory treatment of another systemic disease.

Is adjunctive photodynamic therapy more effective than scaling and root planing alone in the treatment of periodontal disease in hyperglycemic patients? A systematic review.

To assess the impact of scaling and root planing (SRP) with and without adjunct photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of periodontal disease (PD) in hyperglycemic patients. Databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE; and CENTRAL) were searched up to December 2017. The addressed PICO question was: "What is the effectiveness of adjunctive PDT to non-surgical periodontal treatment by means of clinical periodontal and glycemic parameters in hyperglycemic patients?" Four clinical trials and 1 experimental study were included. Energy fluence, power output, power density and duration of irradiation were 2.79 J per square centimeters (J cm-2), 150 milliwatts (mW), 428 milliwatts per square centimeters (mW/cm2) and 133 s (s) respectively. All studies reporting clinical periodontal and metabolic parameters, showed that aPDT was effective in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in hyperglycemic patients at follow-up. When compared with SRP alone, none of the studies showed additional benefits of PDT as compared to SRP alone at follow up. Three studies showed no influence of SRP with or without aPDT on HbA1c levels. One study showed a significant reduction of HbA1c levels in adjunctive aPDT as compared to SRP alone at follow-up. It remains debatable whether adjunctive PDT as compared to SRP is effective in the treatment of periodontal inflammation and reduction of HbA1c levels in hyperglycemic patients.

Effectiveness of mechanical debridement with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of periodontal inflammation among patients with prediabetes

AimThe aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of mechanical debridement (MD) with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of periodontal inflammation among patients with prediabetes. MethodsDemographic information was collected using a questionnaire. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were measured at baseline and at 3 and 6 months’ follow-up. TreatmentIndividuals were randomly divided into 2 groups as follows: (a) Group-1, participants underwent full-mouth MD; and Group-2: participants underwent full-mouth MD with adjunct aPDT. In groups 1 and 2, full-mouth plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing pocket depth (PPD) were measured at baseline and at 3 and 6 months’ follow-up. In both groups, full-mouth digital intraoral radiographs were also taken. Sample-size was estimated and statistical analysis was performed with level of significance set as P<0.05. ResultsIn total, 70 prediabetic male individuals (35 patients in group-1 and 35 in group-2) were included. At baseline, PI, BOP, number of sites with PPD ≥4mm were comparable among individuals in groups 1 and 2. In groups 1 and 2, PI (P<0.05), BOP (P<0.05), number of sites with PPD ≥4mm (P<0.05) were significantly higher at baseline compared with 3 months’ follow-up. There was no statistically significant difference in PI, BOP, number of sites with PPD ≥4mm at 3 and 6 months’ follow-up. At 6 months’ follow-up, PI, BOP, number of sites with PPD ≥4mm were comparable to their respective baseline values. There was no statistically significant difference in CBL in both groups at 3 and 6 months’ follow-up. There was no statistically significant difference in HbA1c levels among individuals in groups 1 and 2 at all-time intervals. ConclusionIn the short-term, MD is effective in reducing periodontal inflammation among patients with prediabetes. The contribution of adjunct aPDT in this regard is insignificant.

Effect of scaling and root planing with and without adjunctive use of an essential‐oil‐based oral rinse in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in type‐2 diabetic patients

The aim was to assess the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) with and without adjunctive use of an essential-oil (EO)-based oral rinse in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in type-2 diabetic (T2D) patients. Sixty T2D patients were included. In Group 1 (n=30), SRP was performed and patients were instructed to rinse twice daily with EO-based oral rinse for 30days. In Group 2 (n=30), SRP was performed and participants were instructed to rinse twice daily with water for 30days. Periodontal parameters (plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing pocket depth (PPD)≥4mm) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were assessed at baseline and after 90days. In both groups, periodontal parameters were similar at baseline. After 90days of follow-up, there was a significant reduction in the severity of periodontal parameters in patients in Group 1 compared with Group 2. After 90days of follow-up, there was also a significant reduction in HbA1c among patients in Group 1 compared with Group 2. Scaling and root planing with adjunct use of an EO-based oral rinse is more effective in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in T2D patients than SRP alone. This approach also helps reduce hyperglycemia in T2D patients as compared with when SRP is performed alone.

Short-term effects of scaling and root planing with or without adjunctive use of an essential-oil-based mouthwash in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in smokers.

The aim of the present short-term follow-up study was to assess the effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) with or without adjunctive use of an essential-oil-based mouthwash in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in smokers. In total, 120 individuals were divided into 2 groups. In Group-1, 60 smokers with periodontal inflammation received SRP alone; and in Group-2, 60 smokers with periodontal inflammation received adjunct essential-oil mouthwash therapy. Periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding-on-probing [BOP], and probing pocket depth [PD] ≥ 4 mm) were assessed at baseline and after 90 days of treatment. There was no significant difference in periodontal parameters (PI, BOP, and PD ≥ 4 mm) among participants in Group-1 and -2. Participants in both groups showed significant reductions in PI (P < 0.01), BOP (P < 0.01), and PD ≥ 4 mm (P < 0.01) at follow-up compared to baseline. At 90 days of follow-up, PI (P < 0.05), BOP (P < 0.05), and PD ≥ 4 mm (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in Group-1 compared to Group-2. SRP with adjunct essential-oil mouthwash therapy is more effective in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in smokers as compared to when SRP is performed alone.

Efficacy of non-surgical periodontal therapy with adjunct Nd:YAG laser therapy in the treatment of periodontal inflammation among patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus: A short-term pilot study

Background and aimEffect of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) with and without adjunctneodymium-doped:yttrium, aluminum and garnet (Nd:YAG) lasertherapy in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains uninvestigated. The aim of the present short-term pilot study was to assess efficacy of NSPT with adjunct Nd:YAG laser therapy in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in patients with and without T2DM. MethodsTwenty-two patients with T2DM (Group-1) and 22 controls (Group-2) were included. Teeth on test- and control-sites underwent NSPT with and without Nd:YAG laser therapy, respectively. Periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP] and probing pocket depth⩾4mm [PPD]) were measured at baseline and after 1 and 3months. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were measured at baseline and after 3months. ResultsIn Group-1, PI, BOP and PPD⩾4mm were higher at the control-sites (6.4% [P<0.05], 5.5% [P<0.05] and 3.5% [P<0.05], respectively) than test-sites (1.5%, 2.1% and 1.1%, respectively) at 1-month follow-up. In Group-2, PI, BOP and PPD⩾4mm were higher at the control-sites (4.2% [P<0.05], 2.2% [P<0.05] and 2.2% [P<0.05], respectively) than test-sites (1.2%, 1.3% and 1.1%, respectively). At 3-months follow-up, there was no difference in PI, BOP and PPD⩾4mm among test- and control-sites in both groups. At 3-month follow-up, mean HbA1c levels were comparable among patients in groups 1 and 2 (5±0.2% and 4.6±0.1%, respectively). ConclusionThese short-term pilot results support our hypothesis that NSPT+Nd:YAG laser therapy is more effective in reducing periodontal inflammation in patients with and without T2DM than when NSPT is used alone. Further long-term randomized controlled clinical trials are needed in this regard.

Comparison of an essential-oil-based oral rinse and chlorhexidine as adjuncts to scaling and root planing in the treatment of periodontal inflammation.

The aim of the present short-term follow-up study was to compare the effects of an essential oil (EO)-based oral rinse and chlorhexidine as adjuncts to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of periodontal inflammation. In Group-1, SRP was performed and participants were instructed to rinse with EO-based oral rinse; in Group-2, SRP was performed and participants were instructed to rinse with chlorhexidine; and in Group-3, SRP was performed and participants were instructed to rinse with water. Periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding-on-probing [BOP], and probing pocket depth [PPD] ≥ 4 mm) were assessed at baseline and after 7 and 30 days. In all groups, periodontal parameters (PI, BOP, and PPD ≥ 4 mm) were comparable at baseline. In Groups-1 and -2, there was a significant reduction in PI (P < 0.01), BOP (P < 0.01), and PD ≥ 4 mm after 7 days and 30 days of follow-up than baseline. In Group-3, there was a significant reduction in PI (P < 0.01) and BOP (P < 0.01) after 7 days of follow-up compared to baseline. There was no difference in periodontal parameters after 7 days and 30 days of follow-up in Groups-1 and -2. EO-based oral rinses and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) are acceptable adjuncts to SRP in the treatment of periodontal inflammation.

Lymphozytenmigration unter Exposition homöopathischer Arzneimittel bei parodontaler Entzündung - eine kontrollierte Pilotstudie

Hintergrund: Viele homöopathische Arzneimittel werden auch für die Behandlung parodontaler Entzündungsprozesse eingesetzt. Über deren Wirkprinzipien ist allerdings nur wenig bekannt. Ziel dieser Studie war es daher, die Effekte verdünnter Substanzen auf die Migrationsaktivität von Lymphozyten bei parodontalen Entzündungsprozessen in vitro zu untersuchen. Material und Methoden: Lymphozyten wurden aus Blutproben von 3 Parodontitispatienten und 3 gematchten gesunden Probanden extrahiert und zusammen mit verdünnten wässrigen Extrakten (D12 and C200) von Mercurius solubilis, Silicea, Sulfur, Tuberculinum oder Placebo in eine Kollagenmatrix eingebettet. Nach einer 60-minütigen mikroskopischen Videoaufzeichnung im Zeitraffer wurden die Migrationsaktivität und -geschwindigkeit der Lyphozyten von je 30 randomisiert ausgewählten Zellen nachvollzogen. Neben univariaten statistischen Verfahren wurde eine SiZer-Zeitreihenanalyse durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Während bei den Hochverdünnungen (C200) keine bedeutenden Unterschiede zwischen Placebo und den Substanzen gefunden wurden, konnten bei den niedrigen Verdünnungen (D12) im Vergleich zu Placebo starke Effekte beobachtet werden. Die stärksten Effekte wurden in den mit Sulfur D12 exponierten Lyphozyten beobachtet. Während bei den Lymphozyten der Parodontitispatienten ein spezifischer Aktivierungseffekt (mittlere Aktivität: 11,1% (Placebo) vs. 23,8% (Verum)) festgestellt werden konnte, blieb dieser bei den gesunden Probanden aus (25,8% (Placebo) vs. 25,6% (Verum)). Dieser Effekt konnte auch durch die SiZer-Zeitreihenanalyse als signifikant bestätigt werden. Schlussfolgerung: Die Debatte um die Wirkprinzipien von hochverdünnten Substanzen wird immer noch kontrovers geführt. Trotz der geringen Teilnehmerzahl und den damit verbundenen Limitierungen in der Aussagekraft sind insbesondere die Ergebnisse für Sulfur D12 ermutigend. Diese sollten in nachfolgenden Experimenten überprüft und durch weitere immunologische Versuche wie z.B. die Durchflusszytometrie von Zellinien verifiziert werden.

Effects of Chitosan Particles in Periodontal Pathogens and Gingival Fibroblasts

Chitosan is a naturally derived polymer with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, studies evaluating the role of chitosan in the control of periodontal pathogens and the responses of fibroblasts to inflammatory stimuli are lacking. In the present study, we analyzed whether chitosan particles may inhibit the growth of periodontal pathogens and modulate the inflammatory response in human gingival fibroblasts. Chitosan particles were generated through ionic gelation. They inhibited the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans at 5 mg/mL. Conversely, IL-1β strongly stimulated PGE2 protein levels in gingival fibroblasts, and chitosan inhibited this response at 50 µg/mL. IL-1β–stimulated PGE2 production was dependent on the JNK pathway, and chitosan strongly inhibited this response. IL-1β stimulated NF-κB activation, another signaling pathway involved in PGE2 production. However, chitosan particles were unable to modify NF-κB signaling. The present study shows that chitosan exerts a predominantly anti-inflammatory activity by modulating PGE2 levels through the JNK pathway, which may be useful in the prevention or treatment of periodontal inflammation.

Heat shock protein concentrations in chronic generalized periodontitis of elderly patients

The present article summarizes data on the content of antibodies targeting heat shock proteins and the concentration of IL-1α, IL-8, IL-4, IgG, IgM, IgA, and sIgA in blood and saliva of elderly patients suffering from chronic generalized periodontitis before and after treatment of periodontal inflammation and clinical symptoms of ischemic heart disease.

American Academy of Periodontology Statement on the Efficacy of Lasers in the Non‐Surgical Treatment of Inflammatory Periodontal Disease

American Academy of Periodontology Statement on the Efficacy of Lasers in the Non‐Surgical Treatment of Inflammatory Periodontal Disease

A Short‐Term Evaluation of Nd:YAG Laser as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in the Treatment of Periodontal Inflammation

This split-mouth, single-masked, randomized, controlled clinical trial compares the short-term outcomes of a combined treatment with scaling and root planing (SRP) and neodymium-doped:yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (Nd:YAG)-laser irradiation with treatment with SRP alone. Thirty patients were recruited. The mandibular left or right side was randomly assigned as the test side (SRP with laser treatment) or control side (SRP alone). The water-cooled Nd:YAG laser was used at 4 W, 80 mJ/pulse, 50 Hz, and with a pulse width of 350 micros. At baseline, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were taken from the test and control sides, and levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and interleukin (IL)-1beta, -4, -6, and -8 were measured using standard techniques. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and probing depth (PD) were measured by calibrated examiners. At the 1-week follow-up, PD (P <0.001), PI (P <0.05), and GCF volume (P <0.001) showed significant improvement on test sides compared to control sides. At the 3-month follow-up, PD (P <0.01), PI (P <0.01), GI (P <0.01), and GCF volume (P <0.05) also showed significant improvement on test sides compared to control sides. At the 1-week follow up, IL-1beta and MMP-8 levels were significantly reduced on test sides compared to control sides. The 3-month follow-up confirmed that the improvements on test sites had been sustained compared to the treatment outcomes of control sites. In the short-term, SRP in combination with a single application of a water-cooled Nd:YAG laser significantly improves clinical signs associated with periodontal inflammation compared to treatment with SRP alone.