Treatment Of Peel Research Articles

UJI EFEKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK KULIT NANAS (Ananas comosus. L) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Ralstonia solanacearum

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of antibacterial pineapple peel extract (Ananascomosus. L) on Ralstonia solanacearum growth. Pineapple peel extract (Ananas comosus.L) containsantibacterial compounds of bromelin and tannin enzymes that are able to inhibit the growth of plantcausing
 bacteria, Ralstonia solanacearum. Ralstonia solanacearum bacteria will be given 5treatments with pineapple peel extract 10%, 30%, 60%, 100% and positive control Streptomicinsulfate 0.01%, each repeated 5 times. The test was performed by adding 100μl of Ralstoniasolanacearum suspension which was diluted into 15ml Tetrazolium chloride agar medium which wasgiven 100 ml of pineapple peel extract. The results showed that the treatment of pineapple peel extracthad a significant effect on the growth of Ralstonia solanacearum. The average number of treatedbacteria 60% (4x107 CFU), 100% (8x106 CFU) and Streptomicin sulfate 0.01% (4x106 CFU) wassignificant (P <0.01) higher than the number of bacteria treated by concentration 10% (1.79x108)and 30% (1.27x108). Consentration 100% pineapple peel extract (Ananas comosus.L) is the mosteffective in inhibiting the growth of Ralstonia solanacearum. Thus it can be concluded that pineapplepeel extract (Ananas comosus.L) is effective as an antibacterial Ralstonia solanacearum.

Kombucha fermentation test used for various types of herbal teas

Tea is a common drink in the community, the benefits of tea can be improved by processing fermented tea called kombucha. Kombucha is a refreshing drink made from tea water plus sugar, obtained through the fermentation process by acetic acid bacteria and fungi, is consumed for its health benefits. The common Kombucha starter is called SCOOBY (Simbyotic of Bacteri and Yeast). Kombucha research using herbal tea is very rarely done, it is necessary kombucha research using a variety of herbal teas to determine the quality of its inhibitory power against bacteria and its quality compared with kombucha berkomposisi tea Camelia sinensis in general. The purpose of this research was to know kombucha quality with ph parameter, thickness of nata, total acid and its inhibitory power to Escherchia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This research used Randomized Block Design (RAK) method using 1 tea type treatment, with 3 replications. The first type of green tea (P1), roselle tea (P2), mangosteen peel tea (P3), soursop leaf tea (P4), moringa leaf tea (P5) and yellow leaf tea (P6), so there are 18 treatment combinations. Based on statistical analysis, there was influence of tea type to kombucha quality. Treatments of P1 and P2 were found to have an optimum and significant effect for kombucha. the results in level of acidity [pH] on green tea (P1) was 3.05, nata thickness of 4.63 and total acid of 0.69. Acidity in roselle tea (P2) was 2.86, nata thickness of 3.83, and total acid of 0.71. While the lowest quality was found in the treatment of mangosteen peel (P3) tea with pH 2.57, nata thickness of 0.35, and total acid of 0.79.

Microwave-assisted pyrolysis with chemical activation, an innovative method to convert orange peel into activated carbon with improved properties as dye adsorbent

Microwave-assisted pyrolysis with chemical activation was developed and optimized to transform orange peel into activated carbon (AC) desirable for use as a dye adsorbent. The orange peel was first carbonized via microwave-assisted pyrolysis to produce a biochar, which was then activated and converted into AC via chemical impregnation coupled with microwave-assisted pyrolysis. The process parameters involved was optimized to maximize the yield of AC and its adsorption efficiency on malachite green dye using response surface methodology adopting central composite design. The use of microwave-assisted pyrolysis provided a fast heating rate and short process time in converting orange peel into AC, recording a heating rate of up to 112 °C/min in a process taking about 25 min, representing a method that is potentially faster and more energy efficient compared to that shown by the method commonly performed using conventional heating source (≥1 h). The results showed that AC with the highest yield (87 wt% of biochar) and optimal adsorption efficiency (28.5 mg of dye/g of AC) can be obtained by performing chemical impregnation at an impregnation ratio of 1:1 coupled with microwave-assisted pyrolysis under microwave irradiation (heating) for 5 min using 550 W of microwave power. The addition of chemical activation with alkali metal hydroxides resulted in the production of AC with improved properties. The AC showed a highly porous structure containing high content of fixed carbon (83 wt%) and high BET surface area (1350 m2/g). The adsorption–desorption isotherm showed a combination of Type I and Type II isotherms, which indicates the presence of microporous-mesoporous structure, thus exhibiting a characteristic of improved pores accessibility and high adsorption capacity. Combined with the detection of low ash (3.2 wt%) and moisture content (5 wt%), the AC shows great promise as a high-grade dye adsorbent with high adsorption capacity and potentially increased durability since a low moisture content could increase the rate of adsorption of dye contaminants and a high ash content could promote undesirable catalytic reactions and reduce the adsorption capacity and reactivation efficiency of AC. The recovery of AC with improved properties and the desirable process features (fast heating rate, short process time) suggest the great potential of this method as an alternative for the treatment and recovery of fruit peel.

Absorption Activity of Cassava Peel (Manihot utilissima) as Chromium (VI) Metal Biosorbent in Electroplating Waste

Electroplating is a process of metal veneering with another metal using the electric energy. The water waste of electroplating industry contains many kinds of heavy metal ions, especially chromium (VI) which might cause pollutions if it was not processed and it presents above the threshold allowed. The use of cellulose can be a solution, because it has the functional groups which form bonding with the metal ions. Cassava peel is one of the sources of cellulose which contains 80-85% of cellulose. This proves that cassava peel (Manihot utilissimaI) has the potential as the heavy metal biosorbent of chromium metal in electroplating waste. The methodology of the research is conducted in a series including analysis of heavy metal concentrations of chromium (VI) in electroplating waste. Biosorption treatment of cassava peel (Manihot utilissimaI) biosorbent activated by HNO 3 1.5 M in electroplating waste conducted in the batch method. Analysis of heavy metal concentrations of chromium (VI) in electroplating waste was performed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) after biosorbtion process. Variation of biosorbent mass were (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) grams, and variation of biosorbent contact time were (10, 20, 30, 40, 50) minutes. The analysis result recorded by AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) showed that the level of total chromium in electroplating waste reaches 2.0777 ± 0.2785 ppm. Accordingly, the chromium test solution used in this research was 2 ppm to measure the optimum conditions of % chromium (VI) adsorbed with variation of mass and contact time. From the results of this research, the optimum mass and contact time of cassava peel biosorbent activated by HNO 3 1.5 M in % chromium (VI) adsorbed were 0.1 gram and 40 minutes, respectively. Finally, the optimum mass and contact time of cassava peel biosorbent activated by HNO 3 1.5 M has applied to electroplating waste. The % chromium adsorbed in electroplating waste with the addition of cassava peel biosorbent activated by HNO 3 1.5 M was measured in average of 61.72%.

Ruminal degradation of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber of banana peel treated with limestone

This study aimed to evaluate the kinetics of dry matter degradation and neutral detergent fiber of banana peel treated with limestone. The banana peel has been acquired from a candy manufacturer that after washing with chlorinated water to 1% and pulp removal was discarded. The banana peel in nature was treated with 1, 2, 3 and 4% of limestone in the natural matter, homogenized and pre-dried in the sun for 120 hours. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design, with five treatments (0 (control), 1, 2, 3 and 4% inclusion of limestone) with 3 repetitions. The dry matter potential degradability, showed no difference (P>0.05) in the levels compared to the control with an average of 67.58%. The insoluble degradation fraction rate of dry matter and the fiber fraction did not differ (P> 0.05) between levels and control. In relation to effective degradability of neutral detergent fiber, there was an increase of 3.47% for each percentage unit increased limestone. In relation to the ruminal degradation parameters of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber is not recommended the utilization of limestone as an additive in the treatment of banana peel.

IDENTIFIKASI MUTU FISIK, KIMIA DAN ORGANOLEPTIK ES KRIM DAGING KULIT MANGGIS (Garcinia mangostana L.) DENGAN VARIASI SUSU KRIM

Mangosteen is a fruit that is high antioxidant content, especially on the skin. Meat mangosteen skin has a chance to develop into one product is ice cream. Ice cream is a kind of semi-solids with a mixture of milk, sugar, flavors and emulsifiers. This study aims to determine the quality (physical, chemical and organoleptic) ice cream mangosteen rind. Making ice cream in this study includes the preparation of the dough, mixing, shaking, cooking, packaging and freezing agitation. Variation of treatment in this study is mangosteen peel meat : milk cream (100 : 600, 150 : 550, 200 : 500, 250 : 450 and 300 : 400) grams per milliliter. The study design used was completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications, if significantly different followed by DMRT. The analysis is done of the overrun , melting speed, the levels of antioxidants and organoleptic (color, flavor and texture). Based on the analysis of physical and chemical quality of the research is on comparative treatment mangosteen peel 300 grams of meat and 400 milliliters of milk cream. While the results of the analysis of organoleptic quality in terms of color, taste and texture of the panelists preferred is the treatment of mangosteen peel 200 grams of meat and 500 grams of milk cream.Keywords : Mangosteen Skin Meat, Milk Cream, Ice Cream

Evaluation of Agro-industrial Wastes to Produce Bioethanol: Case Study - Mango (Mangifera Indica L.)

This study was carried out to evaluate the fermentation performance and behavior of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y2034 in mango pulp and peel (Mangifera indica L.). In this paper we studied the fermentation of mango (pulp and peel) a fruit rich in Mexico with high sugar content. The process for producing ethanol comprised the following steps: substrate preparation, preparation of the YPD medium, growth of the yeast S. cerevisiae Y2034, alcohol fermentation and distillation. In this study we utilized the raw materials amounting 75 percent pulp and 25 percent peels and seeds. The maximum growth of yeast was observed in the treatment of pulp and peel with 150g/L of initial reducing sugar, obtaining 2.6×108 cfu mL−1. All the experiments were carried out in triplicate.

Enhancement of Essential Oil Extraction for Steam Distillation by DBD Surface Treatment

A dielectric barrier discharge plasma was used for surface treatment of lemon peel, followed by steam distillation, to enhance essential oil extraction. The effects of plasma surface treatment of lemon peel on essential oil yield and composition were investigated. The yield of essential oil was improved by plasma treatment. Limonene, γ‐terpinene, and β‐pinene were identified from the extracted essential oil; the concentrations of these compounds were significantly decreased by O2, N2, and air plasma treatments, and slightly decreased by Ar plasma treatment. Microscopic observations showed that the lemon peel surface was damaged by discharge, and that some oil bled from the oil glands. It was concluded that essential oil extraction was enhanced by small defects generated on the lemon peel by the plasma discharge.

Anaerobic digestion of pineapple pulp and peel in a plug-flow reactor

The objective of this research was to study the production of biogas by using pineapple pulp and peel, the by-products from fruit processing plants, in a plug-flow reactor (17.5 L total volume). The effects of feed concentration, total solids (TS) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on degradation of the waste were investigated. The increase of pineapple pulp and peel of 2% (wt/vol) at HRT 7 d to 4% (wt/vol) at HRT 10 d showed increases in biogas production rate, biogas yield and methane yield – from 0.12 v/v-d, 0.26 m3/kg COD removed and 0.11 m3/kg COD removed, with COD removal at 64.1%, to 0.25 v/v-d, 0.43 m3/kg COD removed and 0.14 m3/kg COD removed, with COD removal at 60.41%. The methanogenic fermentation was more active in the middle and final parts of the reactor. The recirculation of fermentation effluent at 40% (vol/vol) of the working volume into the reactor could increase the biogas production rate and biogas yield up to 52% and 12%, respectively. The results showed technological potential for waste treatment of pineapple pulp and peel in a plug-flow reactor.

Effect of Butternut (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne ex Poiret) Fibres on Bread Making, Quality and Staling

The effect of different enriched fibre products obtained from butternut (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne ex Poiret) on bread making and bread quality was evaluated through the study of bread yield, quality parameters (specific volume, crumb firmness, crumb and crust colour) and bread shelf life. Fractions tested were obtained from butternut mesocarp through ethanolic treatment (fraction AIR) or through dehydration (fraction S) or from the ethanolic treatment of peel (fraction C). These fractions were incorporated in a bread formula, at levels of 5, 10 and 15 g of fibre fraction per kilogram of wheat flour. The study of crumb through digital imaging and thermal analysis was also performed in order to better understand the effects observed. An important influence of water absorption kinetics and chemical composition of the fibre fractions studied was observed in the results obtained. Lower bread firmness was determined 24 h after baking when 10 g of C or either 10 or 15 g of S was present per kilogram of wheat flour used. Breads made with flour containing 10–15 g of S or 5 g of C per kilogram of wheat flour tended to be softer, while 10 g of C per kilogram of flour produced significantly softer breads along 9 days storage.

Furanocoumarins Contents and Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) Inhibitory Activities of Various Processed Fruit Peel Products: Outflow of 6′,7′-Dihydroxybergamottin during Processing Treatment of Peel

Furanocoumarins (FCs) such as bergamottin (BG) and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin (DHBG) contained in grapefruits are known to be cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitors. These are contained in larger quantity in peel than in pulp, and therefore, processed peel products possibly have strong CYP3A4 inhibitory activity. The CYP3A4 inhibitory potency of these processed peel products, however, remains to be elucidated. The FC content and CYP3A inhibitory activities of various processed fruit peel products were investigated. CYP3A inhibitory activities of crystallized grapefruit peel, grapefruit marmalade, lemon peel and bitter orange slice were close to that of 100% grapefruit juice, while the activities of yuzu slice, pomelo (buntan) marmalade and crystallized iyokan peel were very weak, 1/8-1/20 of 100% grapefruit juice. The maximum BG content was 5.6 µg/g in lemon peel. The maximum DHBG content was 7.2 µg/g in crystallized grapefruit peel, about 1/30 that of raw peel. Grapefruit marmalade and crystallized grapefruit peel contained similar amounts of FCs to 100% grapefruit juice, but FCs were not detected in pomelo (buntan) marmalade or crystallized iyokan peel. Good correlation (r=0.78) was observed between the FC contents of these peel products and those CYP3A inhibitory activities. Preparation of homemade grapefruit marmalade and crystallized peel revealed that considerably lower DHBG content in these products and lower CYP3A inhibitory activity than anticipated were attributable to outflow of DHBG to broth during boiling of the raw peel.

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Antioxidative and Antigenotoxic Activity of Extracts from Persimmon (Diospyros kakiL.) Peel

Heat treatment of persimmon peel (PP) increased the antioxidative activity of the 70% ethanolic extract (EE) and water extract (WE) from PP. EE and WE both prevented H2O2-induced DNA damage to human peripheral lymphocytes. The antioxidative and antigenotoxic activities of the PP extracts were significantly affected by heating.

Carbonised jackfruit peel as an adsorbent for the removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solution

The fruit of the jack ( Artocarpus heterophyllus) is one of the popular fruits in India, where the total area under this fruit is about 13,460 ha. A significant amount of peel (approximately 2714–11,800 kg per tree per year) is discarded as agricultural waste, as apart from its use as a table fruit, it is popular in many culinary preparations. Treatment of jackfruit peel with sulphuric acid produced a carbonaceous product which was used to study its efficiency as an adsorbent for the removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solution. Batch experiments were performed as a function of process parameters; agitation time, initial metal concentration, adsorbent concentration and pH. Kinetic analyses made with Lagergren pseudo-first-order, Ritchie second-order and modified Ritchie second-order models showed better fits with modified Ritchie second-order model. The Langmuir–Freundlich (Sips equation) model best defined the experimental equilibrium data among the three isotherm models (Freundlich, Langmuir and Langmuir–Freundlich) tested. Taking a particular metal concentration, the optimum dose and pH required for the maximum metal removal was established. A complete recovery of the adsorbed metal ions from the spent adsorbent was achieved by using 0.01 M HCl.

Momordica charantia (Bitter Gourd) peel, pulp, seed and whole fruit extract inhibits mouse skin papillomagenesis

The present study was designed to elucidate the inhibitory potential of Momordica charantia (Bitter Gourd) peel, pulp, seed and whole fruit extract on mouse skin papillomagensis with the modulatory influence of biotransformation system enzymes. Topical application of Momordica whole fruit extract (100 μl/animal per day) during the peri-initiation stage (1 week before and 2 weeks after initiation) by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and/or during the tumor promotion stage reduced the (i) tumor burden to 4.26, 3.72 and 3.11 (positive control value: 5.42); (ii) cumulative number of papillomas to 81, 67 and 53 (positive control value: 103); and (iii) percent incidence of mice bearing papillomas to 100, 94 and 94, respectively (positive control value: 100). In a comparison of the anticarcinogenic efficacy of Momordica peel, pulp, seed and whole fruit extract (100 μl/animal per day), after topical treatment during the peri-initiation and during the tumor promotion stage, revealed the modulation of the (i) tumor burden (tumors/mouse) to 3.06, 3.61, 3.17 and 3.11; (ii) cumulative number of papillomas to 49, 65, 54 and 53; and (iii) percent incidence of mice bearing papillomas to 84, 100, 94 and 94, respectively. Significant elevation in the sulfhydryl (–SH) level was observed in the liver and skin tissues by the topical treatment of Momordica peel, pulp, seed and whole fruit extract. Elevation in the hepatic levels of cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) and microsomal cytochrome b 5 was also observed by the topical treatment of Momordica peel, seed and whole fruit extract. The results suggest the maximum chemopreventive potential is in the Momordica peel. Equivocal efficacy is in the Momordica seed and whole fruit extract. Biotransformation system enzymes may be the cause of this reduced papillomagenesis.

Fractionation and pretreatment of orange peel by dilute acid hydrolysis

Solubilization and depolymerization of carbohydrates by treatment of orange peel with dilute (0·06 and 0·5%) sulfuric acid at 100, 120 and 140°C has been investigated. The acid treatments solubilized a large portion of total carbohydrates in orange peel. However, only soluble sugars and sugars derived from hydrolysis of hemicelluloses were efficiently released by the treatment with hot dilute sulfuric acid. Cellulose and segments of pectin containing galacturonic acid units were very resistant to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. The treatment with dilute sulfuric acid had a positive effect on the rate of subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of orange peel by a mixture of cellulolytic and pectinolytic enzymes.