Treatment Of Mushroom Poisoning Research Articles

A network system for the prevention and treatment of mushroom poisoning in Chuxiong Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China: implementation and assessment

BackgroundMushroom poisoning is a major public health issue in China. The integration of medical resources from different institutes of different levels is crucial in reducing the harm of mushroom poisoning. However, few studies have provided comprehensive implementation procedures and postimplementation effectiveness evaluations. To reduce the harm caused by mushroom poisoning, a network system for the prevention and treatment of mushroom poisoning (NSPTMP) was established in Chuxiong, Yunnan Province, a high-risk area for mushroom poisoning.MethodsThe NSPTMP consists of three types of institutions, namely, centers for disease prevention, hospitals, and health administration departments, with each kind of institution comprising prefecture, county/city, town, and village levels. After three years of implementation, the network was evaluated by comparing the indices before and after network implementation using data from the “Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System” and 17 hospitals in Chuxiong. The indices included the fatalities caused by mushroom poisoning, the composition ratios of different types of mushrooms for both outpatients and inpatients and the hospitalization rates.ResultsCompared to the average fatality rate of mushroom poisoning from 2015 to 2017, the average fatality rate from 2018 to 2020 significantly decreased from 0.57 to 0.06% (P < 0.001). Regarding the poisonous genus containing lethal mushrooms, the outpatient and inpatient composition ratios significantly decreased for Amanita (9.36–2.91% and 57.23–17.68%, respectively) and Russula (15.27–8.41%) (P < 0.05). Regarding poisonous mushrooms that caused mild symptoms, the outpatient and inpatient composition ratios significantly increased for Scleroderma (5.13–13.90% and 2.89–18.90%, respectively) and Boletaceae (19.08–31.71%) (P < 0.05), and the hospitalization rates significantly increased for Scleroderma (6.33–18.02%) and Boletaceae (5.65–12.71%) (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the NSPTMP effectively reduced the harm caused by mushroom poisoning. In addition to the integration of medical resources, the development of poisonous mushroom identification, hierarchical treatment systems in hospitals, public education, and professional training also played important roles in improving the system’s effectiveness. The establishment and evaluation of the NSPTMP in Chuxiong Prefecture can provide valuable insights and serve as a model for other regions facing similar challenges in managing mushroom poisoning.

Study on 4 cases of mushroom poisoning with amanita and identification of poison

Different kinds of poisonous mushrooms contain different toxic components. Acute liver injury caused by amanita mushroom is the main cause of death from poisonous mushroom poisoning in China. Consumption of poisonous mushrooms has an incubation period, there is a false recovery period in the clinical process, and the early performance is slight and does not attract enough attention from doctors, and it is easy to miss the treatment opportunity. The clinical characteristics, treatment and identification of mushrooms containing amanita in 4 patients were analyzed in order to improve clinicians' understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning and early species identification.

Management of confirmed mushroom poisoning

During the autumn season, it is common for mushroom pickers to eat poisonous mushrooms. This is due to many reasons, including the ignorance of pickers. The most common is the misidentification of inedible species as edible mushrooms. The result is poisoning, which in many cases requires hospitalization.&#x0D; This paper presents a case report of toadstool poisoning by a 62-year-old female patient. In addition, other relevant publications on intoxication, diagnostic methods and treatment are reviewed. The purpose of this paper is to present the management and treatment of a case of toadstool poisoning.&#x0D; The effects of mushroom poisoning can range from mild disorders, mainly gastrointestinal to organ failure and even death. Significant elevations of liver enzymes and prothrombin time are important in laboratory tests in cases of intoxication. Treatment most often involves specific antidotes, such as Sylimarin, Acetylcysteine. The diagnosis in most cases is made on the basis of the clinical picture and a thorough interview with the patient, and the diagnosis is established by detecting toxins in a urine test. The prognosis is better if patients with toadstool poisoning are admitted to the hospital early. It is worth noting that gastrointestinal syndromes can also result from eating raw or inadequately cooked mushrooms, and by eating them excessively or too often.&#x0D; Proper diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning can save lives. It is very important to raise public awareness of mushroom poisoning, as well as early detection of potential signs of intoxication. Cooperation with the poison center and mycologists is very important, especially in high-risk cases.

Diagnosis and Treatment of 100 Cases of Liver Poisoning

Objective — To analyze the diagnosis and treatment of hallucinic mushroom poisoning and provide evidence for the early diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning. Methods — 100 patients included from May 2017 to April 2021 were analyzed, monitored the relevant laboratory indicators, counted the impaired organ function, and analyzed the efficacy of relevant treatment programs. Results — Among 100 patients with liver poisoning, in 11 cases of gastrointestinal poisoning, for 11.00%, disease course (5.32 ± 3.12) h; in 89 cases, neuropsychiatric poisoning occurred, for 89.00%, disease course (2.05 ± 0.61) h, among them, the neuropsychiatric poisoning patients accounted for the highest proportion, patients with gastrointestinal type have a long disease duration. Of the 100 patients with BHF poisoning, in 7 cases of nausea and vomiting, for 7.00%; in two cases of abdominal pain, for 2.00%; one case of severe diarrhea, for 1.00%; one case of gastrointestinal bleeding, for 3.00%; in 12 cases, for 12.00%; tears in 5 cases, for 5.00%; in 32 cases, for 32.00%; slow pulse in 13 cases, for 13.00%. Vision — 74 cases, Accounting for 74.00%.There were no abnormal changes in liver and kidney function indicators (ALT, AST, A S T, BUN, SCr, CK, CK-MB, LDH, WBC, Tbil, PTA, and Dbil) in 100 patients with vine liver bacteria intoxication, and no significant difference was found before and after treatment (P&gt; 0.05). All the 100 patients with bovine liver bacteria poisoning recovered and were discharged after relevant treatment measures, with a cure rate of 100%, among which the neuropsychiatric hospital stay time was shorter than the gastrointestinal type (P &lt;0.05). Will 100 poisoning patients according to the severity of mild group (mild, moderate) 78 cases, severe group 22 cases, the influence of both groups, mild group age, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, high homocysteinemia are significantly lower than the severe group (P &lt;0.05). Conclusion — most patients with neuropsychiatric damage, after taking timely treatment measures, the cure rate is quite large, including the toxic prognosis is affected by the factors such as age, basic disease history, with basic diseases of elderly poisoning groups need to pay special attention, when necessary, such as blood perfusion to ensure the cure rate.

Mushroom Toxins: Chemistry and Toxicology.

Mushroom consumption is a global tradition that is still gaining popularity. However, foraging for wild mushrooms and accidental ingestion of toxic mushrooms can result in serious illness and even death. The early diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning are quite difficult, as the symptoms are similar to those caused by common diseases. Chemically, mushroom poisoning is related to very powerful toxins, suggesting that the isolation and identification of toxins have great research value, especially in determining the lethal components of toxic mushrooms. In contrast, most of these toxins have remarkable physiological properties that could promote advances in chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology. Although more than 100 toxins have been elucidated, there are a number of lethal mushrooms that have not been fully investigated. This review provides information on the chemistry (including chemical structures, total synthesis, and biosynthesis) and the toxicology of these toxins, hoping to inspire further research in this area.

Ultrasound Guided Percutaneous Transhepatic Gall bladder Aspiration (PTGBA) in the Treatment of Mushroom Poisoning

Mushroom poisonings (Mycetismus) are rare conditions have been reported frequently from North East India during the monsoon seasons. In one of the earlier studies we noted a high mortality (43.75%) even after using all the conventional agents in literature. Studies in dogs have shown that the toxins are excreted in the bile and much of the toxin excreted in this way is reabsorbed into the liver with the bile. Interruption of the cycling of the toxin by bile duct cannulation can reduce the toxic effects of α-amantin in dogs. We report three males, (58, 28 and 24 years old respectively) who came to our institute with mushroom poisoning presenting with dehydration, acute liver failure, raised liver enzymes and hyperbilirubinemia. Though they were given conventional treatment their raised liver enzymes indicated high risk for mortality. After proper consent, ultrasound guided percutaneous transhepatic gall bladder aspiration (UPTGA) was performed in all three of them under strict aspeptic and antiseptic conditions. Bile was aspirated and preserved for toxicological analysis. The patients improved both symptomatically and biochemically after the procedure. No complications were noted in these patients and they were discharged after a few days of observation in our hospital. We conclude that ultrasound guided percutaneous transhepatic Gall bladder Aspiration (PTGBA) is a simple bedside procedure that can be safely done in high risk patients of amanita mushroom poisoning.

Metabolic Acidosis during Treatment of Mushroom Poisoning: A Diagnostic Pitfall

Metabolic acidosis is a frequently encountered acid-base disturbance in hospitalized patients that occasionally develops in the course of treatment with medications used in everyday clinical practice, including propylene glycol-containing drugs (lorazepam, diazepam, etomidate, pentobarbital). Disruption of enterohepatic circulation with activated charcoal is a common practice for several intoxications, including mushroom poisoning. Herein, we present a patient who was hospitalized due to mushroom intoxication and developed severe metabolic acidosis as a treatment side effect rather than from the mushroom poisoning. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on propylene glycol-containing activated charcoal-induced metabolic acidosis.

Mycotoxins revisited: Part II

Mushrooms are ubiquitous in nature. They are an important source of nutrition, however, certain varieties contain chemicals that can be highly toxic to humans. Industrially cultivated mushrooms are historically very safe, whereas foraging for mushrooms or accidental ingestion of mushrooms in the environment can result in serious illness and death. The emergency department is the most common site of presentation for patients suffering from acute mushroom poisoning. Although recognition can be facilitated by identification of a characteristic toxidrome, the presenting manifestations can be variable and have considerable overlap with more common and generally benign clinical syndromes. The goal of this two-part article is to review the knowledge base on this subject and provide information that will assist the clinician in the early consideration, diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning. Part I reviewed the epidemiology and demographics of mushroom poisoning, the physical characteristics of the most toxic varieties, the classification of the toxic species, and presented an overview of the cyclopeptide-containing mushroom class. Part II is focused on the presentation of the other classes of toxic mushrooms along with an up-to-date review of the most recently identified poisonous varieties.

Mycotoxins revisited: Part I

Mushrooms are ubiquitous in nature. They are an important source of nutrition; however, certain varieties contain chemicals that can be highly toxic to humans. Industrially cultivated mushrooms are historically very safe, but foraging for mushrooms or accidental ingestion of mushrooms in the environment can result in serious illness and death. The emergency department is the most common site of presentation for patients suffering from acute mushroom poisoning. Although recognition can be facilitated by identification of a characteristic toxidrome, the presenting manifestations can be variable and have considerable overlap with more common and generally benign clinical syndromes. The goal of this two-part article is to review the knowledge base on this subject and provide information that will assist the clinician in the early consideration, diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning. Part I, presented in this issue of the Journal, reviews the epidemiology and demographics of mushroom poisoning, the physical characteristics of the most toxic varieties, the classification of the toxic species, and an overview of the cyclopeptide-containing mushroom class. Part II, to be published in the next issue of the Journal, will be focused on the presentation of the other classes of toxic mushrooms along with an up-to-date review of the most recently identified poisonous varieties.

Peculiarities of diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning

Acute mushroom poisonings are observed annually in the summer and autumn season and account for 7-8% in the structure of acute poisonings. Despite their relative rarity, mushroom poisonings attract the attention of clinicians by the group character of the disease and high (up to 95%) lethality in some poisonings, for example in case of poisoning by pale grebes. Materials on the etiology, pathogenesis and clinical picture of mushroom poisoning are widely represented in the national literature.

Treatment of Mushroom Poisoning

To the Editor.— The survey on mushroom poisoning by Hanrahan and Gordon 1 published inThe Journalcovered four types of toxic mushrooms, each illustrated by a clinical case. However, the section on amatoxin poisoning (caused by either Amanita phalloides, Amanita virosa , or Amanita verna ) contains inaccuracies and fails to inform the reader about advances in therapy. The statement that the mortality of amatoxin poisoning was until recently 50% to 90% is misleading and likely to falsify the interpretation of therapeutic results. In a large study including 288 cases of Amanita ("death cap") intoxications observed between 1919 and 1958 in Switzerland, the mortality rate was 30%. 2 In much smaller series of patients, a higher mortality may be occasionally recorded, but it is clear that large series are mandatory to assess the mortality rate correctly. In a newer series of 205 cases of Amanita intoxications that occurred in Europe from

Treatment of mushroom poisoning

Treatment of mushroom poisoning

Treatment of Mushroom Poisoning

To the Editor.— The review of mushroom poisoning by Hanrahan and Gordon 1 and the letter by Olson et al 2 point out the lack of a treatment of choice for Amanita poisoning and the need for further study in this area. Because the medical literature is replete with erroneous myths and misinformation concerning mushroom poisoning, we wish to point out a needed correction. The standard dosage of intravenous thioctic acid is 50 to 150 mg every six hours 3 and not 300 mg/kg/day as published in Hanrahan and Gordon's article. While mushroom poisoning may seem to some an obscure rarity common only among mycophagists, it is a growing problem. In 1984, the Oregon Poison Control and Drug Information Center answered more than 600 calls concerning mushroom poisonings.

Treatment of Mushroom Poisoning

To the Editor.— In their review of the treatment of mushroom poisoning, Hanrahan and Gordon recommend high doses of pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/kg, up to a total daily dosage of 15 to 20 g) for neurological symptoms. Before one follows this recommendation, which is to be found in several standard books also, one should remember that pyridoxine can produce untoward neurological effects, particularly in high doses. In protective doses, pyridoxine activates not only the decarboxylation of glutamic acid, with a formation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and an increase of the GABA content of the brain (this effect is anticonvulsant in the presence of excess isoniazid or its hydrazones) but also, and to a greater extent, the transamination between GABA and α-ketoglutaric acid, leading to the disappearance of GABA and thus to a decrease in the GABA content of the brain. 1 High doses of pyridoxine as those recommended by Hanrahan

Treatment of Mushroom Poisoning

To the Editor.— The review of mush-room poisoning by Hanrahan and Gordon 1 provides a timely reminder that foraging in the wild for food and fun can be extremely dangerous. Those bent on finding wild mushrooms for the dinner table are well advised to do so only in the company of an experienced mycologist. We would like to disagree with some of the authors' advice on diagnosis and treatment of amatoxin poisoning. Their treatment algorithm implies that patients with early-onset symptoms do not have amatoxin poisoning and also recommends a grab bag of unproved antidotes. It is true that if the onset of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms is delayed by more than six to eight hours, ingestion of amatoxin is likely. However, the early onset of symptoms due to poisoning by a simple GI tract irritant, such as Entoloma lividum , does not rule out concomitant ingestion of an amatoxin-containing mushroom. Frequently

Treatment of mushroom poisoning

The author recommends apomorphine for this purpose, usually in a dose of 0.005, and only undecomposed, pink-red solutions of this agent should be used. The gastric lavage should be performed only after gastric emptying, because more voluminous pieces of mushrooms usually already from the very beginning clog the lumen of the probe, and make attempts to lavage ineffective.