Liquid Waste Treatment Research Articles

Nutrient Uptake and Chlorophyll of Long Bean Plants (Vigna Sinensis L.) Due to Liquid Waste Tofu and Planting Media

This study aims to determine the absorption of nutrients N, P, total chlorophyll, and combination interactions due to the application of tofu liquid waste and growing media to long beans. The study used a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications. Factor I of tofu liquid waste treatment (T) consisted of 3 levels, namely: T0 (0 ml), T1 (150 ml), T2 (300 ml ), and Factor II , Growing Media (M) consisted of 3 planting media, namely M1 (compost of cow dung + rice husk charcoal), M2 (compost of cow dung + cocopeat), and M3 (compost of cow dung + chopped fern). The observed variables included nutrient uptake of N-Total, P, and total chlorophyll content. The results showed that the treatment of tofu liquid waste had a very significant effect on N-Total and P nutrient uptake, namely 150 ml (T1) and the administration of 300 ml (T2) had a very significant effect on total chlorophyll content. The growing media had a very significant effect on nutrient uptake of N, P, and total chlorophyll content in the M3 treatment( cow manure compost + chopped fern). There was no interaction between tofu liquid waste and planting media for all observed variables

The Treatment of Nata de Coco Processing Wastewater Using Anaerobic Bio-Filter

Liquid waste of Nata de Coco industry is acidic and contains high organic matter, hence, it requires proper treatment before being released into the environment. This research aims to determine the quality of Nata de Coco industrial wastewater and the toxicity of liquid waste (LC50 96 hours) to goldfish bio-indicators before and after being treated with anaerobic bio-filters. The research phase includes: 1) Liquid waste treatment using anaerobic bio-filters with wasp nest media, 2) determination of optimal processing time duration with variations of 48, 72, and 96 hours, 3) toxicity tests before and after processing such as acclimatization, preliminary, and actual tests, and 4) analysis of research data using probit analysis and linear regression. The results showed that biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and COD (chemical oxygen demand) values are higher than standard values according to the Regulation of the Minister of Environment of Indonesia Number 5 of 2014, while the pH is lower than the standard value. The optimal processing time duration is 48 hours with a decreased percentage of BOD, COD, and pH of 53.24%, 30.37%, and 46.15%, respectively. The actual LC50 value of 96 hours of liquid waste before and after treatment is 28.20% and 47.21%, respectively.

Self-cleaning and regenerable nano zero-valent iron modified PCN-224 heterojunction for photo-enhanced radioactive waste reduction.

The expansion of large-scale nuclear power causes a substantial volume of radioactive wastewater containing uranium to be released into the environment. Because of uranium's toxicity and bioaccumulation, it is critical to develop the efficient and sustainable materials for selective removal of uranium (VI). Herein, a regenerable anti-biofouling nano zero-valent iron doped porphyrinic zirconium metal-organic framework (NZVI@PCN-224) heterojunction system was successfully fabricated. Due to the Schottky-junction effect at the NZVI/MOF interface, the NZVI nanomaterial immobilized on PCN-224 could improve interfacial electron transfer and separation efficiency, and enhance entire reduction of highly soluble U(VI) to less soluble U(IV), involving photocatalytic reduction and chemical reduction. Meanwhile, the photocatalytic effect also prompts the NZVI@PCN-224 to produce more biotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in high anti-microbial and anti-algae activities. Under dark conditions, NZVI@PCN-224 with a large specific surface area could provide sufficient oxo atoms as the uranium binding sites and show the highest uranium-adsorbing capability of 57.94mg/g at pH 4.0. After eight adsorption-desorption cycles, NZVI@PCN-224 still retained a high uranium adsorption capacity of 47.98mg/g and elimination efficiency (91.72%). This sorption/reduction/anti-biofouling synergistic strategy of combining chelation, chemical reduction and photocatalytic performance inspires new insights for highly efficient treatment of liquid radioactive waste.

QGIS evaluation and treatment of liquid wastes collected from industries of West Tamil Nadu

QGIS evaluation and treatment of liquid wastes collected from industries of West Tamil Nadu

Liquid Waste Treatment for Sustainable Tapioca Industry: A Comparison between Biogas and Liquid Sugar

Liquid Waste Treatment for Sustainable Tapioca Industry: A Comparison between Biogas and Liquid Sugar

Memsift builds resource recovery plant in India that reduces CO2 emissions

Memsift Innovations Pte Ltd, which specialises in industrial liquid-waste treatment, has received a contract from a company in India to build a resource recovery plant that has the potential to significantly reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

Analysis of liquid waste in weaving home industry at Nusa Penida, Klungkung, Bali, Indonesia

Introduction: The existence of regulations using clothing made from traditional Balinese fabrics cloth called “endek” has caused the demand for woven fabrics to increase. One of the traditional woven fabric handicrafts starting to be recognized and favored by the public is the Cepuk and Rangrang woven fabric from island of Nusa Penida. Currently, liquid waste from weaving home industry activities has not been processed. The purpose of the study was to measure the quality of liquid waste from the weaving home industry and compare it with the quality standards of liquid waste for businesses and or textile industry activities. Method: This study was descriptive, conducted in Nusa Penida District, Klungkung Regency. The sample size was 25, taken by purposive sampling from nine craftsmen actively carrying out the production process with repetition three times. Measurement of liquid waste quality was carried out at the Laboratory of Panureksa Denpasar. The parameters examined are mandatory test parameters including physical parameters (temperature, TDS, TSS and color) and chemical parameters (total chromium, total ammonia, BOD5, COD, sulfide, oil and fat). Data analysis was carried out by comparing the measurement results with the Liquid Waste Quality Standards for Textile Industry Businesses and Activities according to Bali Governor Regulation 16 of 2016. Result: The results showed an average temperature of 27.48o C, TDS levels of 6,095.20 mg/L, TSS 1,090.76 mg/L and color 2,216.56 TCU scale. The chemical parameters showed average levels of total chromium 2.3912 mg/L, total ammonia 1.6068 mg/L, BOD5 675.84 mg/L, COD 1,286.72 mg/L, Sulfide 0.2395 mg/L, oil and fat 1,340 mg/L. Based on Bali Governor Regulation No. 16 of 2016, the parameters of temperature, total ammonia, Sulfide, Oil and Fat meet the quality standard requirements. While the parameters of TDS, TSS, color, total chrome, BOD and COD do not meet the quality standard requirements because it exceed the maximum allowable levels. Conclusion: It is recommended that weaving craftsmen carry out liquid waste treatment before disposal in the environment.

Recent progress in the combination of activated carbon adsorption and electrolysis for the treatment of wastes

This work describes the recent progress in the development of processes that combine activated carbon adsorption and electrolysis. Three different approaches were identified, and their recent progress and innovations are described. The first approach consists of the use of activated carbon as electrode and adsorbent simultaneously, either in monopolar or bipolar connection, to retain and oxidize directly pollutants on its surface. In the second approach, activated carbon does not act as an electrode, but merely provides heterogeneous catalytic sites for the destruction of pollutants with electrochemically produced oxidants. Finally, in the third approach, activated carbon is used in a two-phase process, first acting as an adsorbent to retain pollutants contained in a gaseous or aqueous stream and then releasing them into a methanol solution that is electrochemically regenerated in a second phase. Possible applications are also discussed not only for the treatment of liquid wastes, but also for gaseous polluted streams. • Several possibilities of combining electrolysis and adsorption for removal of pollutants. • Technology applicable to liquid and gaseous polluted streams. • Activated carbon as simultaneous adsorbent/electrode. • Activated carbon as heterogeneous catalysts for electrogenerated oxidants. • Activated carbon regenerated with methanol that in turn is electrochemically regenerated.

Insights into the practicability of electrochemical enhanced heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate for the treatment of liquid waste during penicillin g production

The efficient mineralization of antibiotics in production waste drainage (PWD) and fermentation residue leachate (FRL) is crucial for avoiding environmental accumulation and the generation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes. In this study, the penicillin G (PG) containing PWD and FRL were treated by electrochemical enhanced heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate with CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (EC/CoFe2O4/PMS). The results indicated that the mineralization rate of PG did not improve significantly in EC/CoFe2O4/PMS system (39.0 %) with the same reaction condition ([CoFe2O4] = 100 mg L-1, [PMS] = 152 mg L-1, [Na2SO4] = 20 mM) of CoFe2O4/PMS system (28.1 %) coupled with 1 V cm−1 electric field. Meanwhile, the toxic intermediate product (P4) was detected. However, at the condition of catalyst saving mode (CSM, [CoFe2O4] = 50 mg L-1, [PMS] = 250 mg L-1, [Na2SO4] = 20 mM, E = 1 V cm−1), the mineralization rate of PG in artificial wastewater reached 69.1 %, which was further increased to 88.0 % and 76.5 % in the PWD and FRL, respectively. Although the removal rate of pollutants even exceeded 90 %, most of them were not meet the direct discharge requirements of China due to their high concentration in initial PWD and FRL. However, the ratio of BOD5/COD (represented the biodegradability) of PWD and FRL significantly increased from 0.18 and 0.37 to 0.47 and 0.79 at the end of the experiment, respectively, and the P4 was not detected. Therefore, EC/CoFe2O4/PMS system with CSM operation mode could eliminate PG completely and achieve deep mineralization, which improved the biodegradability of production drainage, and might achieve complete mineralization of PG through combination of bioremediation methods.

Consequential life-cycle assessment of treatment options for repulping reject from liquid packaging board waste treatment

Liquid packaging board is one of the highly demanded packaging mediums for liquid food and beverages, generating substantial waste each year. Even though the fibre part of the liquid packaging board is recycled through a repulping process, the plastic and aluminium are usually used for energy recovery and as alternative raw materials in cement factories. This practice reduces the life span and economic value of plastic and aluminium, which does not fit within a circular economy. The plastic and aluminium from liquid packaging board waste can be recycled mechanically and chemically. This study used the consequential life-cycle assessment method to compare the environmental impact of the recovery options of rejected materials from liquid packaging board waste treatment. Four scenarios were established: (1) energy recovery by waste incineration, (2) composite pallet production by mechanical recycling, (3) plastic pallet production by mechanical recycling, and (4) plastic pallet production by chemical recycling. The study showed that when the consumed energy was supplied from renewable sources, plastic pallet production by mechanical recycling process had the lowest environmental impact, and energy recovery by waste incineration had the highest impact. A sensitivity analysis revealed that composite pallet production by mechanical recycling process showed the best impact if the energy was sourced from the average production mix, and plastic pallet production by chemical recycling had the lowest impact when mechanically recycled plastic substituted for 0%, 30%, and 50% of virgin plastic. These results should be of interest to liquid packaging board manufacturers and other related stakeholders.

Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment

Abstract The composite of magnetic activated carbon derived from peanut shells functionalized titanium dioxide (Fe3O4/TiO2/AC) has been successfully synthesized. The composite was employed to remove indigosol green and Cr(vi) under ultraviolet (UV) and visible light. In this work, the activated carbon was synthesized from a sustainable source of peanut shell by carbonization and activation method employing NaOH as the activating agent. Magnetite was prepared by chemical co-precipitation technique using FeCl3·6H2O and FeSO4·7H2O, and then, the deposition of TiO2 was performed under ultrasonic irradiation. A variety of material characterization, consisting of Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray, was used to analyze the physicochemical properties of the composite. The effects of pH, irradiation time, and composite mass during optimization performance were investigated. The characterizations represent the dispersed TiO2 in the anatase phase with the existence of magnetic particles. The activity tests revealed the superiority of the composite for applications involving adsorption and photocatalysis under visible light source compared to UV light. It was found that Fe3O4/TiO2/AC yields the efficiency for the removal of indigosol green and Cr(vi) from Batik liquid waste of 92.91 and 76.92%, respectively.

Leaching SiO₂ On Coal Fly Ash As Ammonium Adsorbent In Tofu Liquid Waste Using Hydrothermal Method

Soybean is one of the main food commodities in Indonesia. One of the soybean processing that is often consumed is tofu. Inappropriate treatment of tofu liquid waste is very dangerous for life. It is noted that the ammonia content in tofu liquid waste is 23.3-23.5 mg/l which can cause odors that disturb the residents' comfort. One alternative solution for purifying tofu liquid waste is to carry out an adsorption process using coal fly ash. Fly ash contains metal oxides in the form of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, CaO, MgO, K₂O, and Na₂O. The content of SiO₂ as much as 60-70% in it causes fly ash to be very potential to absorb ammonia levels. Extraction of SiO₂ using the sol gel method was carried out using fly ash that had gone through a hydrothermal process. The hydrothermal process is a crystallisation technique in a closed container with high temperature and pressure. After going through the extraction stage, the ongoing process was continued with the washing stage to produce silica powder to adsorb ammonium. The mass required for silica to achieve the optimum ammonia concentration adsorption efficiency is 0.25 gram/20 ml of tofu liquid waste. Meanwhile, the contact time required for silica to achieve the optimum adsorption efficiency of ammonium content is 30 minutes. It was noted that the silica from the optimised fly ash processing had a better quality than the unoptimized silica or commercial silica.

Removing chemical and biological pollutants from swine wastewater through constructed wetlands aiming reclaimed water reuse

Reusing reclaimed wastewater is needed to fight water scarcity, reduce freshwater consumption and conserve water resources, but one must ensure that hazardous substances are fully removed/eliminate before that reuse. The potential of lab-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) for the removal of chemical and biological contaminants from livestock wastewater, while maintaining nutrient levels for fertilization, was assessed, evaluating changes in microbial communities, with particular focus on potential pathogens. CW microcosms with two different substrates (lava rock or light expanded clay aggregate), both planted with Phragmites australis, were tested. After 15 days of treatment, removal rates were higher than 80% for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn, in general with no significant differences between the two different substrates. Organic matter and nutrients were also removed but their levels still allowed the used of the treated wastewater as a fertilizer Removal of bacterial contamination was estimated through enumeration of cultivable bacteria. High removal rates of fecal indicator bacteria were observed, reaching >95% for enterococci and >98% for enterobacteria after 15 days of treatment, decreasing hazardous biological contaminants initially present in the wastewater. In addition, the microbial communities in the initial and treated wastewater, and in the plant roots bed substrate, were characterized by using 16SrRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Microbial communities in the CW systems showed a clear shift comparatively with the initial wastewater showing system adaptation and removal potentialities. This also revealed an important removal of the most represented potential pathogenic genus, Clostridium, which relative abundance decreased from 33% to 1% through the treatment. Overall, CWs showed potential to be efficient in removing chemical and biological contaminants, while maintaining moderated levels of nutrients, allowing the reuse of reclaimed water in agriculture, namely as fertilizer. Current results will contribute for the optimization and use of CWs for a sustainable treatment of liquid wastes, promoting the circular economy.

Treatment of tofu liquid waste using anaerobic-aerobic biofilm aeration system to reduce pollution

Background: Tofu derived from processed soybeans is popular among the public, but its production has an unfavourable effect. After all, it produces liquid waste that causes quite high pollution because it contains quite high organic components. The present study aimed to reduce the content of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and ammonia (NH3) in the liquid waste of a tofu factory. The scope of this research is limited to reducing the content of BOD, COD, and NH3 using an anaerobic-aerobic biofilm aeration system. Methods: This is an experimental study with a pre-post test only design and one group post-test design. The study population in this study is the tofu industry, and the sample in this study is partly water from the tofu waste. Sample examination was carried out at the Regional Health Laboratory of Jambi province, Indonesia. Results: The results showed a decrease in BOD, COD, and NH3 after passing through a tofu waste treatment machine using anaerobic and aerobic biofilms with BOD, COD, and ammonia values of 64.6%, 49.6%, and 79.8%, respectively. Tofu waste treatment using anaerobic and aerobic biofilms can lower the temperature and increase the pH of the waste. Conclusion: On the surface of the bioball used, the growth of the biofilm was found, and to increase the ability of the equipment, an initial treatment, such as filtration and sedimentation of waste, and reducing acidity with the help of quicklime was needed.

Extra A Review of Nanofiltration Membrane Technology To Treat Water Problems

One of the most widely used membranes is the nanofiltration membrane, this membrane is formed from various nanomaterials, such as metal nanoparticles and metal oxides, carbon-based nanoparticles, metal organic frameworks, and micro or organic nanoparticles. Membrane separation processes are used to concentrate or fractionate liquids to produce two liquids with different compositions. This makes the nanofiltration process an alternative compared to conventional processes. The potential of nanofiltration membranes can be used in textile industry wastewater treatment, tofu liquid waste, tofu liquid waste treatment, batik wastewater testing, and groundwater management as drinking water. In addition, nanofiltration membrane technology can be used as a separator for a substance in the air, such as removal of cypermethrin, arsenic cream, concentration of lactic acid bacteria as a tasty probiotic, removal of carbosulfan, Zr-Hf separation, and can see the characterization and performance evaluation of the antifouling properties of membranes. . Based on the process, the performance of a membrane is determined by two simple factors, namely flux (permeate flow rate) and membrane selectivity.

TREATMENT OF RADIOACTIVE LIQUID WASTE USING SUN HEAT

This research aims to study the benefits of using the renewable energy in the field of treatment of liquid radioactive waste which is contaminated with a mixture of radionuclides such as Cesium Cs-137, Uranium U-238, Radium Ra-226,etc. which their evaporation degree is too high (more than 600C0 ) . The sun energy as example for renewable energy is used in the process of evaporation of liquid radioactive waste which formed from the decontamination by washing metallic pipes and washing a contaminated soil to convert liquid radioactive waste to more stable and less size radioactive waste in a form of sediment which treated later using cement and then to disposal. The effect of evaporation using sun energy on the human and environment is studied in the laboratory using chemical and radioactive measurement devices. A very good results had been gotten because no level of a radioactive contamination had appeared on the filter which had used in the evaporation process. An electric heater also had used for evaporation process and the results were the same which refers that radioactive nuclides weren't evaporate because of using low temperature. Liquid radioactive waste had distillated, the distillated liquid was measured, and it was clear from any contamination and this shows that there is no diffusion of radionuclides during evaporation process, and in this process the Decontamination Factor (DF) is very high.

Magnetic-Hydrochar from Galam Bark Waste (Malaleuca cajuputi) as Sasirangan Waste Adsorbent

Galam wood (Malaleuca cajuputi) is one of the woody plants that is able to grow well in the peat swamp environment of the South Kalimantan wetlands. Research on the synthesis and characterization of magnetic-hydrochar from galam bark waste for the treatment of sasirangan liquid waste has been carried out. This study aims to determine the characteristics of hydrochar and magnetic-hydrochar against the adsorption ability of sasirangan liquid waste. The results showed that the modification of galam bark into hydrochar and magnetic-hydrochar produced different characteristics based on the analysis of functional groups of infrared spectra. The surface morphology of hydrochar and magnetic-hydrochar also showed the significant differences based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The resulting magnetic-hydrochar showed a higher adsorption ability to sasirangan waste than the hydrochar of galam bark and galam bark without modification.

Utilization of Sludge from Textile Wastewater Treatment Plants as Raw Material for Iron Coagulant

Treatment of liquid waste using iron coagulant produces a by-product in the form of sludge which requires large handling costs. To reduce environmental pollution and sludge treatment costs, the sludge will be used as raw material for the manufacture of iron coagulant. This study aims to determine whether the sludge from textile WWTP can be used as raw material for iron coagulant. To determine the effectiveness of coagulants made from sludge, this study will compare the results of the coagulation-flocculation process using commercial iron coagulants and iron coagulants made from sludge as well as mixed coagulants with ratios of commercial iron coagulants to iron coagulants made from sludge of 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, and 30%. The water quality resulting from the coagulation-flocculation process was indicated by pH, color turbidity, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS). The results showed that the water quality of the coagulation-flocculation process was worse when mixed coagulant was used with a smaller ratio of commercial iron coagulant to iron coagulant made from sludge. A mixture of commercial iron coagulant and iron coagulant made from sludge that meets the quality standard for the TSS parameter is a mixed coagulant with a v/v ratio of 70%, while those less than 70% do not meet the quality standard.

The Effectiveness of Green Scallop Shell Chitosan as Coagulant in Treatment of Tofu Industrial Liquid Waste

<p>Tofu waste is gotten after processing soybean, and this waste contains a lot of polluting substances, hence it can pollute rivers and cause health problems. Meanwhile, one method used for treating wastewater into clean water is called the jartest method and its processes include coagulation-flocculation and deposition. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of green mussel shells as coagulants in the treatment of tofu industrial liquid waste. The variables used were 100 mesh green mussel shell powder, 1000 mL of liquid tofu dregs, 150 rpm fast stirring speed for 2 minutes, and 60 rpm slow stirring speed for 15 minutes. Furthermore, chitosan was used with different weight variations in grams (0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, and 1.3) as well as precipitation time with variations in minutes (20, 30, 40, 50, and 60). The content of Chitosan water was 1.29% and its degree of deacetylation was 65.04%. The result of the preliminary analysis of tofu liquid waste with a coagulant showed BOD, COD, and TSS levels of 965.25mg/L, 435mg/L, and 395mg/L with pH 4 respectively. However, these levels were changed to 195.56mg / L; 299mg/L; and 195.32 mg/L with pH 6 after the final analysis of the liquid waste was conducted.</p>

Carbon footprint of the Novosibirsk region Waste sector

To achieve carbon neutrality in Russia by 2060, it is necessary to regulate the volume of greenhouse gases at the regional level. Among all regions of Russia, the balance of greenhouse gases by sectors of the economy is calculated only for the Sakhalin region. The study of this article aims to assess the level of greenhouse gas emissions from the Waste sector in Novosibirsk region, taking into account territorial and sectoral characteristics. During the study, the authors used the methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the methodological recommendations of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Russia № 15p, through which the authors evaluated methane (CH4) and nitrogen oxide (N2O) emissions from solid waste disposal and from the treatment of liquid waste and effluents. Greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 were 1.57 mln. t CO2 equivalent, including 1.09 mln. t CO2-equivalent from solid waste disposal and 0.48 mln. t CO2 equivalent from liquid waste and sewage treatment. The main contributor to the growth of greenhouse gas emissions was emissions from solid municipal waste disposal, increasing by 0.06 million tons of CO2-equivalent over the past four years. Analysis of the current state and calculation has shown that the Novosibirsk Region has a low level of infrastructure development for separate waste collection, capacities of waste-sorting plants, as well as equipment of the centralized sewage system and quality of waste and effluent treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce resource-saving and low-waste technology, the formation of a closed-cycle economy, the implementation of the transition to the multi-container separate collection of waste. It is advisable to disseminate technologies for collection of landfill gas and its use as fuel, the direction of organic waste for the production of commercial compost, biogas or feed and feed additives, as well as the development of technologies for obtaining biochar from organic waste and its further use in agriculture.