Liquid Waste Treatment Research Articles

An infrared radiation-responsive high-entropy CoCaMgMnAlFe-LDHs for controllable hydrogen generation via NaBH4 hydrolysis: Utilization of steel slag and lithium-ion battery liquid waste

Green processing of steel slag and lithium-ion battery liquid waste poses a global environmental challenge. This study utilizes waste acid (containing Co2+, H+ and NO3–) and alkali solutions (containing Li+, Na+, OH– and CO32–) from lithium-ion battery manufacturing to recover metal cations from steel slag (containing Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Fe3+, and Mn2+), preparing high-entropy CoCaMgMnAlFe-LDHs catalysts for controllable hydrogen generation via NaBH4 hydrolysis. The ultimate residue, without any residual hazardous metal cations, enabling safe reintroduction into the natural environment. The presence of Co2+ endows the CoCaMgMnAlFe-LDHs catalyst with rapid photo-thermal conversion capability, enabling it to rapidly heat up under infrared radiation and efficiently catalyze the reaction of NaBH4 hydrolysis. The hydrogen generation rate reaches 1.12 mol·h−1·g−1·W−1 driven by 1050 nm infrared radiation. This study provides a novel approach to the environmentally friendly treatment and high-value utilization of steel slag and lithium-ion battery liquid waste.

Rapid and efficient separation of radioactive cesium ion/other radioactive ions by reduced graphene oxide membrane

Separation of cesium ions from other radioactive ions is of great significance for recycling and utilization of radioactive sources, facilitating the management of highly radioactive liquid waste (HLW), as well as for environmental protection. We achieved a highly selective and efficient separation of binary mixtures of 137Cs/60Co, Cs+/Co2+, Cs+/Ni2+, and Cs+/Zn2+ using amino-hydrothermal reduced graphene oxide membranes. The separation factor for non-radioactive binary mixtures is up to 4290, with a water permeance of 50.8 L m−2 h−1 bar−1. The separation factor for radioactive 137Cs/60Co is 623, which is somewhat underestimated due to the detection limit of the high-purity germanium spectrometer. The rGO membranes has the high water permeance of 72.4 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, with a thickness of ∼300 nm. The rGO membrane achieved effective separation of cesium and cobalt ions over a wide range of cesium-to-cobalt ion concentration ratios, with the best results achieved at a concentration ratio of 100:1 for cesium and cobalt. In addition, the rGO membranes showed outstanding stability. The superior performance is attributed to the amino hydrothermal treatment, which reduced oxygen functional groups and directly inserted nitrogen atoms into the GO lattice, ultimately forming stable narrow nanochannels conducive to the size-sieving effect. The findings show that the rGO membranes have excellent separation performance due to their size-sieving effect, and this work has great potential for rapid and efficient treatment of radioactive liquid waste.

Microbiology of Industrial, Textile, Domestic and Fish Liquid Waste Treatment (Literature Review)

Microbiological research on waste treatment has been conducted to reduce the concentration of waste pollutants, such as ammonia, nitrites, and sulfide acids. Treatment of Fish Washing Waste with Microorganisms Rhodopseudomonas sp., Lactobacillus sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicilium sp., Sacharomyces sp., and Actinomycets sp. to reduce contaminants from cod fish washing waste. The addition of microorganisms can decrease the concentration of ammonia, nitrite, and sulfic acid. Research on the Identification of Organic Pollutant Decomposing Bacteria in Domestic Wastewater found Eschericia coli, Acinetobacter iwoffii, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas sp. The Role of Aerobic Microbes in Liquid Waste Treatment in textile waste treatment, especially in the process of activated sludge ponds found that microbes can reduce the concentration of BOD parameters in textile waste. Bioremediation methods that use microorganism agents can be used to degrade organic materials in waste. Microorganisms have been used to reduce the concentration of waste pollutants, such as ammonia, nitrite, and sulfide acid and microorganisms can be effective in reducing the concentration of waste pollutants.

Lab scale investigation on biocoagulant performance to remove organic from tempe liquid waste treatment

Lab scale investigation on biocoagulant performance to remove organic from tempe liquid waste treatment

Application of Online Project-Based Worksheets in the Utilization of Wood Sawdust as Adsorbents in Industri Liquid Waste Treatment

This study aims to analyze performance and students' higher-order thinking skills after implementing project-based worksheets on sawdust as an adsorbent in industrial waste treatment. The research method used is a pre-experiment with a one-shot case study design. The subjects of this study were chemical education students at UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung who took the chemical separation course. The instruments used are learning descriptions, worksheets, and higher-order thinking skills. The results showed that the average value of student performance in completing the bold project-based worksheets was 92.6, with an outstanding category. The highest average score achieved was in phase 3 of designing the project, with 96.5, an exceptional category. In the excellent category, the lowest average score in phase 4 of compiling product drafts/prototypes was 83.75. The results of students' higher-order thinking skills obtained an average value of 82.2, with an outstanding category. Thus, the bold application of project-based worksheets on using sawdust as an adsorbent in industrial wastewater treatment can develop high-order thinking skills in students.

Study of Adsorption Kinetics and Degradation of Fatty Oil in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Activated Bentonite

A study was conducted on the treatment of palm oil liquid waste using activated bentonite through an adsorption method. Four variations of adsorbent treatments were employed: untreated bentonite (UBA), and chemically activated bentonite with 5%, 10%, and 15% H2SO4 (CAB-5, CAB-10, and CAB-15, respectively). The adsorption capacities (qe) for UBA, CAB-5, CAB-10, and CAB-15 were found to be 91.01, 97.01, 94.46, and 93.27 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption kinetics followed a first-order reaction model, with correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.70, 0.93, 0.98, and 0.94 for UBA, CAB-5, CAB-10, and CAB-15, respectively. Additionally, the fatty oil content of the treated waste, when adsorbed for 60 to 100 minutes, met the quality standard threshold, reducing it to below 25 mg/L. This study underscores the importance of addressing the waste produced by the palm oil industry and emphasizes the need for effective effluent treatment to protect the environment and ensure industry sustainability.

The Use of Papaya Seeds (Carica papaya L.) as a Biocoagulant in the Dairy Industry Liquid Waste Treatment Process with the Coagulation-Flocculation Method

Dairy industry discharges wastewater characterized by high values of Total Suspended Solid and turbidity. The waste is commonly processed using chemical coagulants which negatively impact human’s health and the environment. Papaya seeds can be used as a coagulant as their positively charged proteins that can bind the negatively charged particles allowing the resulting floc to settle and clear water to be obtained. The goals of this study are to determine the characteristics of the dairy industry wastewater before and after flocculation coagulation, the characteristics papaya seed biocoagulant, the effect of the biocoagulant’s dosses, particle sizes, and stirring speed on the turbidity and the Total Suspended Solid of the dairy industry wastewater, and the performance of the biocoagulants in processing the dairy industry waste using Sludge Volume Index and Sludge Mass. The treatments applied in this research are in terms of doses (250 mg, 500 mg, and 750 mg), particle sizes (60,120, and 230 mesh), fast stirring speeds (120 rpm, 180rpm, 200 rpm for 1 minute), and slow stirring speeds (10 rpm, 30rpm, and 50 rpm for 20 minutes) all of which were expected to reduce the waste’s turbidity and the number of Total Suspended Solid. This study finds that the treatment with the highest reduction of Total Suspended Solid is D3P3KP2, which decreased turbidity from 754 NTU to 92 NTU. The treatment with the highest reduction of Total Suspended Solid was D3P3KP2 which decrease the Total Suspended Solid from 124 mg/L to 79 mg/L. The performance of the papaya seed biocoagulant of D3P3KP2 treatment is considered good as the acquired highest value of the Sludge Volume Index is 83.13 ml/g and as the procured lowest value of the Sludge Mass is 81.48%.

Aerobic granulation and bioresource production under intermittent saline stress

Aerobic Granular Sludge (AGS) systems have gained prominence for liquid waste treatment and bioresource recovery. In this regard, various strategies are employed to accelerate granulation processes in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) and maximize stability and bioresource production. Intermittent stress supplementation can facilitate granule development, promoting slow-growth microorganisms. At the same time, osmotic stress may enhance bioresource production. In this study, an AGS reactor control with no saline stress (R1) was compared to two AGS systems operated under constant (R2) and intermittent (R3) saline stress in terms of efficiency, stability and bioresource productions (alginate-like exopolysaccharides-ALE and tryptophan). Granulation occurred around day 59 and 21 in R2 and R3, respectively, while complete granulation was not achieved in R1 within the 80-day operational period. However, SBRs performed well after 45 days, with 70% of the biomass being granular. The production of the biopolymer ALE remained more stable in reactors with osmotic stress compared to R1. The microbiological analysis revealed specific responses and adaptations to environmental factors, with genera such as Thauera and Pseudofulvimonas showing higher abundance in reactors with complete granulation, indicating a positive correlation with saline conditions (5 g/L). These insights are crucial for optimizing the performance of AGS systems in future applications, emphasizing the benefits of intermittent saline stress in promoting rapid granulation, stability in bioresource production, contaminant removal, and robust granule formation.

The Efektivitas Jet Aerator dalam Pengolahan Limbah Cair Penyamakan Kulit

Finished leather, a primary material for making shoes, bags, and wallets, is processed through tanning to remove veins and feathers. Liquid waste contains a high demand for chemical oxygen (COD), chloride, chromium, and sulfide that can affect river water quality if not treated further. This research was conducted at PT X in Malang City, where liquid waste treatment using an aerator is considered less effective. The tool used in this study is a jet aerator to increase the spread of oxygen in the aeration process. The study aimed to assess changes in the characteristics of tanning liquid waste (pH, temperature, total suspended solids/TSS), and COD) and the effectiveness of using jet aerators in aeration methods in tanning liquid waste treatment. Aeration is carried out for three days. The treatment carried out is aerator + 15 L (A15), jet aerator + 15 L (JA15), and jet aerator + 20 L (JA20). The data were analyzed using Factorial Complete Randomized Design followed by the Smallest Significant Difference test. pH and temperature have met quality standards, while TSS and COD have not. The results showed that the jet aerator +15 L (JA15) decreased maximum tanning liquid waste characteristics on day 1. In contrast, aerator +15 L (A15) and jet aerator +20 L (JA20) decreased maximum waste characteristics on day 2. The jet aerator+15 L (JA15) treatment provides the highest effectiveness value compared to other treatments. COD decreased 49.2%, and TSS decreased 49.7%. Keywords: jet aerator, leather tanning liquid waste

Pengolahan Limbah Cair Tahu Menggunakan Media Lekat Sarang Tawon

The high amount of tofu production every day is directly proportional to the waste produced every day and this is one of the environmental problems, considering the large number of tofu industries in Pontianak City, in line with this. Plastic botoh waste is found in every corner of the city, so this is minimized by making wasp nest sticky media for the tofu liquid waste treatment process. Anaerobic-aerobic biofilter using plastic bottles as the attachment media and filters for activated carbon, zeolite, gravel, palm fiber and aquarium foam. This reactor has dimensions of 70 x 20 x 30 cm and consists of 3 parts, namely an anaerobic tank, an aerobic tank and a filter tank. Before processing, plastic bottles are seeded for 7 days by adding EM4 and brown sugar as nutrients so that microorganisms can grow and form biofilms on the plastic bottles. Then acclimatization was carried out for 3 days with a concentration of tofu liquid waste of 50%, 75% and 100% so that microorganisms could adapt to tofu liquid waste. The results of this study indicate that the efficiency of decreasing BOD and COD content is 75.6% and 72.6%, respectively, and there is an increase in the pH value, where before processing the initial pH is 3.71 and after processing it becomes 7.25.Keywords: Anaerobic-aerobic biofilter, tofu liquid waste, BOD, COD, pH and plastic bottles

Evaluasi Kandungan Hasil Pengolahan Limbah Cair pada Point L PT. Petrokimia Gresik

Fertilizers support the country's food security through State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs), including PT Petrokimia Gresik which is the most complete and largest fertilizer producer in Indonesia and produces several waste products, including industrial waste. The presence of liquid waste in the environment is undesirable because it has no economic value. Therefore, the need for waste disposal is very important. PT Petrokimia Gresik uses physical and chemical treatment. PT Petrokimia Gresik conducts liquid waste treatment through a series of processes consisting of two wastewater treatment units, balancer, line injection, and sludge treatment. The parameters analyzed are chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia (NH3), total lizard nitrogen (TKN), fluoride, acidity (pH). After the study, the analysis results showed that the data of pollutant levels in wastewater were within the quality standards set by the regulations. However, the results of TKN (Kjeldahl total nitrogen), which is the amount of nitrogen bound to organic matter, were different.

Knowledge, perceptions and practices on healthcare waste management and associated occupational health hazards among healthcare professionals in the Colombo District, Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study.

Proper Healthcare Waste (HW) management is directly influenced by the knowledge and attitudes of Healthcare Professionals (HCP). However, studies that characterize the knowledge and practices of HCP on HW management are limited in Sri Lanka. This study was conducted to characterize the knowledge, perceptions and practices of HCP on the management of HW and to determine the risk factors influencing HW related occupational health hazards in the Colombo District of Sri Lanka. A total of 407 HCP were recruited as the study population from selected hospitals in the Colombo District. Information on socio-demographic factors, knowledge, attitudes and practices on HW management were gathered using an interviewer-administrated questionnaire. The Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) was used to determine the socio-economic risk factors associated with the occurrence of HW related health issues among the respondents. The majority of respondents were characterized with a high knowledge level (76.9%) and positive attitudes (53.8%) on HW management. Incineration (82.6%) was recognized as the most widely used HW treatment method. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) was used at a satisfactory level (85.5%), while liquid waste treatment was limited (57.5%). The occupational designation, level of training received in HW management, professional experience, vaccination status for tetanus, degree of knowledge and attitudes on HW management were recognized as significant risk factors (p < 0.05) associated with the occurrence of HW related occupational hazards. Even though, the treatment of HW was satisfactory, strengthening the existing mechanisms for monitoring of HW management, provisioning more resources and organizing training and awareness programmes on HW management for HCP are recommended.

Modification and Application Study of Activated Natural Zeolite for the Treatment of Liquid Waste from Chemical Laboratory

Natural zeolite from Malang Regency is a raw material that can be used as an adsorbent for heavy metal waste. However, this natural zeolite needs activation and optimization to be utilized maximally as an adsorbent. This study was conducted for both physical and chemical activation of natural zeolite. Characterization results of XRD indicated that the natural zeolite possesses crystalline phases and is of the mordenite type. Based on the XRF results, the Si/Al ratio increased from 5.768 to 6.119 after activation. Based on the characterization results using the BET method with SAA analysis, the surface area of non-activated natural zeolite was determined to be 20.8045 m²/g, while activated natural zeolite had a surface area of 137.8196 m²/g. Results of the adsorption study in treating liquid laboratory waste using simulated Pb and Cr metal wastes demonstrated that activated natural zeolite performed more effectively as an adsorbent than non-activated natural zeolite. The adsorbent’s optimum mass was 0.3 grams, resulting in an adsorption percentage of 97.43% for Pb and 97.56% for Cr, with a contact time of 30 minutes at pH 6. The adsorption kinetics of Pb and Cr metals were described using a pseudo-second-order rate equation. The adsorption of Pb and Cr was depicted using the Langmuir equation, indicating the monolayer formation on the homogenous adsorbent surface during the adsorption process. The activated natural zeolite has the potential to be employed as an independent adsorbent in the treatment of heavy metal waste.

Investigation of adsorption mechanism of Mo(VI) by baker's yeast and applicability to the uranium liquid waste treatment process

Investigation of adsorption mechanism of Mo(VI) by baker's yeast and applicability to the uranium liquid waste treatment process

Book Review: Advanced Technologies for Solid, Liquid, and Gas Waste Treatment

There is an urgent need to develop effective ways to efficiently recycle the world's limited resources in the solid, liquid and gaseous phases to achieve sustainability. This could be achieved in accordance with allowable effluent standards, economic considerations and long service life through either single units or hybrid (integrated) units. In this regard, this book is a valuable resource for both academic and industrial researchers, bringing together the latest developments in compost, advanced oxidation, reactive membrane, adsorptive, electrocoagulative, and pyrolytic processes for the treatment of solid wastes, wastewater, and toxic gases. The strengths and weaknesses of the technologies are compared throughout the 15 chapters with extensive tabulated data from the literature and well-illustrated figures. Recommendations for the future and challenges are provided at the end of each section.

ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY NEAR HOSPITAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANT

The study conducted a comprehensive assessment of the quality of selected groundwater sources around the liquid waste treatment plant of Ahmadu University Teaching Hospital Shika, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from four (4) hand-dug wells following standard procedures, ten (10) physicochemical parameters, and seven (7) heavy metals were analyzed. All the physicochemical parameters studied were within the WHO-specified limits except for D.O., which was less, and turbidity, which was higher. Heavy metals were found in all groundwater sources that were studied. However, the concentration of some heavy metals exceeded the specified limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The heavy metal presence in the groundwater sources may be connected to human activities such as waste disposal containing these metals around the groundwater sources and liquid waste from the hospital, which may have seeped into the wells. By implication, this study shows that the hand-dug wells were not safe for drinking. It is recommended that wells be sited away from dumpsites and waste treatment plants. Effluents from waste treatment plants should also be appropriately treated before their subsequent discharge into the environment. This study has generated baseline data that will be useful in monitoring heavy metal pollution

The simple filtration unit in reducing parameters of restaurant wastewater

Restaurant wastes have high organic content that often pollute the environment. The filtration process is one method that can be done to reduce the restaurant wastes. The simple filtration process has been proven to be effective and capable of reducing contaminant contained in waste water. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the simple filtration unit using some media for filtration and reducing some parameters of restaurant waste water. The Filtration experiment was carried out using variations in media with the thickness of 5, 10, and 15 cm. By using of media thickness with 15 cm given the best result in decreasing BOD, COD and turbidity (BOD was 93.4%, COD was 83.86%, and turbidity was 90.4%). The media thickness of 5 and 10 cm had given the best result of TSS parameter which was 99.22%. The media thickness of 5 cm also given the best result in oil and fat parameter, the result showed was 94.02%. The results of this study can be a solution in the treatment of restaurant liquid waste with the help of a filtration system.

Radioactive strontium ions sieving through reduced graphene oxide membrane

Partitioning of 90Sr from other radionuclides in radioactive liquid waste is crucial for treating high-level liquid waste (HLLW) generated during spent fuel reprocessing, as the unique high heat-generating and long half-life of 90Sr pose a significant challenge for the long-term storage of nuclear waste. However, it remains difficult to sieve 90Sr for membrane based on size-selective effect, as the radioactive liquid waste contains numerous typical divalent ions, such as 60Co, 63Ni, and 65Zn, which have the same valence and similar hydration diameters to 90Sr. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a rapid and efficient separation of radioactive 90Sr from other radioactive ions by a reduced graphene oxide membrane, which prepared by the amino-hydrothermal method from graphene oxide suspensions. For SrCl2/CoCl2, SrCl2/NiCl2, and SrCl2/ZnCl2 binary mixed solutions, SrCl2 can pass through efficiently, while the rejection rates for CoCl2, NiCl2, and ZnCl2 reached 99.9 %. The separation factors reached 3232, 4254, and 3314, which are about one or two orders of magnitude higher than the highest reported separation factors for membranes sieving divalent ions. Our findings offer a simple avenue for the precise treatment of radioactive liquid waste, which is vital for the advancement of nuclear energy technology.

Special Issue on “Advanced Liquid Waste and Gas Waste Treatment Processes”

The development of industry and increasing population result in the growing demand for clean water and air, with higher and higher volumes of sewage and post-process air to be treated [...]

Highly efficient and selective 99TcO4 – uptake from reprocessing low-level liquid waste using a zirconium-based metal−organic framework

ABSTRACT Efficient and selective sequestration of pertechnetate ions (99TcO4 –) from nuclear low-level waste (LLW) solution is very much desirable for the safe treatment of radioactive liquid waste. However, the separation of specific radionuclides from competitors is a huge challenge in separation science. In the nuclear fuel cycle, 99TcO4 – is one of troublesome fission products due to long half-life, large inventory in spent fuel, significant radiation hazards, and high environmental mobility of 99TcO4 – ions. Recently, the metal−organic framework (MOFs) has shown significant potentials toward 99TcO4 – removal. So far, most of the studies were reported using ReO4 – ions, an inactive surrogate of 99TcO4 – ions, and very few MOF materials are applied for real-time 99TcO4 – sequestration from nuclear waste solution in the presence of extreme conditions. Herein, we report 99TcO4 – ion removal from low-level liquid nuclear waste solution using zirconium-based metal−organic framework UIO-66-NH2. The material has exhibited fast kinetics and record selectivity toward 99TcO4 – ions, making the adsorbent highly promising.