Treatment Of Inflammatory Skin Diseases Research Articles

Sphingosine 1-Phosphate as Essential Signaling Molecule in Inflammatory Skin Diseases.

Sphingolipids are crucial molecules of the mammalian epidermis. The formation of skin-specific ceramides contributes to the formation of lipid lamellae, which are important for the protection of the epidermis from excessive water loss and protect the skin from the invasion of pathogens and the penetration of xenobiotics. In addition to being structural constituents of the epidermal layer, sphingolipids are also key signaling molecules that participate in the regulation of epidermal cells and the immune cells of the skin. While the importance of ceramides with regard to the proliferation and differentiation of skin cells has been known for a long time, it has emerged in recent years that the sphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is also involved in processes such as the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. In addition, the immunomodulatory role of this sphingolipid species is becoming increasingly apparent. This is significant as S1P mediates a variety of its actions via G-protein coupled receptors. It is, therefore, not surprising that dysregulation in the signaling pathways of S1P is involved in the pathophysiological conditions of skin diseases. In the present review, the importance of S1P in skin cells, as well as the immune cells of the skin, is elaborated. In particular, the role of the molecule in inflammatory skin diseases will be discussed. This is important because interfering with S1P signaling pathways may represent an innovative option for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.

The Protective Effect of a Functional Food Consisting of Astragalus membranaceus, Trichosanthes kirilowii, and Angelica gigas or Its Active Component Formononetin against Inflammatory Skin Disorders through Suppression of TSLP via MDM2/HIF1α Signaling Pathways.

An herbal mixture (SH003) of Astragalus membranaceus, Trichosanthes kirilowii, and Angelica gigas exhibits therapeutic effects on carcinomas and immunosuppression. However, the role of JRP-SNF102, which is an advanced mixture of SH003, in regulating inflammatory responses is unexplored. We aim to substantiate the therapeutic potential of JRP-SNF102 and its active component, formononetin (FMN), as a functional food that moderates inflammatory responses. The inhibitory effects of JRP-SNF102 or FMN on thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) levels were evaluated in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus A23187-activated human mast cell line-1 (HMC-1) cells and a mouse model of PMA-induced ear edema. The JRP-SNF102 or FMN inhibited the secretion and mRNA expression of TSLP and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the activated HMC-1 cells. The expression levels of murine double minute 2 (MDM2), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), and NF-κB were also suppressed by JRP-SNF102 or FMN in the activated HMC-1 cells. The JRP-SNF102 or FMN inhibited TSLP and VEGF levels, attenuating redness and ear thickness in mice with acute ear edema; JRP-SNF102 or FMN reduced the expression levels of MDM2, HIF1α, and NF-κB in the ear tissues. These findings suggest the potential for JRP-SNF102 as a functional food in the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders through suppression of TSLP and VEGF.

Effects of Histamine and the α-Tocopherol Metabolite α-13′-COOH in an Atopic Dermatitis Full-Thickness Skin Model

Atopic dermatitis is a T-cell mediated inflammatory skin disease with detected elevated levels of histamine in skin or plasma. In this study, the effects of histamine in a TH2 cytokine environment on human keratinocytes and three-dimensional skin models were investigated. These models were used to explore the anti-inflammatory properties of the α-tocopherol-derived long-chain metabolite α-13'-carboxychromanol (α-13'-COOH). Histamine and TH2 cytokine-induced proliferation of keratinocytes was studied using a scratch assay. The inflammatory marker interleukin-8 was significantly increased in healthy and TH2 cytokine-stimulated keratinocytes and skin models after histamine treatment. The incubation of full-thickness skin models with TH2 cytokines and histamine resulted in morphological changes in the epidermal layer, interpreted as hyperkeratosis. α-13'-COOH significantly decreased interleukin-8 in these disease-associated skin models. Histological staining of filaggrin showed skin-strengthening effects following α-13'-COOH treatment, without changes in mRNA expression. Cytokeratin 10 mRNA expression tended to be increased in response to α-13'-COOH. Anti-allergic properties of α-13'-COOH were studied by pre-incubation of human leukocytes with α-13'-COOH. This resulted in reduced sulfido-leukotriene synthesis. The hyperproliferation effect of histamine in atopic dermatitis skin models may be of further interest to the study of disease-associated morphological changes. Moreover, α-13'-COOH is a promising natural compound for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.

Lead optimization of aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands for treatment of inflammatory skin disorders

Therapeutic aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) modulating agents gained attention in dermatology as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that improve skin barrier properties. By exploiting AHR’s known ligand promiscuity, we generated novel AHR modulating agents by lead optimization of a selective AHR modulator (SAhRM; SGA360). Twenty-two newly synthesized compounds were screened yielding two novel derivatives, SGA360f and SGA388, in which agonist activity led to enhanced keratinocyte terminal differentiation. SGA388 showed the highest agonist activity with potent normalization of keratinocyte hyperproliferation, restored expression of skin barrier proteins and dampening of chemokine expression by keratinocytes upon Th2-mediated inflammation in vitro. The topical application of SGA360f and SGA388 reduced acute skin inflammation in vivo by reducing cyclooxygenase levels, resulting in less neutrophilic dermal infiltrates. The minimal induction of cytochrome P450 enzyme activity, lack of cellular toxicity and mutagenicity classifies SGA360f and SGA388 as novel potential therapeutic AHR ligands and illustrates the potential of medicinal chemistry to fine-tune AHR signaling for the development of targeted therapies in dermatology and beyond.

Piperine-loaded nanoparticles incorporated into hyaluronic acid/sodium alginate-based membranes for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases

Piperine is an alkaloid mostly found in the fruits of several species of the Piper genus, and its anti-inflammatory potential is already known. However, its therapeutic applications still need to be better explored due to the low aqueous solubility of this active. To overcome this drawback, the objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the nanoencapsulation of the compound as well as its incorporation into hyaluronic acid/alginate-based biomembranes. Polymeric nanoparticles composed of Eudragit S100 and Poloxamer 188 were obtained by the nanoprecipitation technique, obtaining spherical nanosized particles with an average diameter of 122.1 ± 2.0 nm, polydispersity index of 0.266, and encapsulation efficiency of 76.2 %. Hyaluronic acid/sodium alginate membranes were then prepared and characterized. Regarding permeation, a slow passage rate was observed until the initial 14 h, when an exponential increase in the recovered drug concentration began to occur. The in vivo assay showed a reduction in inflammation up to 43.6 %, and no cytotoxicity was observed. The results suggested the potential of the system developed for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.

New Vehiculation Systems of Mometasone Furoate for the Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases.

A pre-formulation study was carried out to obtain liposomal formulations of mometasone furoate as an alternative system to marketed forms of corticosteroid for the treatment of inflammatory skin lesions. Mometasone furoate was loaded in glycerosomes and glyceroethosomes, which were also modified with hyaluronic acid (glyceroethohyalurosomes). Vesicles were designed, elaborated, and characterized, and their biocompatibility, efficacy against oxidative stress and skin lesions were assessed in vitro, in human epidermal cells, and in vivo, in a mouse skin epidermal hyperplasia model. All formulations tested showed great encapsulation efficiency, nanometric size, formed monodispersed systems and a highly negative Z potential. Similar values were obtained over nine months storage at 4 °C, which indicates the great stability of the three types of nanoliposomes at least during the time tested. Among them, 0.1% mometasone furoate glyceroethohyalurosomes were the best formulation to protect cells against oxidative stress and their anti-inflammatory efficacy was confirmed in vivo, being even more effective than the marketed form (Elocom®), as the reduction in the inflammation was even ~15% higher than that achieved with the commercial cream. Selected formulations could be potential candidates as new vehiculation systems for mometasone furoate. The presence of hyaluronic acid in glyceroethohyalurosomes makes them the best candidates in preventing/treating skin inflammatory lesions.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Physalis alkekengi L. Extracts In Vitro and In Vivo: Potential Application for Skin Care.

Objective Inflammatory skin disorders are becoming major issues threatening public health with increasing prevalence. This study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antisenescent activities of traditional folk medicinal plant, Physalis alkekengi L. extracts to alleviate skin inflammation and its possible mechanisms. Methods Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated murine macrophages RAW264.7 and human skin keratinocytes HaCaT were incubated with the plant extracts, respectively. The production of nitric oxide (NO) was tested by using Griess reagents. The activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was detected through a fluorescence microplate reader. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell apoptosis were quantified by flow cytometry. The proinflammatory cytokines were measured using ELISA and qRT-PCR. Human skin fibroblasts (HFF-1) were coincubated with D-galactose (D-gal) and the plant extracts. The senescence associated-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) was stained to evaluate cellular senescence. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), IL-1β, was measured through ELISA. The mRNA of IL-1α in SLS-stimulated and PGE2 in UV-radiated 3D skin models were detected by qRT-PCR. In vivo ROS production and neutrophil recruitment in CuSO4-treated zebrafish models were observed by fluorescence microscopy. Inflammation-related factors were measured by qRT-PCR. Results. In vitro, Physalis alkekengi L. significantly reduced NO production, NOS activity, cell apoptosis, transcription of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and ROS production. These plant extracts markedly attenuated SA-β-gal and IL-1β and downregulated the production of IL-1α and PGE2. In vivo, the plant extracts dramatically dampened ROS production, the number of neutrophils, and proinflammatory cytokines. Conclusions Cumulatively, this work systematically demonstrated the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antisenescent properties of Physalis alkekengi L. and proposed the possible roles of Physalis alkekengi L. in inflammatory signaling pathways, providing an effective natural product for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders.

Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions to various allergens may differently model inflammatory skin diseases.

Treatment of inflammatory skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis, is undergoing transformative changes, highlighting the need to develop experimental models of skin inflammation in humans to predict treatment responses. We topically or intradermally administered four common sensitizers (dust mite (DM), diphencyprone (DPCP), nickel (Ni), and purified protein derivative (PPD)) to the backs of 40 healthy patients and the skin hypersensitivity response was biopsied and evaluated using immunohistochemistry, RNA-seq, and RT-PCR. All agents induced strong increases in cellular infiltrates (T-cells and dendritic cells) as compared to untreated skin (p < .05), with variable T helper polarization. Overall, DPCP induced the strongest immune responses across all pathways, including innate immunity (IL-1α, IL-8), Th1 (IFNγ, CXCL10), Th2 (IL-5, CCL11), and Th17 (CAMP/LL37) products, as well as the highest regulatory tone (FOXP3, IL-34, IL-37) (FDR <0.01). Nickel induced Th17 (IL-17A), Th1 (CXCL10) and Th2 (IL-4R) immune responses to a lesser extent than DPCP (p < .05). PPD induced predominantly Th1 (IFNγ, CXCL10, STAT1) and Th17 inflammation (IL-17A) (p < .05). DM induced modulation ofTh2 (IL-13, CCL17, CCL18), Th22 (IL-22), and Th17/Th22 (S100A7/9/12) pathways (p < .05). Barrier defects that characterize both AD and psoriasis were best modeled by DPCP and Ni, followed by PPD, including downregulation of terminal differentiation (FLG, FLG2, LOR, LCEs), tight junction (CLDN1/CLDN8), and lipid metabolism (FA2H, FABP7)-related markers. Our data imply that DPCP induced the strongest immune response across all pathways, and barrier defects characteristic of AD and psoriasis.

34232 Inhibition of tissue resident memory-T cells as a therapy for contact hypersensitivity

Background: Systemic therapy for eczema targets the immune system during active inflammation. Disease inevitably returns to previously inflamed but healed skin due to the persistence of tissue resident memory T (Trm) cells responding to autoantigens/allergens. The survival of Trm cells is regulated by IL-7 and IL-15. We present a mouse model of recurrent contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and suggest a novel approach to the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases through inhibition of Trm cells thereby establishing long-term disease remission. Methods: Mice were sensitized on the abdomen with the allergen 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) (day −5). Mice were challenged on day 0 with DNFB, and then rechallenged on days 30 and 60. Ear swelling was measured every 12 hours for 96 hours postchallenge. Ear skin was harvested 2 days (inflamed skin) and 15 days (healed skin) after each DNFB ear challenge (days 32, 45, 62 and 75). Results: Serial DNFB challenges produced progressively stronger peak CHS responses (1-month vs. 2-months re-challenge; 8.8 vs. 12.0 μm, *P < .05). The number of Trm cells and expression of IL-15-receptor increased in healed skin compared with inflamed skin. There were increases in Trm cell numbers, and Trm expression of IL-7- and IL-15-receptor in skin at 2 months compared with 1-month DNFB rechallenge. Conclusions: Repeat CHS inflammation via serial DNFB challenge lead to accumulation of Trm cells expressing IL-7 and IL-15-receptors in healed skin. We suggest that inhibition of IL-7/IL-15-receptors during disease quiescence to reduce Trm cell numbers, may be a novel strategy to prevent dermatitis recurrence and maintain long-term remission.

35104 The effectiveness and safety of blue light in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases- the preliminary data

35104 The effectiveness and safety of blue light in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases- the preliminary data

Role of Vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory skin diseases – atopic dermatitis and psoriasis - literature review

Vitamin D is an important substance that has a pleiotropic range of action in the human body. Its important role is to influence the cells of the immune system and regulate the body's inflammatory response. Many physiological processes at the immune level have been discovered to prove this. Vitamin D deficiency is common and results mainly from limited sun exposure at certain latitudes or from insufficient dietary supply. This likely increases the risk of many diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Numerous evidence shows that also in skin diseases such as AD or psoriasis, the level of calcitriol is of great importance, and its supplementation in the prevention and treatment of these diseases promotes frequent remissions and improves the clinical condition of patients. Therapy with high doses of vitamin D analogues can be effective and safe. The exact knowledge of the properties of this vitamin probably allows for its real and effective use in the treatment of skin diseases. However, numerous large-scale studies are still needed to more accurately determine the dosage, effects of this therapy and to use this preparation with certainty and the highest possible effectiveness in everyday medical practice.

The Roles of Skin Langerhans Cells in Immune Tolerance and Cancer Immunity.

Langerhans cells (LC) are a unique population of tissue-resident macrophages with dendritic cell (DC) functionality that form a network of cells across the epidermis of the skin. Their location at the skin barrier suggests an important role for LC as immune sentinels at the skin surface. The classification of LC as DC over the past few decades has driven the scientific community to extensively study how LC function as DC-like cells that prime T cell immunity. However, LC are a unique type of tissue-resident macrophages, and recent evidence also supports an immunoregulatory role of LC at steady state and during specific inflammatory conditions, highlighting the impact of cutaneous environment in shaping LC functionality. In this mini review, we discuss the recent literature on the immune tolerance function of LC in homeostasis and disease conditions, including malignant transformation and progression; as well as LC functional plasticity for adaption to microenvironmental cues and the potential connection between LC population heterogeneity and functional diversity. Future investigation into the molecular mechanisms that LC use to integrate different microenvironment cues and adapt immunological responses for controlling LC functional plasticity is needed for future breakthroughs in tumor immunology, vaccine development, and treatments for inflammatory skin diseases.

Intense pulsed light treatment for inflammatory skin diseases: a review.

Although intense pulsed light (IPL) has been commonly used in the field of medical cosmetics in recent years, the exact outcomes of IPL in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases remain unclear. To assess the clinical evidence for the use of IPL in the treatment of various inflammatory skin diseases and propose evidence-based recommendations, we searched for relevant publications in the PubMed and Web of Science databases and provided updated information. The inflammatory skin diseases treated with IPL consisted of acne vulgaris, rosacea, psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), atopic dermatitis (AD), Riehl's melanosis, lupus erythematosus, cutaneous sarcoidosis, pilonidal cysts, and pigmented actinic lichen planus (PALP). The efficacy of IPL treatment for these inflammatory skin diseases was described and evaluated. Forty-two studies were included to provide this assessment. The evidence suggests that IPL can effectively and safely improve acne vulgaris and rosacea (recommendation grade B). For other described inflammatory skin diseases, IPL can be used as a tentative or supplementary treatment (recommendation grade C and D). The main complications include transitory erythema, edema, and pain, with the possibility of hyperpigmentation, blisters, and a burning sensation in some individuals.

001 Inhibition of tissue resident memory-T cells as a therapy for contact hypersensitivity

Background: Systemic therapy for eczema targets the immune system during active inflammation. Disease inevitably returns to previously inflamed skin due to the persistence of tissue resident memory T (Trm) cells responding to autoantigens/allergens. The survival of Trm cells is regulated by IL-15. We present a mouse model of recurrent contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and suggest a novel approach to the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases through inhibition of Trm cells. Methods: C57BL/6 Mice were sensitized on the abdomen with the allergen 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) (day -5), and then challenged on the ear on day 0.

Solid dipersions included in poloxamer hydrogels have favorable rheological properties for topical application and enhance the in vivo antiinflammatory effect of ursolic acid

Ursolic acid (UA) solid dispersions (SD) formulated into poloxamer-hydrogels were prepared for local treatment of skin inflammations. The hydrogel physico-chemical properties were evaluated, including rheology, in vitro drug permeation and cytotoxicity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the systems was investigated using the animal model of croton oil-induced ear edema. The formulations demonstrated a pseudoplastic behavior and elastic properties (G’ > G”). SDs in hydrogels demonstrated less resistance to flow, an increase in the sol-gel transition temperature and a decrease in G′ followed by an increase in G″ when compared to the hydrogel obtained only in NaCl solution. Bioadhesion and texture properties proved the formulations were suitable for topical application. Hydrogels controlled the diffusion process of the drug within the polymeric network, due to the higher viscosity of this systems. The permeability studies showed that the formulations composed of d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate provided greater UA diffusion through the skin. The anti-inflammatory effect of UA-SDs was significantly improved when formulated in poloxamer hydrogels, with the ability to inhibit 41.87% and 56.64% of edema when compared to the group of animals that did not receive treatment (negative control). These results indicate the advantages of UA-loaded SDs incorporated into hydrogel for topical treatment of inflammatory skin disorders.

Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Polymer Nanoparticles to Improve the Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases.

To improve the quality of life for people living with chronic inflammatory skin diseases, we propose a new treatment strategy by exploring a stimuli-responsive drug delivery system. Formulations designed by exploiting smart materials can be programmed to perform a specific action upon exposure to disease-related stimuli. For instance, increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, can be utilized to differentiate between healthy and inflamed tissues. In this concept-proofing study, the polymer poly(1,4 phenyleneacetone dimethylene thioketal) (PPADT) was investigated for its ROS-responsive properties and potential to treat inflammatory skin diseases. PPADT nanoparticles were formulated by oil-in-water emulsification followed by solvent evaporation and characterized by size, zeta-potential, and release kinetic profiles. Release profiles revealed that the PPADT nanoparticles were sensitive toward elevated levels of ROS in an ROS-stimulus concentration (0.1–10 mM) and time-dependent manner (flare-up mimicked). The safety assessment proved that the PPADT polymer and the monomers generated by oxidation do not show any sign of being cytotoxic to fibroblasts and no mutagenic liabilities were observed. In conclusion, the PPADT polymer demonstrated to be a promising material for stimuli-responsive delivery of hydrophobic small molecules in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.

Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Skin Regenerative Potential of Secondary Metabolites from Plants of the Brassicaceae Family: A Systematic Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Preclinical Evidence (Biological Activities Brassicaceae Skin Diseases)

The Brassicaceae family constitutes some of the most well-studied natural products in the world, due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and pro-regenerative properties as well as their ubiquitous distribution across the world. To evaluate the potential efficacy of the Brassicaceae family in the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders and wounds, based on preclinical evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies. This systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines, using a structured search on the PubMed-Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science platforms. The studies included were those that used murine models and in vitro studies to investigate the effect of Brassicaceae on skin disorders. Bias analysis and methodological quality assessments were examined through SYRCLE’s RoB tool. Brassicaceae have shown positive impacts on inflammatory regulation of the skin, accelerating the wound healing process, and inhibiting the development of edema. The studies showed that the Brassicaceae family has antioxidant activity and effects on the modulation of cyclooxygenase 2 and the nuclear factor kappa β (NFκβ) pathway. The secondary metabolites present in Brassicas are polyphenols (68.75%; n = 11), terpenes/carotenoids (31.25%; n = 5), and glycosylates (25%; n = 4), which are responsible for their anti-inflammatory, healing, and antioxidant effects. In addition, the current evidence is reliable because the bias analysis showed a low risk of bias. Our review indicates that compounds derived from Brassicaceae present exceptional potential to treat inflammatory skin diseases and accelerate cutaneous wound healing. We hope that our critical analysis can help to expedite clinical research and to reduce methodological bias, thereby improving the quality of evidence in future research. The registration number on the Prospero platform is CRD42021262953.

Staphylococcus epidermidis WF2R11 Suppresses PM2.5-Mediated Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in HaCaT Keratinocytes

The skin supports a diverse microbiome whose imbalance is related to skin inflammation and diseases. Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a major air pollutant, can adversely affect the skin microbiota equilibrium. In this study, the effect and mechanism of PM2.5 exposure in HaCaT keratinocytes were investigated. PM2.5 stimulated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HaCaT cells, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis. We observed that the culture medium derived from a particular skin microbe, Staphylococcus epidermidis WF2R11, remarkably reduced oxidative stress in HaCaT cells caused by PM2.5-mediated activation of the AhR pathway. Staphylococcus epidermidis WF2R11 also exhibited inhibition of ROS-induced inflammatory cytokine secretion. Herein, we demonstrated that S. epidermidis WF2R11 could act as a suppressor of AhRs, affect cell proliferation, and inhibit apoptosis. Our results highlight the importance of the clinical application of skin microbiome interventions in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.

Supramolecular Hydrogels Consisting of Nanofibers Increase the Bioavailability of Curcuminoids in Inflammatory Skin Diseases

The low bioavailability of curcuminoids (CCMoids) limits their use in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. Our work shows that this constraint can be overcome upon their incorporation into supramolecular hydrogels assembled from a gemini-imidazolium amphiphilic gelator. Three structural CCMoid analogues were used to prepare supramolecular hydrogels, and it was observed that the concentration of both the gelator and CCMoid and the proportion of solvents influence the self-assembly process. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the nanostructured gels were studied to find the optimum gels, which were then further characterized microscopically, and their ability to release the CCMoid was evaluated. The physicochemical properties of the CCMoids play a fundamental role in the interaction with the gelator, influencing not only the gelation but also the morphology at the microscopic level, the mechanical properties, and the biopharmaceutical behavior such as the amount of CCMoid released from the gels. The nanostructured supramolecular hydrogels, which contain the CCMoids at much lower concentrations (μg/mL) in comparison to other products, promote the penetration of the CCMoids within the skin, but not their transdermal permeation, thus preventing any possible systemic effects and representing a safer option for topical administration. As a result, the CCMoid-containing hydrogels can effectively reduce skin inflammation in vivo, proving that these supramolecular systems are excellent alternatives in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.

Oxidative Stress and Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Skin Diseases.

Oxidative stress plays a dominant role in inflammatory skin diseases. Emerging evidence has shown that the close interaction occurred between oxidative stress and the gut microbiome. Overall, in this review, we have summarized the impact of oxidative stress and gut microbiome during the progression and treatment for inflammatory skin diseases, the interactions between gut dysbiosis and redox imbalance, and discussed the potential possible role of oxidative stress in the gut-skin axis. In addition, we have also elucidated the promising gut microbiome/redox-targeted therapeutic strategies for inflammatory skin diseases.