Treatment Of Growth Retardation Research Articles

Ghrelin alleviated TiO2 NPs-induced inhibition of endochondral osteogenesis and promoted longitudinal growth of long bones in juvenile rats via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used in children's daily necessities and foods, and their health hazards to children have attracted particular attention. Childhood is a critical time for accelerated bone growth and development. Current studies revealed that TiO2 NPs exposure causes bone damage in juvenile rats; however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Ghrelin is a polypeptide hormone that is considered to be a candidate factor for regulating bone growth and development. In this research, 3-week-old juvenile male rats were administered 0, 100 or 200mg/kg TiO2 NPs and 50μg/kg ghrelin for 4 weeks to explore the underlying mechanism of TiO2 NPs-induced bone damage, and the protective effect of ghrelin. Our results revealed that TiO2 NPs resulted in decreased synthesis of bone growth-related hormones, disturbed bone metabolism, and destruction of bone structure. Further mechanism studies showed that TiO2 NPs inhibited Wnt/β-catenin pathway, reduced collagen synthesis, inhibited chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, promoted chondrocyte apoptosis, and inhibited endochondral osteogenesis, ultimately leading to long bone longitudinal growth retardation and osteoporosis. Ghrelin alleviated the negative effects of TiO2 NPs-induced bone growth in juvenile rats by upregulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. This study provided a reference for the clinical treatment of growth retardation and idiopathic short stature in juvenile children caused by environmental pollutants.

Influence of Collagen Production, Collagenase Activity and Amino Acids Level on Formation of Fetal Growth Restriction in Women with Placental Insufficiency

Rationale. According to WHO, about 21 million children are born annually in the world with low body weight. Currently, the problems of etiology, diagnosis and treatment of fetal growth retardation (FGR) are very relevant for obstetrics and perinatology. Purpose to study the level of collagen (COL1) collagenase activity (MMP1), and content of proline, ornithine in the maternal blood serum, amniotic fluid, placenta and cord blood of patients with placental insufficiency, and to identify their role in the formation of fetal growth restriction (FGR) during early pregnancy. Methods. 150 women were examined, which made up 2 groups control (with uncomplicated pregnancy, n = 105) and main (with IUGR, n = 45). All measurements were performed in maternal blood serum, amniotic fluid, placenta and cord blood of women of both groups. Collagen content and collagenase activity are determined by ELISA kits, USA. Determination of amino acids (proline, ornithine) was carried out by capillary electrophoresis on the device Capel-105 (St. Petersburg). Results. As a result of the correlation analysis in the study of all biofluids by the Spearman method with the calculation of the rank correlation coefficient (r) in the group of women with FGR, significant correlations between collagen production and collagenase activity were revealed. The most pronounced interdependence (r = 0.85; p 0.05) was found in the maternal blood serum. Conclusions. A relationship was found between the studied parameters (collagen, collagenase, proline, ornithine) in blood serum, amniotic fluid, cord blood and placenta of women with placental insufficiency and their role in the formation of fetal growth retardation was established.

Global newborn health research priorities identified in 2014: A review to evaluate the uptake.

SummaryBackgroundIn 2014, World Health Organization published global research priorities for newborn health till 2025. We conducted this review to summarize completed or ongoing research on the twenty priorities.MethodsWe conducted searches for twenty questions on MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, clinical trial registries, and funder websites between July 2014 and May 2022. Studies addressing research questions using adequate design were included. Adequacy of uptake of a priority was assessed based on predefined criteria.FindingsThe uptake of research priorities was high for 8 (40%), moderate for 11 (55%), and one priority, effectiveness of training community health workers (CHWs) to treat neonatal sepsis at home remains unaddressed. Priorities with moderate uptake include effectiveness of simplified neonatal resuscitation programme, simple clinical algorithms for CHWs to neonatal infection, CHWs training in basic neonatal resuscitation, community-initiated kangaroo mother care, perinatal audits, and novel tocolytic agents, scaling-up chlorhexidine cord application, stable surfactant with simpler administration, accurate, affordable methods to diagnose fetal distress, strategies for prevention and treatment of intrauterine growth retardation, and causal pathways for antenatal stillbirths.InterpretationAdequate research was undertaken on pressing global concerns in newborn health. Funders and researchers should reflect on and address less researched areas.FundingNone.

ANALYSIS OF THE CONDITION OF NEWBORNS BORN TO MOTHERS INFECTED WITH CORONAVIRUS

One of the current problems of modern obstetrics is the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of intrauterine growth retardation. This pathology ranks second after prematurity among the causes of low-birth-weight babies. The prevalence of fetal retardation varies worldwide from 6.5 to 30.0% of all births, of which about 23% are very low birthweight and about 38% extremely low birthweight babies. A new coronavirus infection, caused by the viral pathogen SARS-CoV-2, which contributes to thrombotic microangiopathy in combination with hypercoagulation syndrome, is currently ongoing. During physiological pregnancy, there is known to be an increased risk of complications associated with both bleeding and thrombosis, which are affected by changes in fibrinolytic activity and hypercoagulable state, endothelial dysfunction, and changes in blood rheological properties. It significantly increases the risk of pregnancy complications such as pre-eclampsia, placental insufficiency, fetal hypoxia, and therefore leads to intrauterine growth retardation of the fetus. This study analyzed the status of newborn babies and the incidence of intrauterine growth retardation in women who had contracted coronavirus infection. Two groups of women were included in study: the first included those who became pregnant 3 to 6 months after a new coronavirus infection, and the second was a control group. The study found that women in the first group were more likely to have pre-eclampsia and their babies were more likely to be diagnosed with intrauterine growth retardation.

АНАЛИЗ СОСТОЯНИЯ НОВОРОЖДЕННЫХ ДЕТЕЙ ПАЦИЕНТОК, ПЕРЕНЕСШИХ КОРОНОВИРУСНУЮ ИНФЕКЦИЮ

Abstract. One of the urgent problems of modern obstetrics is the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of intrauterine growth retardation. This pathology ranks second after prematurity among the causes of the birth of children with low body weight. The frequency of intrauterine growth retardation varies in different countries of the world from 6.5-30.0% of all newborns, of which about 23% are found among children with very low body weight and about 38% with extremely low body weight. Currently, an outbreak of a new coronavirus infection continues, caused by the viral pathogen SARS-CoV-2, which contributes to the formation of thrombotic microangiopathy in combination with hypercoagulability syndrome. It is known that during physiological pregnancy, the risk of complications associated with both bleeding and thrombus formation increases, which is affected by changes in fibrinolytic activity and the state of hypercoagulability, endothelial dysfunction, and changes in the rheological properties of blood. This virus can significantly increase the risk of developing pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, placental insufficiency, fetal hypoxia and, as a result, leads to intrauterine growth retardation. The study analyzes the condition of newborns and the incidence of intrauterine growth retardation in women who have recovered from coronovirus infection. The study included two groups of women: the first group consisted of patients whose pregnancy occurred 3-6 months after a new coronavirus infection, and the second group was a control group. As a result of the study, it was found that women of the first group more often suffered from preeclampsia, and their children were more often diagnosed with intrauterine growth retardation.

Tinzaparin for the treatment of foetal growth retardation: An open-labelled randomized clinical trial

Foetal growth retardation (FGR) is a leading cause of perinatal death and long-term harms at survivors. Placental infarction plays a role in FGR, yet, no trials have evaluated whether low molecular weight heparins increase birth weight in ongoing FGR pregnancies. An open-labelled randomized trial in Denmark during 2011-2016, including singleton pregnant women with FGR (estimated foetal weight < 2.3 percentile) diagnosed before gestational weeks 32. Participants were randomly assigned using sealed, blinded envelopes 1:1 to tinzaparin (4500 IU daily until 37 gestational weeks) or no tinzaparin. The primary outcomes were the observed birthweight relative to the expected for gestational age and gender, and foetal growth rates in the two trial groups evaluated by an intention to treat analysis. We enrolled 53 women. The mean gestational age was 261 days in the tinzaparin group and 246 days in the no treatment group. The mean birth weight was 2229 g in the tinzaparin group compared to 1968 g in the no treatment group. However, the birth weight relative to the expected from gestational age and gender was only 2.5 percentage points higher in the tinzaparin group [-5.1 to 10.0] (p = 0.51). The foetal growth rate during follow-up was 124 g/week in the tinzaparin group and 119 g/week in the no treatment group, a difference of 5 g/week [-19 to 29] (p = 0.67). Two perinatal deaths both occurred in the no treatment group. We found no evidence of a tinzaparin effect on the foetal growth rate or the birth weight after adjustment for gestational age.

Mosaicism trisomy 10 in a 14-month-old child with additional neurological abnormalities: case report and literature review

BackgroundTrisomy 10 is very rarely diagnosed, especially in living persons. Most reports of trisomy 10 pertain to prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 10 in the fetus. In addition, trisomy 10 has been reported as part of partial chromosomal abnormalities in some leukemic cells and tumor specimens. Only 6 cases of mosaicism trisomy 10 have been reported so far. None of these reports pertain to living children with neurological abnormalities.Case presentationWe report the case of a 14-month-old girl who was brought for treatment of unusual facies, growth retardation, and patent ductus arteriosus. Karyotype analysis revealed a 47, XX, + 10/46, XX pattern. MRI showed characteristics of Dandy–Walker syndrome and ventricular enlargement in the brain.ConclusionsThis case is distinguished by its extreme rarity and its potential for use as a reference case of this condition in clinical settings.

The prevalence of zinc deficiency in 6-month to 12-year old children in Bandar Abbas in 2013.

BackgroundZinc deficiency is an important problem in children, especially in developing countries. Zinc supplements have beneficial effects on multiple factors, including treatment of growth retardation and hypogonadism, and they can be used as therapeutic and prophylactic agents against infection in children.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of zinc deficiency in 6-month to 12-year-old children in Bandar Abbas.MethodsThis study was done in Bandar Abbas in 2013. In this cross-sectional study, 583 children were evaluated after obtaining a written informed consent from their parents. Zinc levels < 6 μg/dl were defined as zinc deficiency, zinc levels of 80–66 μg/dl were defined as insufficient, and zinc levels of 80–115 μg/dl were defined as sufficient levels. SPSS software, version 20, descriptive statistics, the chi-squared test, and the t-test were used to analyze the data.ResultsFive hundred and eighty-three children with a mean age of 42.82±30.68 months participated in this study. Among the participants, 263 (45.1%) were females, and 320 (54.9%) were males. The prevalence of zinc deficiency was 17.5% in this study. Zinc deficiencies were reported in 67 males (20.94%) males and in 35 females (13.30%). Zinc deficiencies were more common in boys, and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.01).ConclusionThe results of this study indicated that the prevalence of zinc deficiencies is high in Bandar Abbas and that it is more prevalent in males than in females. The children in this area should be screened for zinc deficiency. Future studies should focus on then treatment of zinc deficiency and its role in different aspects of children’s health.

The Korean herbal formulation Yukmijihwangtang stimulates longitudinal bone growth in animal models

BackgroundYukmijihwangtang (YJT) is a traditional Korean medicine that has been used to treat kidney-yin deficiency symptoms such as dizziness and tinnitus. In addition, because it is also thought to nourish kidney-yin, it has been used to treat short stature from congenital deficiency. This study evaluated the effects of YJT on longitudinal bone growth in rats.MethodsFemale adolescent rats were randomly assigned to groups that received distilled water (per os [p.o.] twice a day; control), recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH; 20 μg/kg, subcutaneous [s.c.] once a day), or two different doses of YJT (100 or 300 mg/kg, p.o. twice a day). In each group, treatment was maintained for 4 days. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU; 50 mg/kg) to label proliferating chondrocytes on days 2 – 4. Tetracycline hydrochloride (20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to form fluorescent bands on the growth plates on day 3 for measuring the longitudinal bone growth rate. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in the growth plate was identified using immunohistochemistry.ResultsThere was a significant increase in the rate of bone growth in the 300 mg/kg YJT group (523.8 ± 23.7 μm/day; P < 0.05) compared to the control group (498.0 ± 23.8 μm/day), while the 100 mg/kg YJT group exhibited a non-significant increase. The number of BrdU-positive cells in the chondrocytes of the rhGH-treated group exhibited a significant increase (103.8 ± 34.2 cells/mm2) compared to that of the control group (70.3 ± 19.7 cells/mm2), while the 300 mg/kg YJT group had a non-significant increase. Additionally, IGF-1 and BMP-2 were highly expressed in the growth plate in the 300 mg/kg YJT and rhGH groups.ConclusionsYJT increased the longitudinal bone growth rate by stimulating chondrocyte proliferation with increasing increments of local IGF-1 and BMP-2 expression. Based on these findings, YJT may be a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of growth retardation during adolescence.

MOLECULAR APPROACH TO PLANT GROWTH REGULATION BY CONSTITUTIVE OVEREXPRESSION OF NICOTIANA GA2OX IN KALANCHOË BLOSSFELDIANA

The development of an alternative method to chemical treatment for growth retardation in crop and ornamental plant production has become a top target in recent breeding programs. The present work describes the phenotypes of transgenic KalanchoA« blossfeldiana plants with overexpressed gibberellin 2-oxidase (GA2ox) from Nicotiana tabacum under the 35S promoter. The height of the transgenic KalanchoA« lines was reduced by a factor of almost 2 in comparison to the control plants, while the number of nodes was similar between the transgenic and control plants. The height of the inflorescence stem of the transgenic lines was approximately three times reduced. However, the transgenic clones exhibited a delay in flowering that amounted to approximately 24 days. The flower morphology for all of the investigated transgenic lines was the same as that for the control plants. The transgenic lines had visibly darker leaves containing approximately two times as much chlorophyll as the leaves of the control plants. These results demonstrate that the overexpression of GA2ox may become a useful method for obtaining compact growth of horticultural species without the use of chemical growth retardants.

Growth factor makes a comeback in cystic fibrosis

Work in pigs points to culprit and potential treatment for growth retardation.

Birth Weight Reference for Triples in Korea

An estimation of the baseline value of birth weight depending on gestational age is helpful for reducing morbidity and mortality following the early diagnosis and treatment of intrauterine growth retardation. In Korea, there are established baseline values for singletons and twins. But no definite criteria exist for triplets yet. Given the above background, we obtained the baseline value of birth weight depending on the gestational age in triplets with a gestational age of 27-38 weeks using a raw data about birth records which had been obtained during a 10-yr period from 1998 to 2007. This baseline value was compared with those of singletons and twins. During the 10-yr period, the total number of newborns who were born between gestational age 27 and 38 was 1,330,822. Of these, the number of singletons, twins and triplets was 1,330,822, 90,245, and 840, respectively. A mean gestational age was 37.3±1.5 weeks, 36.0±2.0 weeks and 33.3±2.4 weeks in the corresponding order. A mean birth weight was 3,071±490 g, 2,414±455 g, and 1,836±454 g in the corresponding order. A comparison of the birth weight depending on the gestational age of triplets was made with the normal value of singletons and twins. According to this, in the overall gestational age ranging from weeks 27 to 38, it was relatively smaller as compared with the birth weight of twins and singletons. The current study was of significance in that it first obtained the normal value of birth weight of triplets in the overall gestational age ranging from weeks 27 to 38, whose results are expected to be helpful for studies or treatments of triplets.

Etiology and treatment of growth retardation in children with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease: a historical perspective

Dramatic changes have occurred in our understanding of the etiology of the growth retardation associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) during the past 50 years. Significant interest has been focused on preventing and/or correcting the growth retardation because of the emergence of the dual therapeutic modalities of dialysis and renal transplantation to prolong the lives of infants, children, and adolescents afflicted with CKD and ESRD. These efforts have resulted in a significant improvement in the height Z-score over the past two decades of children with CKD and ESRD. This has had a salutary impact on the final adult height of such children which should hopefully lead to an enhanced quality of life in the future. This report addresses the progress that has been made in the management of growth retardation in the pediatric population with CKD and ESRD.

Effects and mechanisms of action of sildenafil citrate in human chorionic arteries

ObjectivesSildenafil citrate, a specific phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, is increasingly used for pulmonary hypertension in pregnancy. Sildenafil is also emerging as a potential candidate for the treatment of intra-uterine growth retardation and for premature labor. Its effects in the feto-placental circulation are not known. Our objectives were to determine whether phosphodiesterase-5 is present in the human feto-placental circulation, and to characterize the effects and mechanisms of action of sildenafil citrate in this circulation.Study DesignEx vivo human chorionic plate arterial rings were used in all experiments. The presence of phosphodiesterase-5 in the feto-placental circulation was determined by western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. In a subsequent series of pharmacologic studies, the effects of sildenafil citrate in pre-constricted chorionic plate arterial rings were determined. Additional studies examined the role of cGMP and nitric oxide in mediating the effects of sildenafil.ResultsPhosphodiesterase-5 mRNA and protein was demonstrated in human chorionic plate arteries. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated phosphodiesterase-5 within the arterial muscle layer. Sildenafil citrate produced dose dependent vasodilatation at concentrations at and greater than 10 nM. Both the direct cGMP inhibitor methylene blue and the cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS significantly attenuated the vasodilation produced by sildenafil citrate. Inhibition of NO production with L-NAME did not attenuate the vasodilator effects of sildenafil. In contrast, sildenafil citrate significantly enhanced the vasodilation produced by the NO donor sodium nitroprusside.ConclusionPhosphodiesterase-5 is present in the feto-placental circulation. Sildenafil citrate vasodilates the feto-placental circulation via a cGMP dependent mechanism involving increased responsiveness to NO.

Variable outcome of growth hormone administration in respiratory chain deficiency

Genetic defects of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are known to account for a variety of neuromuscular and non-neuromuscular symptoms in childhood, including growth hormone (GH) deficiency. However GH administration for GH deficiency is controversial in OXPHOS deficiencies as GH is a mitosis-stimulator which may increase energy demand for cell proliferation. Here, we report the observation of four unrelated children with OXPHOS deficiency or bearing a mitochondrial DNA rearrangement and growth retardation, who required GH therapy. The first patient had no GH deficiency while the other three had low GH response to test stimulations. The condition of the first two patients quickly deteriorated under GH administration, GH was then stopped and subsequent clinical improvement was noted. In the other two patients, no adverse event was noted but various additional organs were involved following GH administration. In all patients, no benefit was observed concerning growth response as growth speed remained unchanged. These observations question the use of GH as a treatment of growth retardation for patients with OXPHOS deficiency.

A systematic review of experimental and clinical studies of sildenafil citrate for intrauterine growth restriction and pre-term labour

SummarySildenafil could be an alternative in the treatment of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and premature delivery. In order to systematically review the reproductive-related effects of sildenafil, a search was made on PubMed and the Science Citation Index for studies evaluating the effects of sildenafil on uterine vessels or myometrium either in vitro or in experimental animal models as well as for any clinical trial or case reporting the outcome of pregnant women treated with sildenafil. The information was obtained from: three in vitro studies, five studies performed in experimental animal models, four studies on women with fertility and sterility disorders receiving 100 mg/day of sildenafil intravaginally, and two case reports of pregnant women who received sildenafil for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Incubation with sildenafil of different in vitro preparations resulted in vasodilator and uterine relaxant effects. No evidence of teratogenicity was observed in the studies performed in mice, rats and dogs. Sildenafil increased fetal weight in rats. In women, contradictory results on uterine blood flow and endometrial development were reported after the intravaginal administration of sildenafil. No adverse fetal outcomes were reported in the two pregnant women with pulmonary hypertension receiving sildenafil late in their pregnancy. In conclusion, there is still limited information about the efficacy of sildenafil for the treatment of IUGR and premature delivery. However, studies in experimental animal models and two human case reports have reported no deleterious effects on the mother or offspring.

3587: The clinical observation of the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen combined with routine methods in the treatment of intrauterine growth retardation

3587: The clinical observation of the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen combined with routine methods in the treatment of intrauterine growth retardation

Effect of Formular added with Pluskids Calcium (KI‐180)® on Growth and Development in Growing Rats.

Recently, treatment of growth retardation by traditional oriental therapy is remarkably progressed. The study was performed to evaluate the effect of Korean medicinal formula, Pluskids Calcium®(KI-...

Tooth follicle extirpation and uvulectomy

Migration is not only the movement of people, but also of their culture, customs and beliefs. As more people from developing countries in Africa migrate to industrialized countries, the more likely health professionals will find themselves providing care for people of whose customs and practices they have little knowledge. This review of the literature suggests that removal of deciduous canine follicles and uvulectomy are frequently practised in some African and neighbouring countries. Reasons given for deciduous canine extirpation include the prevention of vomiting, fever and diarrhoea. The indications for uvulectomy appear widespread, including treatment for persistent fever, coughing and growth retardation. The practices are usually performed by traditional healers. Risks for children who undergo these procedures are extensive, including septicaemia, potential for HIV transmission, numerous dental complications and death. With improved understanding between Western health teams and local, traditional people, an improved system may develop whereby the two systems can work together in providing improved health outcomes for the people.

Prise en charge nutritionnelle de la maladie de Crohn chez l'enfant et l'adolescent : bases physiopathologiques et mise en pratique

Growth retardation and delay in sexual maturation are the major complications of child-onset Crohn's disease (CD). Nutritional assessment and monitoring should comprise: weight and height measurement with calculation of respective velocities (growth velocity should be > or = 4-5 cm/year during the prepubertal period); pubertal staging; dietetic evaluation; laboratory analysis for mineral, vitamin and trace element deficiencies; bone age. At diagnosis, weight loss and growth delay are present in 80-90% and 1/3 of cases, respectively. In case of an acute flare-up in a CD child with normal nutritional status, nutritional therapy is limited to oral feeding, with a caloric intake at least equal to recommended dietary allowances for age and sex. A low-fiber diet is advised in case of small bowel stenosis. No diet has been shown as efficient in the long-term maintenance of remission. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EN) is an alternative to corticosteroids for the treatment of an acute flare-up of CD, especially in case of malnutrition. Prolonged nocturnal EN is of great interest for the treatment of growth retardation and delay of sexual maturation and in case of steroid-dependent or steroid-refractory CD. In case of steroid-dependent CD with no delay of growth and/or sexual maturation, immunomodulating agents are nowadays an alternative to long-term EN. Efficacy of polymeric solutions is identical to that of semi-elemental or elemental solutions. Parenteral nutrition is limited to an acute flare-up with resistance to medical treatment and/or EN, and contraindications to surgery; occlusion or fistula; short bowel syndrome.