Treatment Of Fungal Infections Research Articles

The 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative, clioquinol, is an alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist

Clioquinol (5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline) is an antimicrobial agent whose actions as a zinc or copper ionophore and an iron chelator revived the interest in similar compounds for the treatment of fungal and bacterial infections, neurodegeneration and cancer. Recently, we reported zinc ionophores, including clioquinol, cause vasorelaxation in isolated arteries through mechanisms that involve sensory nerves, endothelium and vascular smooth muscle. Here, we report that clioquinol also uniquely acts as a competitive alpha-1 (α1) adrenoceptor antagonist. We employed ex vivo functional vascular contraction and pharmacological techniques in rat isolated mesenteric arteries, receptor binding assays using stabilized solubilized α1 receptor variants, or wild-type human α1-adrenoceptors transfected in COS-7 cells (African green monkey kidney fibroblast-like cells), and molecular dynamics homology modelling based on the recently published α1A adrenoceptor cryo-EM and α1B crystal structures. At higher concentrations, all ionophores including clioquinol cause a non-competitive antagonism of agonist-mediated contraction due to intracellular zinc delivery, as reported previously. However, at lower concentration ranges, clioquinol has an additional mechanism of competitively inhibiting α1-adrenoceptors that contributes to decreasing vascular contractility. Molecular dynamic simulation showed that clioquinol binds stably to the orthosteric binding site (Asp106) of the receptor, confirming the structural basis for competitive α1-adrenoceptor antagonism by clioquinol.

Pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B after accidental overdose in an adult critically ill patient treated with plasmapheresis: a case report and review of literature

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of systemic fungal infections. We describe the case of a 62-year-old female patient with recent aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage who was treated for suspected ventriculitis and a fungal coinfection. Instead of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB), 465 mg (5 mg/kg) amphotericin B deoxycholate (DOC) was inadvertently administered, leading to refractory shock with multiple organ failure and requiring mechanical ventilation. Since an overdose of amphotericin B can lead to fatal consequences and has a half-life of 15 days, plasmapheresis was started. The serum concentration decreased from 1.32 µg/mL to 0.62 µg/mL before plasmapheresis, demonstrating a mean half-life of 49 hours. After two plasmapheresis sessions, the serum concentration further dropped to 0.26 µg/mL, demonstrating a mean half-life of 17 hours. In contrast, the third plasmapheresis session had no effect on serum concentration. The patient made a full recovery, potentially facilitated by enhanced amphotericin B elimination through plasmapheresis. Positive outcomes were previously reported in two adult patients treated with plasmapheresis. However, other reports without plasmapheresis described fatal outcomes in adult patients, albeit with a twofold overdose compared to the two patients successfully treated with plasmapheresis. Moreover, plasmapheresis itself carries risks such as hypocalcemia, metabolic alkalosis, and coagulation deficits. Consequently, the role of plasmapheresis in amphotericin B overdose is still debated.

Impact of Anti-Mycotic Drugs on the Osteogenic Response of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Vitro.

The treatment of fungal bone infections and infected non-unions is a huge challenge in modern trauma and orthopedics, which normally contain the local and systemic administration of anti-fungal drugs. Although frequently used, little is known about the impact of systemic and locally administered fungicides on the osteogenic regenerative capabilities of infected bone tissue, especially upon the osteogenesis of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-hMSCs). This study evaluates the effects of the three most common fungicides for the systemic treatment of bone infections, Voriconazole (VOR), liposomal Amphotericin B (LAMB), and Fluconazole (FLU), as well as the effects of VOR and LAMB-loaded Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement chips in different concentrations upon the osteogenic response of BM-hMSCs in vitro. Within this study, we compared the ability of BM-hMSC to differentiate into osteoblast-like cells and synthesize hydroxyapatite as assessed by radioactive 99mTechnetium-Hydroxydiphosphonate (99mTc-HDP) labeling, cell proliferation, and analyses of supernatants upon various osteogenic parameters. Our results revealed that VOR added to the cell culture medium affects the osteogenic potential of BM-hMSC negatively, while there were no detectable effects of LAMB and FLU. Moreover, we showed dose-dependent negative effects of high- and extended-dose fungicide-loaded PMMA cement due to cytotoxicity, with a higher cytotoxic potential of VOR than LAMB, while low-dose fungicide-loaded PMMA had no significant effect on the osteogenic potential of BM-hMSC in vitro.

A potent candicidal peptide designed based on an encrypted peptide from a proteinase inhibitor

Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) represent an alternative in the treatment of fungal infections associated with countless deaths. Here, we report a new AMP, named KWI-19, which was designed based on a peptide encrypted in the sequence of an Inga laurina Kunitz-type inhibitor (ILTI). KWI-19 inhibited the growth of Candida species and acted as a fungicidal agent from 2.5 to 20 μmol L−1, also showing synergistic activity with amphotericin B. Kinetic assays showed that KWI-19 killed Candida tropicalis cells within 60 min. We also report the membrane-associated mechanisms of action of KWI-19 and its interaction with ergosterol. KWI-19 was also characterized as a potent antibiofilm peptide, with activity against C. tropicalis. Finally, non-toxicity was reported against Galleria mellonella larvae, thus strengthening the interest in all the bioactivities mentioned above. This study extends our knowledge on how AMPs can be engineered from peptides encrypted in larger proteins and their potential as candicidal agents.

ON THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF SERAFIMA ALEXANDROVNA VICHKANOVA (1924‒2017)

The biographical sketch is dedicated to Serafima Alexandrovna Vichkanova (1924–2017), Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, who worked in the laboratory of antimicrobial and antiviral agents at the All–Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aro-matic Plants (Moscow). The main life stages, the scientific directions being developed and the contribution to the formation and development of the field of studying the antimicrobial properties of plants and substances from them in order to create new effective chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of viral, bacterial, fungal and other infections, as well as a list of the main scientific works are presented in the article

Rational Design of Antifungal Peptides Based on the γ-Core Motif of a Neosartorya (Aspergillus) fischeri Antifungal Protein to Improve Structural Integrity, Efficacy, and Spectrum.

Antifungal peptides offer promising alternative compounds for the treatment of fungal infections, for which new antifungal compounds are urgently needed. Constant and broad antifungal spectra of these peptides play essential roles in their reliable therapeutic application. It has been observed that rationally designed peptides using the evolutionarily conserved γ-core region (GXC-X3-9-C) of an antifungal protein from Neosartorya (Aspergillus) fischeri highly inhibit the growth of fungi. The cysteines in these peptides have free sulfhydryl groups, which allow cyclization and dimerization under oxidative conditions, thereby impairing antifungal efficacy. To overcome this problem, one or two cysteine residues were substituted by serines or S-tert-butyl was applied as a cysteine-protecting group. Furthermore, structural integrity and antifungal efficacy investigations before and after oxidative exposure revealed that substituting both cysteines with serines and S-tert-butylation helped maintain the structural integrity. However, it slightly decreased the antifungal efficacy against a yeast, Candida albicans. Interestingly, S-tert-butylation maintained the efficacy and could extend the antifungal activity to a mold, Aspergillus fumigatus. Usually, cyclization and dimerization did not influence the antifungal efficacy of most peptides. Additionally, hemolysis tests and Galleria mellonella toxicity model experiments indicated that none of the applied modifications made the peptides harmful to animals.

MSG-15: Super-Bioavailability Itraconazole Versus Conventional Itraconazole in the Treatment of Endemic Mycoses-A Multicenter, Open-Label, Randomized Comparative Trial.

Invasive fungal disease caused by dimorphic fungi is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Super-bioavailability itraconazole (SUBA-itra) is a novel antifungal agent with pharmacokinetic advantages over currently available formulations. In this prospective comparative study, we report the outcomes of patients with endemic fungal infections (histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and sporotrichosis). This open-label randomized trial evaluated the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics SUBA-itra compared with conventional itraconazole (c-itra) treatment for endemic fungal infections. An independent data review committee determined responses on treatment days 42 and 180. Eighty-eight patients were enrolled for IFD (SUBA-itra, n = 42; c-itra, n = 46) caused by Histoplasma (n = 51), Blastomyces (n = 18), Coccidioides (n = 13), or Sporothrix (n = 6). On day 42, clinical success was observed with SUBA-itra and c-itra on day 42 (in 69% and 67%, respectively, and on day 180 (in 60% and 65%). Patients treated with SUBA-itra exhibited less drug-level variability at days 7 (P = .03) and 14 (P = .06) of randomized treatment. The concentrations of itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole were comparable between the 2 medications (P = .77 and P = .80, respectively). There was a trend for fewer adverse events (AEs; 74% vs 87%, respectively; P = .18) and serious AEs (10% vs 26%; P = .06) in the SUBA-itra-treated patients than in those receiving c-itra. Serious treatment-emergent AEs were less common in SUBA-itra-treated patients (12% vs 50%, respectively; P < .001). SUBA-itra was bioequivalent, well tolerated, and efficacious in treating endemic fungi, with a more favorable safety profile than c-itra. NCT03572049.

Modulators of Candida albicans Membrane Drug Transporters: A LucrativePortfolio for the Development of Effective Antifungals.

The escalating prevalence of membrane drug transporters and drug efflux pumps in pathogenic yeast like Candida albicans necessitates a comprehensive understanding of their roles in MDR. The overexpression of drug transporter families, ABC and MFS, implicated in MDR through drug efflux and poses a significant challenge in the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infection. Various mechanisms have been proposed for MDR; however, the upregulation of ABC and MFS superfamily transporters is most noticeable in MDR. The direct inhibition of these transporters seems an efficient strategy to overcome this problem. The goal of the article is to present an overview of the prospect of utilizing these modulators of C. albicans drug transports as effective antifungal molecules against MDR addressing a critical gap in the field. The review tries to address to prevent drug extrusion by modulating the expression of drug transporters of C. albicans. The review discussed the progress in identifying potent, selective, and non-toxic modulators of these transporters to develop some effective antifungals and overcome MDR. We reviewed major studies in this area and found that recent work has shifted toward the exploration of natural compounds as potential modulators to restore drug sensitivity in MDR fungal cells. The focus of this review is to survey and interpret current research information on modulators of C. albicans drug transporters from natural sources emphasizing those compounds that are potent antifungal agents.

The top 10 papers on the treatment of invasive fungal infections, 2018-2023.

Invasive fungal infections are responsible for a large number of infections in hospitalized patients annually and are responsible for high morbidity and mortality. Familiarity with novel agents or strategies in this area can be challenging. To identify the top 10 manuscripts on the treatment of invasive fungal infections from 2018 to 2023. Modified Delphi consensus-building technique. A three-stage consensus-building approach was used comprised of (1) identifying relevant articles; (2) voting by a panel of experts to establish consensus on the importance of these articles; and (3) finalizing the list of top articles by a small group. Members of the Southeastern Research Group Endeavor network served as content experts. Publications from 2018 to 2023 were evaluated if articles met the following inclusion criteria: (1) published between 2018 and 2023, (2) contained content related to fungal infections, and (3) included an actionable intervention. A total of 6518 potential publications were assessed. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 82 articles were reviewed. The top 10 publications related to invasive fungal infections, selected by a panel of experts, are summarized in this manuscript and include publications related to the treatment of invasive aspergillosis, candidiasis, and cryptococcosis. This article highlights the selected publications and may serve as a key resource for teaching and training. Clinicians may also employ these reported interventions to identify new opportunities to optimize antifungal therapeutic strategies within one's institution.

Nanotherapeutics for the delivery of antifungal drugs.

The treatment of fungal infections is challenging with high death rates reported among immunocompromised patients. The currently available antifungals suffer from poor bioavailability and solubility, pharmacokinetics, and drug resistance, with limited cellular uptake. The clinical pipeline of new antifungals is dry. The incorporation of antifungal drugs into polymer-based nanocarriers to form nanotherapeutics is a promising approach to enhance the therapeutic outcomes of the available antifungal drugs. This review summarizes different polymer-based nanotherapeutics strategies that have been explored for the delivery of antifungals, resulting in enhanced therapeutic outcomes, such as improved pharmacokinetics, targeted/sustained delivery, prolonged drug circulation, retention of the drugs at the localized site of action, and overcoming drug resistance when compared with the free antifungal drugs.

Antifungal activity of Annona crassiflora Mart. dichloromethane fraction against strains of C. albicans.

Products derived from medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity are considered a promising alternative in the treatment of fungal infections. In this perspective, this study proposed to evaluate the antifungal activity of the dichloromethane fraction of Annona crassiflora Mart. against C. albicans strains. Tests were carried out to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Fungicide Concentration (MFC), microbial growth kinetics, fungal cell wall and membrane mechanisms of action, antifungal biofilm activity, and cytotoxic effects on human erythrocytes. The extract presented MIC and MFC values that ranged from 256 µg/mL to 1,024 µg/mL, with fungicidal activity in the microbial growth kinetics assay. The mechanism of action did not occur through damage to the cell wall or via binding to ergosterol in the membrane, though the fraction presents activity against biofilm and is not cytotoxic in human erythrocytes. The dichloromethane fraction of Annona crassiflora Mart. presented antifungal activity and reduced biofilm growth, without toxicity against human erythrocytes; however, further studies are needed to define its mechanism of action.

Nanoparticles and Their Applications in Lipid Signaling.

This chapter provides an overview of the diverse range of applications associated with nanoparticles. The application of nanoparticles in the medical field has garnered considerable attention due to their unique properties and versatile compositions. They have shown promise in the treatment of cancer, fungal and viral infections, and pain management. These systems provide numerous benefits, such as increased drug stability, improved bioavailability, and targeted delivery to specific tissues or cells. The objective of this chapter is to provide a brief analysis of the differences between nanoparticles and lipid particles, focusing particularly on the importance of nanoparticle size and composition in their interactions with lipids. Additionally, the applications of nanoparticles in lipid signaling will be discussed, considering the vital roles lipids play in cellular signaling pathways. Nanoparticles have shown immense potential in the regulation and control of medical pathways. In this case, we will focus on the manufacture of liposomes, a type of nanoparticle composed of lipids. The reason behind the extensive investigation into liposomes as drug delivery vehicles is their remarkable biocompatibility and adaptability. This section will provide insights into the methods and techniques employed for liposome formulation.

Treatment of onychomycosis in an era of antifungal resistance: Role for antifungal stewardship and topical antifungal agents.

A growing body of literature has marked the emergence and spread of antifungal resistance among species of Trichophyton, the most prevalent cause of toenail and fingernail onychomycosis in the United States and Europe. We review published data on rates of oral antifungal resistance among Trichophyton species; causes of antifungal resistance and methods to counteract it; and invitro data on the role of topical antifungals in the treatment of onychomycosis. Antifungal resistance among species of Trichophyton against terbinafine and itraconazole-the two most common oral treatments for onychomycosis and other superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes-has been detected around the globe. Fungal adaptations, patient characteristics (e.g., immunocompromised status; drug-drug interactions), and empirical diagnostic and treatment patterns may contribute to reduced antifungal efficacy and the development of antifungal resistance. Antifungal stewardship efforts aim to ensure proper antifungal use to limit antifungal resistance and improve clinical outcomes. In the treatment of onychomycosis, critical aspects of antifungal stewardship include proper identification of the fungal infection prior to initiation of treatment and improvements in physician and patient education. Topical ciclopirox, efinaconazole and tavaborole, delivered either alone or in combination with oral antifungals, have demonstrated efficacy invitro against susceptible and/or resistant isolates of Trichophyton species, with low potential for development of antifungal resistance. Additional real-world long-term data are needed to monitor global rates of antifungal resistance and assess the efficacy of oral and topical antifungals, alone or in combination, in counteracting antifungal resistance in the treatment of onychomycosis.

Synthesis and study of the antifungal activity of 1-(2-cyanophenyl)-3-heterylureas

In the treatment and prevention of fungal infections of plants, along with fungicides, inducers of systemic plant resistance, also called elicitors, have become particularly important in recent years. In this work, a method was developed for the synthesis of new 3,4-dichloroisothiazol-5-yl and 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl ureas 1,2, containing a 2-cyanophenyl substituent, structurally similar to a known synthetic elicitors isotianil and tiadinil. The protective properties of the obtained compounds on cucumber and pepper leaves infected with B. cinerea, as well as their fungicidal properties against B. cinerea, were studied. It has been established that disubstituted ureas 1,2 exhibit very low fungicidal activity against this fungus, about 11%. At the same time, study on plant leaves showed that compound 2 effectively inhibited the development of gray mold on both cucumber and pepper leaves with an inhibition rate of more than 90%, which was similar to tiadinil. Compound 1 was effective only on cucumber leaves (96.50±0.01%). Isotianil in the experiment showed an average degree of protection – 62.48±1.04% on cucumber leaves and 56.50±1.29% on pepper leaves.

Prevalence and Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida Infections in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Cross-sectional Study from the Union Territory of Puducherry, India

Introduction: Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Candida albicans is the most commonly isolated fungal pathogen in bronchopulmonary patients. Invasive candidiasis due to Candida species has been on the rise in recent years. However, drug sensitivity studies of C. albicans isolated from TB patients are not routinely conducted in India and other developing countries. Aim: To isolate and identify Candida albicans from patients with TB and to determine its antifungal susceptibility. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 129 patients suspected of having pulmonary TB, analysed from August 2016 to January 2018 at the Department of Chest Medicine, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, India. Sputum samples were collected and processed to identify Candida species through Gram staining, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, germ tube formation, and sugar fermentation. Antifungal resistance testing was performed using the disk diffusion method recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The collected data were subsequently analysed using descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test to evaluate the results. Results: Candida infection was observed in 10 (7.75%) out of 129 patients with pulmonary TB. Among patients with co-infection, C. albicans was the most common, accounting for 4 (40%) cases, followed by C. krusei with 2 (20%) cases, C. tropicalis with 1 (10%) case, C. kefyr with 1 (10%) case, C. glabrata with 1 (10%) case, and C. parapsilosis with 1 (10%) case. Among the azole category, itraconazole and amphotericin B exhibited the highest sensitivity percentages against Candida. Conclusion: The current study revealed a high prevalence of coinfection between pulmonary TB and Candida spp., which may contribute to the symptoms of pulmonary lung disorders. The prevalence of Candida species could also be associated with an inadequate response to antitubercular drugs. Amphotericin B and itraconazole, two commonly used drugs in the community, are often employed as the preferred treatments for fungal infections. Early detection and treatment of this opportunistic candidiasis in patients with pulmonary TB will likely enhance outcomes for such individuals.

The role of modeling and simulation to improve the treatment of fungal infections caused by Cryptococcus : A literature review

The role of modeling and simulation to improve the treatment of fungal infections caused by Cryptococcus : A literature review

Inhibitory effects of trans-cinnamaldehyde on candida spp. Biofilm and planktonic form compared to nystatin: A comparative analysis

Trans-Cinnamaldehyde, an α, β-unsaturated aromatic aldehyde, was a derivative of Cinnamonnum obtusifolium - Lauraceae; its bioavailability allows it to be used in the treatment of fungal infections as Candida species causing opportunistic fungal infections are common today. Antibiotic resistance in fungi is often due to their ability to form biofilm. Therefore, new substances with antibiofilm were being investigated as alternative treatment. Representatives of Candida spp. were used to determine the MIC, MBIC50, MBIC80, MBIC100, and MFC of trans-Cinnamaldehyde compared to Nystatin which is used for treatment of Candida infections in Vietnam. The most important antibiofilm effect of trans-Cinnamaldehyde was demonstrated by the CLSI M27-A2 method. Trans-Cinnamaldehyde was given MBIC100 higher than PMIC from 10 to 20 times, while Nystatin was given MBIC100 higher than PMIC from 5 to 20 times. In addition, PMFC of trans-Cinnamaldehyde was equivalent (Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis) or only twice (Candida glabrata) PMIC. The jump in Candida biofilm inhibitory activity was short, from MBIC50 to MBIC100 (no intermediate value, MBIC80). Trans-Cinnamaldehyde extract, compared to Nystatin, had a generally similar effect in preventing the growth and loss of Candida spp. both in biofilm and planktonic form and was somewhat more effective against Candida spp. in biofilm form.

Assessment of Antifungal Potential of Selected Plants Extracts on Human Dermatophytes

Introduction: Treatment of fungal infections have become increasingly challenging recently, as there are limiting treatment options due to emerging resistant pathogenic fungi. This has also led to increase in the search for alternatives. Botanical preparations have been in use for ages for treatment of some infectious diseases; while many have proven efficacious, the potentials of others are yet to be elucidated. Aim: This study was aimed at determining the antifungal potential of some selected plant extracts on human dermatophytes. Methodology: Previously identified and fully characterized isolates of Microsporium spp. Trichophyton spp., and Epidermophyton spp., were obtained from the Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Freshly harvested leaves of Jastropha curcas, Erigeron sumtrensis, Tridax procumbens and Emilia sonchifolia, were used for the preparation of crude extract. These plants were selected based on the traditional claim of their efficacy against dermatophytes. Extraction of their leaves were done using ethanol, methanol, n-hexane and dichloromethane (DCM). The discs were prepared with crude extracts obtained from the four plants in concentrations of 400mg, 200mg, 100mg and 50m, using 1.0 ml of dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) for each. These were tested for antifungal activities against the test dermatophytes using standard procedures. Fluconazole (200mg) was used as control. Phytochemical analyses were also performed on extracts that showed inhibitory activity against the dermatophytes. Results: Among the plants, only Erigeron sumatrensis showed zones of inhibition with mean standard deviation of 8.44±6.43, 7.78±5.93 and 7.00±5.34 in (mm) against Microsporium spp., Trichophyton spp. and Epidermophyton spp. respectively (p&lt;0.05). Extracts from Jastropha curcas, Tridax procumbens and Emilia sonchofolia did not show any inhibition against the dermatophytes. The phytochemicals from Erigeron sumatrensis were alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponin, tannin and steroids. Conclusion: The plant, Erigeron sumatrensis showed promising antifungal potential against dermatophytes and therefore needs further elucidation as a source for antifungal agent.

A Novel Mitochondrial Targeted Compound Phosundoxin Showing Potent Antifungal Activity against Common Clinical Pathogenic Fungi.

The current increase in resistance to antifungal drugs indicates that there is an urgent need to explore novel antifungal drugs with different mechanisms of action. Phosundoxin is a biphenyl aliphatic amide using a TPP-targeting strategy which targets mitochondria. To provide insights into the antifungal activities of phosundoxin, the antifungal susceptibility testing of phosundoxin was conducted on 158 pathogenic fungi and compared to that of traditional azole drugs. Phosundoxin displayed a broad-spectrum antifungal activity on all the tested yeast-like and filamentous fungi ranging from 2 to 16 mg/L. In particular, azole-resistant clinical isolates of Candida albicans were susceptible to phosundoxin with the same MICs as azole-susceptible C. albicans. Transcriptome analysis on azole-resistant C. albicans identified 554 DEGs after treatment with phosundoxin. By integrating GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, the antifungal activity of phosundoxin was related to impairment of mitochondrial respiratory chain function. Acute oral and percutaneous toxicity of phosundoxin to rats showed that the compound phosundoxin were mild toxicity and LD50 was above 5000 mg/kg body weight in rats. This study demonstrated the potential of phosundoxin as an antifungal agent for the treatment of common fungal infection and contributed to providing insights into the mechanisms of action of phosundoxin against C. albicans.

A new method for improved topical drug delivery, Emulgel

Emulgel is used to treat injuries and diseases such as arthritis, headaches, muscle aches, backaches, and those brought on by colds. Patient compliance with topical formulations is crucial in the treatment of chronic dermatosis such psoriasis, acne, and fungal infections. Emulgel, a more recent NDDS technology used topically, combines the characteristics of an emulsion with a gel to provide a dual control release. Emulgels have emerged as one of the most exciting topical delivery methods because of their dual release control mechanism, which combines a gel with an emulsion. Gels have many benefits, but one significant drawback is that hydrophobic medication delivery is hampered. An emulsion-based approach is being developed to circumvent this limitation and enable even a hydrophobic medicinal component to take use of the unique properties of gels. Emulgel is the name given to the dosage form created by combining gel with emulsion. Emulgels can be added to analgesics and antifungal medications. In several aspects, these emulgels are superior to both cutting-edge vesicular systems and traditional systems.