Treatment Of Enteritis Research Articles

Potential pharmacological mechanisms of four active compounds of Macleaya cordata extract against enteritis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology.

Background: Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) is effective in the treatment of enteritis, but its mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study combined network pharmacology and molecular docking technologies to investigate the potential pharmacological mechanism of MCE in the treatment of enteritis. Methods: The information of active compounds in MCE was accessed through the literature. Furthermore, PubChem, PharmMapper, UniProt, and GeneCards databases were used to analyze the targets of MCE and enteritis. The intersection of drug and disease targets was imported into the STRING database, and the analysis results were imported into Cytoscape 3.7.1 software to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and to screen core targets. The Metascape database was used for conducting Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. AutoDock Tools software was used for the molecular docking of active compounds with the core targets. Results: MCE has four active compounds, namely, sanguinarine, chelerythrine, protopine, and allocryptopine, and a total of 269 targets after de-duplication. Furthermore, a total of 1,237 targets were associated with enteritis, 70 of which were obtained by aiding the drug-disease intersection with the aforementioned four active compound targets of MCE. Five core targets including mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) and AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1) were obtained using the PPI network, which are considered the potential targets for the four active compounds of MCE in the treatment of enteritis. The GO enrichment analysis involved 749 biological processes, 47 cellular components, and 64 molecular functions. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed 142 pathways involved in the treatment of enteritis by the four active compounds of MCE, among which PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways were the most important pathways. The results of molecular docking showed that the four active compounds demonstrated good binding properties at the five core targets. Conclusion: The pharmacological effects of the four active compounds of MCE in the treatment of enteritis involve acting on signaling pathways such as PI3K-Akt and MAPK through key targets such as AKT1 and MAPK1, thus providing new indications for further research to verify its mechanisms.

Results of using probiotic based on Enterococcus Faecium L‐3 strain for enteritis of calves

Diseases of the digestive system of calves, including enteritis, are an urgent problem in dairy farming. The disease occurs under the influence of various causes and often has a mixed etiology. The use of veterinary bacterial drugs today has found its application in preventing and treating many animal diseases. At the same time, valuable microorganisms of the digestive system of animals ‐ lactic acid and bifidobacteria, play the role of an immunomodulator by synthesizing their antibiotic substances that stimulate the work of the organism's defenses. Thus, in the prevention and treatment of enteritis in calves, it is essential to use new effective probiotic drugs, taking into account their effect on the microflora of the digestive tract of calves. Two groups of black‐and‐white calves were formed: experimental (G1, n=20) and control (GC, n=20). The selection of animals was carried out according to the principle of analogs. Calves from the G1 were given a probiotic based on the Enterococcus Faecium L‐3 strainfrom birth to 45 days of age, 0.5 g with feed once a day. The probiotic was not fed to the calves of the GC. The tendency towards an increased level of bactericidal (BAS) and lysozyme activity (LAS) of serum was revealed in the calves of G1. Thus, at 14 days of age, the level of BAS in calves receiving the probiotic was significantly higher by 27% (P <0.05), and LAS by 21% (P <0.05) than in calves from the GC. This result was also noted at 30 and 45 days of age. BAS was significantly higher by the 30th day of life in the G1 (P <0.05) than in GC: 13.12 ± 1.95% and 9.68 ± 0.60%, respectively. The LAS level was significantly higher (P <0.01) in calves from G1 by 26% than in animals of the GC: 5.8 ± 0.43% and 4.3 ± 0.20%, respectively. At 45 days of age in animals of the G1, the level of BAS was significantly (P <0.001) higher by 61%, and LAS by 34% (P <0.001) than in GC. In the study of the intestinal microflora, it was noted that the calves of the GC had a significantly higher amount of total bacterial mass, Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis group, which indicates the development of opportunistic microflora. Thus, regular feeding of a probiotic based on the Enterococcus Faecium L‐3 strain to calves of the early postnatal period contributes to better resistance to gastrointestinal disorders and indicators of nonspecific body defense, creating favorable conditions for the development of representatives of normal flora and limiting the growth of opportunistic microflora.

Case Report: Diagnosis and Treatment of Enteritis Caused by Bacterial in a Dog

Diagnosis of the cause of enteritis in dogs greatly influences the success of its treatment. This case report describes the management of a male dog, 5 months old, 4.8 kg body weight which reported diarrhea, fever and no appetite. The physical examination showed the dog had diarrhea, lethargy, anemic mucous membranes, body temperature of 39.6 °C and an increase in intestinal peristalsis. The results of blood tests showed normochromic microcytic anemia, decreased hemoglobin and PCV, lymphocytopenia, and eosinopenia. The results of the stool examination identified Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila and coliform. The dog is diagnosed with bacterial enteritis with a good prognosis. Treatment is given for 5 days with intramuscular injection of amoxicillin at a dose of 10 mg/kgBW bid, diphenhydramine HCl at a dose of 2 mg/kgBW bid, multivitamin syrup 0.1 ml/kgBW bid orally, and intramuscular injection of iron dextran at a dose of 10 mg/kgBW only on the fifth day. It was concluded that the dog had enteritis due to bacterial infection, and it recovered after 5 days of treatment.

Quercetin inhibits porcine intestinal inflammation <i>in vitro</i>

Purpose: To investigate the effect of Quercetin (Que) on inflammatory reaction in intestinal porcine enterocyte cells, IPEC-J2, induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).Methods: IPEC-J2 cells were pretreated with Que and then incubated with LPS. Cell viability, cell morphology, nitric oxide (NO) content, gene expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), were then evaluated.Results: LPS incubation at 10 μg/mL for 24 h showed no effect on the viability and cell morphology of IPEC-J2, while Que pre-incubation significantly enhanced the viability of IPEC-J2 and improved cell morphology (p < 0.05). Que decreased the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 mRNA and IL-8 mRNA raised by LPS (p < 0.05). Interestingly, both LPS and Que demonstrated no influence on the release of NO.Conclusion: Pre-treatment of Que shows a positive effect on intestinal porcine enterocyte cells and inhibited porcine intestinal inflammation in vitro induced by LPS, but the mechanism may be not associated with NO-related signaling pathway. Therefore, Que might have a potential effect as a veterinary drug or feed additive for the treatment of enteritis in pigs.Keywords: Quercetin, Inflammatory cytokines, Intestinal porcine enterocyte cells, Lipopolysaccharide

Lactobacillus spp. as probiotics for prevention and treatment of enteritis in the lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) juveniles

With the aim of using probiotics to control the enteritis in the lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus, three experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, difference in intestinal microbiota between the healthy and enteritis diseased juveniles was investigated to screen the targeted probiotics to enteritis. The results showed that diseased juveniles were heavily deficient in intestinal Lactobacillus spp. compared with healthy ones. Therefore, three Lactobacillus species of L. acidophilus, L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus were employed in the second experiment to test the preventative effect of Lactobacillus spp. on enteritis. The Lactobacillus spp. was daily administrated to the rearing water containing juveniles and live food (copepods) for 45 days. The survival, growth and intestinal parameters, including Vibrio and lactic acid bacteria, immunocytokines (tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon (IFN)-γ and lysozyme (LZM)), and epithelial ultrastructure were analysed on days 15, 30 and 45. The results showed that in the administrated groups, particularly administrated with L. plantarum, the survival and growth, together with the abundance of intestinal lactic acid bacteria, were greatly improved, although no decrease in intestinal Vibrio was noted. IFN-γ and LZM, two cytokines that served as indicators for immune capacity, were at high levels during the whole experimental period. While in the control group, enteritis occurred. During the enteritis occurred period (e.g., day 30), TNF-α and IL-1β, two indicators usually for infection or inflammation, sharply increased, and the abundance of goblet cells reduced. These results confirmed that Lactobacillus spp. has a preventive effect on enteritis, and L. plantarum has a better effect than the other two species. Therefore, different doses (0, 5, 10 and 20 × 108 cfu/L) of L. plantarum were used to treat the enteritis diseased juveniles from an epidemic area in the third experiment. The results showed that in the high doses (10 and 20 × 108 cfu/L) groups, the survival rate (from 20% to >45%) and the abundance of intestinal Lactobacillus (from 0.15% to 2.91%) were greatly elevated, respectively. These results confirmed that high dose of L. plantarum has a treatment effect on enteritis.

Semi-bionic extraction of compound turmeric protects against dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute enteritis in rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCompound turmeric has been widely used as a remedy for infectious diseases in China. It is a classic multi-herb prescription in traditional Chinese medicine, commonly used in the treatment of enteritis, pneumonia, and abdominal pain for hundreds of years. However, throughout this history, the powder of multi-herbs was directly swallowed, which is currently difficult to administer to patients. The extract of Chinese herbal medicine is made by semi-bionic extraction technology, which is great progress in the modernization of powders of traditional Chinese medicine. The aim of this work is to investigate the protective effects of semi-bionic extraction of compound turmeric (SET) on acute enteritis (AE) induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in rats. Materials and methodsSET was extracted in artificial gastric juice or artificial intestinal juice and mixed. After vacuum drying, the SET powder was dissolved in distilled water. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups. Rats were given salazosulfapyridine (SASP, 175.0mg/kg) or SET (0.42 or 0.21g/kg) before intragastric administration of 5% DSS solutions (0.75g/kg). The treatments lasted 7 days. The food intake in 24h, disease activity index (DAI), and wet/dry (W/D) weight ratios and histological changes in colon tissue were measured. The tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 in serum were determined at 1, 4, or 7 d after DSS challenge. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), malonaldehyde (MDA), diamine oxidase (DAO), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in colon tissue were determined at 7 d. In addition, the nuclear factor-kappa (NF-κ B) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) activations in colon tissue were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. ResultsIn rats with AE, SET significantly reduced DAI at 7 d after DSS treatment, increased the body weight of rats and the food intake in 24h at 3 or 6 d after DSS challenge, and reduced the colon W/D ratio. SET also reduced the TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 in serum and increased IL-10 in serum at 4 and 7 d. In addition, SET decreased MPO, MDA, DAO, and GSH-Px activities in colon and attenuated histological changes in the colon at 7 d after DSS treatment. Further studies demonstrated that SET significantly inhibited NF-κB and ICAM-1 activations in colon tissue. ConclusionsThe current study demonstrated that SET has potent protective effects on DSS-induced AE in rats through its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities.

Alteration of the intestinal barrier and GLP2 secretion in Berberine-treated type 2 diabetic rats

For centuries, Berberine has been used in the treatment of enteritis in China, and it is also known to have anti-hyperglycemic effects in type 2 diabetic patients. However, as Berberine is insoluble and rarely absorbed in gastrointestinal tract, the mechanism by which it works is unclear. We hypothesized that it may act locally by ameliorating intestinal barrier abnormalities and endotoxemia. A high-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin was used to induce type 2 diabetes in male Sprague Dawley rats. Berberine (100 mg/kg) was administered by lavage to diabetic rats for 2 weeks and saline was given to controls. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance improved in the Berberine group, although there was no significant decrease in blood glucose. Berberine treatment also led to a notable restoration of intestinal villi/mucosa structure and less infiltration of inflammatory cells, along with a decrease in plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) level. Tight junction protein zonula occludens 1 (ZO1) was also decreased in diabetic rats but was restored by Berberine treatment. Glutamine-induced glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP2) secretion from ileal tissue decreased dramatically in the diabetic group but was restored by Berberine treatment. Fasting insulin, insulin resistance index, plasma LPS level, and ZO1 expression were significantly correlated with GLP2 level. In type 2 diabetic rats, Berberine treatment not only augments GLP2 secretion and improves diabetes but is also effective in repairing the damaged intestinal mucosa, restoring intestinal permeability, and improving endotoxemia. Whether these effects are mechanistically related will require further studies, but they certainly support the hypothesis that Berberine acts via modulation of intestinal function.

Effect of anemonin on NO, ET-1 and ICAM-1 production in rat intestinal microvascular endothelial cells

Anemonin (the dilactone of cyclobutane-1, 2-diol-1, 2-diacrylic acid) was isolated from the root of Pulsatilla chinensis Regel. Pulsatilla chinensis Regel has been used in the treatment of enteritis in China for years. However, only little was known about the mechanism underlying its anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated the effect of anemonin on the release of nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in primary cultures of rat intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (RIMECs). RIMECs were challenged with 1 μg/ml LPS with or without the presence of various concentrations of anemonin (1, 5 and 10 μg/ml). Anemonin significantly inhibited the production of NO and ET-1 induced by LPS at a concentration of 5 μg/ml and at 10 μg/ml anemonin down-regulated LPS-induced sICAM-1 expression. Anemonin itself had no effect on either factor. These findings suggest that anemonin may exert some beneficial therapeutic action in intestinal inflammation, at least in part by inhibiting the production of NO, ET-1 and ICAM-1 in RIMECs and thus preventing intestinal microvascular dysfunction.

The Treatment of Enteritis

The Treatment of Enteritis