Diverticular disease is a common condition worldwide, affecting many patients who consume a Western diet. Diverticulosis refers to a herniation of superficial colon layers through the colon wall, which may lead to symptomatic disease. Common manifestations of diverticular disease include gastrointestinal bleeding, acute inflammation of a diverticulum (diverticulitis), and symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease. Traditional treatments of diverticulitis and symptomatic diverticular disease have included antibiotic therapy and conservative management. Recent advances have suggested a chronic inflammatory process in the pathogenesis of diverticular diseases, which has led to the study of anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of diverticulitis and symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease. Mesalamine is one such anti-inflammatory medication that is used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases regularly and has been studied in the treatment of diverticular diseases. In limited studies, patients with diverticulitis and symptomatic diverticular disease treated with mesalamine have shown improvement in both conditions. However, further large, double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies are needed to define the optimal role of mesalamine in patients with diverticulosis of the colon.