Treatment Of Animal Diseases Research Articles

A novel sensing probe based on AuNPs-Apt for the detection of enrofloxacin

Enrofloxacin (ENR), as a synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic is widely utilized in veterinary medicine to treat animal diseases and promote livestock growth, it can inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase subunit A, thereby preventing bacterial DNA replication and exerting its antibacterial effect. However, excessive use of enrofloxacin poses significant risks to ecological balance and human health due to residual contamination. We have developed a novel ENR aptamer sensor based on the gold nanoparticles/aptamer (AuNPs-Apt) complexes, in which AuNPs were synthesized via the seed method and functionalized with aptamers. The optical properties, particle size, functional groups and morphology of the AuNPs-Apt probe were characterized by transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and UV-vis spectrophotometer, respectively. The aptamer biosensor can specifically identify enrofloxacin, with a wide detection range (0.05-100μg ml-1) and a good linear relationship (R2=0.99) within the detection range. In addition, the biosensor also has the advantages of short detection time, low biological toxicity, good stability, and low detection cost. Therefore, it shows a great prospect for practical application in the field of detecting enrofloxacin residues.

Stands diversity and population structure of five ethnoveterinary woody species according to climatic zone and human disturbance in Benin (West Africa)

Farmers continue to use medicinal plants, alone or in combination with veterinary medicines, to treat animal diseases, especially in developing countries. The study aimed to determine the effect of climatic zone and anthropic disturbance level on the diversity of the natural stand and structures of Morinda lucida Benth, Spondias mombin L., Terminalia leiocarpa (DC.) Baill, Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel. ex G. Don) Benth, and Vitex doniana Sweet, five plant species often used in ethnoveterinary medicine in Benin. A floristic inventory was conducted in 206 plots of 0.15 ha each, distributed across 6 forests/hunting areas as well as surrounding fields and fallow land. The data were analyzed using R software by calculating the importance value index and the population structural parameters (density, basal area, mean height, etc.). The results showed that the floristic composition of the habitats of the five target species varied by climatic zone and disturbance level. Morinda lucida, S. mombin, and V. doniana were available in stands undergoing heavy disturbance in the Guinean zone, whereas T. leiocarpa and C. febrifuga were more available in the Sudano-Guinean and Sudanian zones. Values of structural parameters of these species were higher in the Guinean zone than in the other two zones. Furthermore, the results of the diameter structure showed C-values ranging from 1 to 3.6, suggesting the predominance of young individuals. This suggests strong human pressure on the adults of studied plants. These results should be used to contribute to the sustainable use of these species. Recommendations are made for the sustainable use of these five species, especially T. leiocarpa and C. febrifuga, which were heavily exploited given their low availability in stands under high human disturbance.

Reflections on Small-Class Teaching in Veterinary Medicine Undergraduate Programs in China.

As a cornerstone of higher education in China, the quality of undergraduate teaching is crucial for nurturing high-caliber innovative talents that meet the needs of national and social development. Small-class teaching has emerged as a focal point in the reform of undergraduate education and represents an important approach to cultivating top-notch innovative talents. Veterinary medicine is a scientific discipline that encompasses the prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of animal diseases. It also involves efforts to prevent the transmission of animal diseases to humans. The training of professionals in this field should emphasize the integration of theoretical knowledge with practical skills. Therefore, small-class teaching facilitates open communication between educators and students, which is instrumental in fostering a new generation of veterinarians equipped with robust professional knowledge, excellent practical abilities, and strong scientific literacy. This paper provides a preliminary exploration into the strategy and direction of small-class teaching within China's veterinary medicine undergraduate programs by summarizing its characteristics, advantages, and existing challenges. The unique traits of veterinary medicine are also taken into consideration during this analysis.

Polyphenolic content, phytochemical profile composition, and bioactive properties of Castilla Rose (Purshia plicata)

One of the greatest risks to human and animal health are infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, as these microorganisms develop mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobials, as a consequence of the indiscriminate and prolonged use of antimicrobials. This makes the treatment of infectious diseases increasingly difficult, in addition to an increase in treatment costs. These disadvantages have led to the search for alternative therapies based on bioactive compounds such as tannins, and flavonoids. Thus, some plant-derived compounds have been used to counteract infectious diseases and other health disorders. This study aimed to identify polyphenols of purified extract from Purshia plicata, and evaluate the antioxidant potential and the response of in vitro antibacterial activity against pathogen microorganisms of clinical importance for humans and animals. An aqueous extraction was performed and the compounds were purified using liquid chromatography. The total polyphenolic content was measured employing the Folin Ciocalteu and butanol-HCI methods. The polyphenolic profile was identified by HPLC/ESI/MS. These compounds were screened for in vitro antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method and antioxidant activity was determined by ABTS•+, DPPH•, and FRAP methods. The compounds showed effectiveness against Klebsiella sp, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella sp, and moderate inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. The total hydrolyzable polyphenols content was 45.7 mg g-1; the total condensed polyphenols content was 27 mg g-1. The results of the antioxidant activity showed that IC50 was reached at 150 µgml-1, 250 µgml-1, and 150 µgml-1. Twelve compounds were identified by HPCL/ESI/MS, the most important being anthocyanins and ellagitannins. The polyphenolic compounds of P. plicata have the potential to be used as pharmacological products with antibacterial and antioxidant properties for the treatment of infectious diseases in animals and humans.

Oregano Essential Oil in Livestock and Veterinary Medicine.

With a growing global concern over food safety and animal welfare issues, the livestock and veterinary industries are undergoing unprecedented changes. These changes have not only brought challenges within each industry, but also brought unprecedented opportunities for development. In this context, the search for natural and safe products that can effectively replace traditional veterinary drugs has become an important research direction in the fields of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine. Oregano essential oil (OEO), as a natural extract, is gradually emerging in the fields of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine with its unique antibacterial, antioxidant, and multiple other biological activities. OEO not only has a wide antibacterial spectrum, effectively fighting against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, but also, because of its natural properties, helps us to avoid traditional veterinary drugs that may bring drug residues or cause drug resistance problems. This indicates OEO has great application potential in animal disease treatment, animal growth promotion, and animal welfare improvement. At present, the application of OEO in the fields of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine has achieved preliminary results. Studies have shown that adding OEO to animal feed can significantly improve the growth performance and health status of animals and reduce the occurrence of disease. At the same time, pharmacokinetic studies in animals show that the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes of OEO in animals shows good bioavailability. In summary, oregano essential oil (OEO), as a substitute for natural veterinary drugs with broad application prospects, is gradually becoming a research hotspot in the field of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine. In the future, we look forward to further tapping the potential of OEO through more research and practice and making greater contributions to the sustainable development of the livestock and veterinary industries.

Research status and rapid detection methods of antibiotic residues in agricultural products

Antibiotics are widely utilized in agriculture for the prevention and treatment of animal diseases. How-ever, the abuse and overuse of antibiotics progressively increase the risks of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resis-tance. The bioaccumulation and biomagnification of antibiotics through food chains will negatively affect ecological safety, and finally threaten human health. There are many shortages of traditional antibiotic detection techniques, such as complex procedures, complicated operation and time consuming, and thus are difficult to meet the demand of instant, efficient and accurate on-site detection. Therefore, it is crucial to develop rapid detection techniques of antibiotics to manage the application of antibiotics in agriculture. We reviewed the utilization, and management of antibiotics in animal husbandry, residual characteristics, and potential hazards of antibiotics in agricultural products, summarized the advancements in rapid detection techniques of antibiotics in agricultural products over the past five years, compared the advantages and disadvantages of different rapid detection techniques, and prospected the future development in this area. This review would provide a valuable reference to the control and point-of-care test of antibiotics in agricultural products.

Magnetic nanoparticles-based electrochemical aptasensor for the detection of enrofloxacin in chicken

Enrofloxacin (ENR) is widely applied in preventing and treating animal diseases and hence directly passed into animal-derived foods. Therefore, the detection of this drug in food samples must be strengthened to ensure food safety. In this work, a simple, sensitive electrochemical aptasensor for the detection of ENR was fabricated by using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as carriers. The ENR aptamer was modified on the surface of MNPs to capture the ENR target or a biotin-complementary strand and then recognize streptavidin-horse radish peroxidase. Subsequently, the resulting MNPs were easily transferred onto the surface of magnetic glassy carbon electrode with the help of its integral magnet. Under optimal experimental conditions, a linear relationship between the variable of LSV current and the logarithm of ENR concentration in the range of 0.01–100 ng/mL was obtained with the limit of detection at 4.9 pg/mL. In addition, this method exhibited good stability, selectivity, reproducibility and was successfully applied in detecting ENR in spiked chicken samples with recoveries of 100.70%–108.96%. The proposed method is easy to fabricate and process; it is particularly suitable for food sample pretreatment and is beneficial in removing the interference of a complex matrix.

Fibrinogênio plasmático e proteína C-reativa em cães

Complementary tests are essential for defining the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. White blood count is the most common laboratory method for identifying and evaluating inflammatory processes in small animals. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate plasma fibrinogen and C-reactive protein as supplementary tools for diagnosing inflammatory processes in dogs, correlating them with the results of the white blood count and the clinical condition of the animal. The sample size was calculated considering the estimated population of dogs living in the rural area of Curuçá, PA, Brazil. The sample included randomly selected healthy and unhealthy dogs. The animals underwent a clinical examination and complete blood count, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein tests. Of a total of 149 animals, 17.4% (26/149) had hyperfibrinogenemia, 39.6% (59/149) were C-reactive protein positive, and 48.3% (72/149) had leukocytosis. Of the cases of leukocytosis, 63.8% (46/72) were due to neutrophilia. The analysis of the plasma protein: fibrinogen ratio in animals with hyperfibrinogenemia showed that the increased results were related to inflammatory processes in 84.6% (22/26) of these dogs. The results showed that fibrinogen and C-reactive protein are promising tools to identify inflammatory processes in dogs even before the presence of clinical signs; therefore, they are considered supplementary routine care methods to detect recent inflammatory processes not yet identified in the white blood count.

COMPARATIVE THERAPEUTIC EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DRUGS KOLIVET 600 AND KOLISTIN KM 6000 IN THE TREATMENT OF CALVES AND PIGGLES WITH DIARRHEA SYNDROME

As a result of the studies, it was established that the veterinary drug “Kolivet 6000”, intended for the treatment of animal diseases of bacterial etiology, has a high therapeutic effectiveness, which amounted to 90% in the treatment of calves with diseases of the digestive system, and 88% in the treatment of weaned piglets with gastrointestinal diseases. The veterinary drug "Colistin KM 6000" also has high therapeutic effectiveness, which amounted to 85% in the treatment of calves with diseases of the digestive system, and 90% in the treatment of weaning piglets with gastrointestinal diseases. The drugs fit into the technology of veterinary measures, do not cause complications, help normalize blood counts, and improve the safety of calves and piglets.

Применение моноклональных антител: проблемы и перспективы в ветеринарии

Monoclonal antibodies are the special type of antibodies that are produced by immune cells belonging to the same cell clone. Their specificity lies in the fact that they come from a single progenitor cell, unlike polyclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies have unique properties – monospecificity and identity, therefore they are an ideal diagnostic drug. Monoclonal antibodies have been used in human medicine for decades, but until recently there were no similarly promising developments in veterinary medicine. This article analyzed various sources that describe the use of monoclonal antibodies in the veterinary field, including for the treatment of animal diseases. At the moment, not enough research has been conducted to assess the risk of using monoclonal antibodies for treatment, so studying this problem is truly urgent. It is worth mentioning various diagnostic drugs containing monoclonal antibodies. With their help, it is possible to conduct diagnostic studies that identify antibodies to an antigen or the antigens themselves. Such studies include enzyme immunoassay and immunochromatographic analysis. This article analyzes the problems and prospects of using monoclonal bodies in veterinary medicine.

Identification of sulfamethazine degraders in swine farm-impacted river and farmland: A comparative study of aerobic and anaerobic environments

Sulfonamides (SAs) are extensively used antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of animal diseases, leading to significant SAs pollution in surrounding environments. Microbial degradation has been proposed as a crucial mechanism for removing SAs, but the taxonomic identification of microbial functional guilds responsible for SAs degradation in nature remain largely unexplored. Here, we employed 13C-sulfamethazine (SMZ)-based DNA-stable isotope probing (SIP) and metagenomic sequencing to investigate SMZ degraders in three distinct swine farm wastewater-receiving environments within an agricultural ecosystem. These environments include the aerobic riparian wetland soil, agricultural soil, and anaerobic river sediment. SMZ mineralization activities exhibited significant variation, with the highest rate observed in aerobic riparian wetland soil. SMZ had a substantial impact on the microbial community compositions across all samples. DNA-SIP analysis demonstrated that Thiobacillus, Auicella, Sphingomonas, and Rhodobacter were dominant active SMZ degraders in the wetland soil, whereas Ellin6067, Ilumatobacter, Dongia, and Steroidobacter predominated in the agricultural soil. The genus MND1 and family Vicinamibacteraceae were identified as SMZ degrader in both soils. In contrast, anaerobic SMZ degradation in the river sediment was mainly performed by genera Microvirga, Flavobacterium, Dechlorobacter, Atopostipes, and families Nocardioidaceae, Micrococcaceae, Anaerolineaceae. Metagenomic analysis of 13C-DNA identified key SAs degradation genes (sadA and sadC), and various of dioxygenases, and aromatic hydrocarbon degradation-related functional genes, indicating their involvement in degradation of SMZ and its intermediate products. These findings highlight the variations of indigenous SAs oxidizers in complex natural habitats and emphasize the consideration of applying these naturally active degraders in future antibiotic bioremediation.

The sensitivity of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from animal feces to antibiotics and Vietnamese garlic (Allium sativum L.) aqueous extracts in vitro

This research was conducted to study the sensitivity of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-producing E. coli) isolated from pigs, dogs, chickens, and pheasants to antibiotics and extracts of Ly Son, Hai Duong, and Co Don garlic. The antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria was determined by the Kirby–Bauer test. Besides, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of garlic extracts were determined by the dilution method. The results show that ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from chickens, dogs, pheasants, and pigs were resistant to 3/12, 5/12, 7/12, and 7/12 antibiotics, respectively. These strains were highly resistant to amoxicillin (100%), ampicillin (100%), and streptomycin (70-100%). Moreover, they were multi-resistant to 2-10 antibiotics. However, they were inhibited by Ly Son, Hai Duong, and Co Don garlic extracts with MIC 4.69-9.38 mg/mL, 2.35-18.75 mg/mL, and 4.69-18.75 mg/mL, respectively. MBC of Ly Son, Hai Duong, and Co Don garlic extracts ranged from 9.38 to >150 mg/mL. The ESBL-producing E. coli strains isolated from dogs were less sensitive to garlic extracts than those isolated from pigs, chickens, and pheasants. This study shows the potential of garlic to replace antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of animal diseases in the future.

Short Communication: Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat livestock ailments in Dallo Manna District, Oromia State, Ethiopia

Abstract. Gobana AH, Telila H, Jilo SA. 2023. Short Communication: Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat livestock ailments in Dallo Manna District, Oromia State, Ethiopia. Asian J Ethnobiol 6: 127-136. Historical information on the use of medicinal plants is in danger of extinction due to changes in different parts of the world, including Ethiopia. This study aimed at the ethnobotanical analysis of medicinal plants used to treat animal diseases. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with the selected informant sources. Analysis of ethnobotanical data used the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), preference ranking, ranking matrix, and calculating the degree of fidelity. Dallo Manna Region was reported to have all 68 medicinal plant species used to treat veterinary diseases. The most common family is Fabaceae (7 spp.), followed by Euphorbiaceae (5 spp.), Asteraceae (5 spp.), and Solanaceae (4 spp.). The local people generally used the root, followed by leaves, seeds, and stems, to prepare drugs for treating livestock diseases. All medicine is made and used immediately; some are boiled and dried. In addition, the most common route of administration for treating animal diseases in the study area is oral, followed by topical application and nasal. The highest consensus criteria (ICF) values were recorded in ophthalmology, followed by dermatology. Most species have been reported for treating gastrointestinal disorders, followed by species for treating skin diseases and fever. Ten participants compared nine herbs used to treat veterinary diseases to determine their rankings. Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F.Gmel. in the first place, then this was followed by Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Embelia schimperi Vatke in third place, which achieved the highest value among traditional medicinal plants. The main threats to veterinary medicinal plants are overharvesting of available species, agricultural land expansion, and less attention to traditional medicine due to modernization.

Meeting Contemporary Challenges: Development of Nanomaterials for Veterinary Medicine.

In recent decades, nanotechnology has been rapidly advancing in various fields of human activity, including veterinary medicine. The review presents up-to-date information on recent advancements in nanotechnology in the field and an overview of the types of nanoparticles used in veterinary medicine and animal husbandry, their characteristics, and their areas of application. Currently, a wide range of nanomaterials has been implemented into veterinary practice, including pharmaceuticals, diagnostic devices, feed additives, and vaccines. The application of nanoformulations gave rise to innovative strategies in the treatment of animal diseases. For example, antibiotics delivered on nanoplatforms demonstrated higher efficacy and lower toxicity and dosage requirements when compared to conventional pharmaceuticals, providing a possibility to solve antibiotic resistance issues. Nanoparticle-based drugs showed promising results in the treatment of animal parasitoses and neoplastic diseases. However, the latter area is currently more developed in human medicine. Owing to the size compatibility, nanomaterials have been applied as gene delivery vectors in veterinary gene therapy. Veterinary medicine is at the forefront of the development of innovative nanovaccines inducing both humoral and cellular immune responses. The paper provides a brief overview of current topics in nanomaterial safety, potential risks associated with the use of nanomaterials, and relevant regulatory aspects.

Traditional Herbal Medicine and its Prospects among Goat Breeders of Benin

Introduction: The use of traditional medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases in livestock farming is a common practice in Benin. Various ethnoveterinary studies have documented plants that livestock farmers use to treat animal diseases. However, these studies have been limited mainly to inventorying these plants, without exploring farmers’ perceptions on the use of these plants to promote the sustainable use of medicinal plants. The current study aimed to fill this gap by gathering farmers’ views on the use of traditional herbal medicines. Materials and methods: A structured survey was conducted from February to April 2023 in the southern, central, and northern regions of Benin. This survey targeted 480 goat farmers who actively engage in veterinary phytotherapy practices. Data were collected through random individual interviews with farmers. The interviews focused on the socio-cultural characteristics of the farmers, their motivations for using medicinal plants, the different forms of preparation, the plant efficacy, the difficulties encountered when using them, and prospects for improvement using open-ended, multiple-choice, and yes/no questions. Results: There were three distinct groups of goat farmers based on their opinions on the use of traditional herbal medicines and their socio-demographic characteristics. Group 1 consisted mainly of married and illiterate men. Group 2 was predominantly composed of married and educated men. Group 3 consisted mainly of married men, with a slightly higher illiteracy rate compared to Group 2. Group 1 used plants due to their easy accessibility and knowledge acquired since childhood, while groups 2 and 3 used them due to the high cost of conventional medicines and the perceived effectiveness of herbal medicine. Group 1 mainly used decoctions and powders, group 2 utilized powders, macerations, and trituration, and group 3 used raw preparations, decoctions, and macerations. All three groups agreed on the widely recognized efficacy of medicinal plants. Nevertheless, they encountered difficulties concerning conserving traditional herbal remedies and the imprecision of dosage. All three groups expressed a willingness to explore new forms of traditional herbal medicines, such as suspensions and tablets, prioritizing efficacy, availability, and affordability. Conclusion: The results indicated that all three groups of goat breeders expressed a willingness to use herbal medicines. However, they prefer suspensions and tablets of herbal medicines rather than other forms. In addition, prioritizing efficacy, availability, and affordability are notable for using herbal medicine in current study farmers. These results offer prospects for improving traditional herbal medicines.

Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used To Treat Livestock Ailments, In Dallol Manna District, Bale Zone, Oromia Regional State, South East Ethiopia

Historical information on the use of medicinal plants is in danger of extinction due to different changes in different parts of the world, including Ethiopia. This study, carried out in the DallomAna, Oromia regions of Ethiopia, aims at the ethnobotanical analysis of medicinal plants used in the treatment of animal diseases. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with the information sources selected. Analysis of ethnobotanical data using tools such as the Consensus Consent Factor (ICF) preference ranking, ranking matrix, and calculating the degree of fidelity. In Dallomanna Region reported all 68 medicinal plant species used to treat veterinary diseases. The most common family is Fabaceae (7 spp.), followed by Euphorbiaceous (5 spp.), Asteraceae (5 spp.) Solanaceae (4 spp.). For the preparation of drugs for the treatment of livestock diseases, plants are generally used as the root, followed by leaves, seeds and stems. All of the medicine is made and used immediately, and some of it is boiled and dried for use. In addition, the most common way of route of administration for treatment animal diseases in the study area is oral, followed by topical application and nasal .The highest consensus criteria (ICF) values were recorded in ophthalmology, followed by dermatology. Most species have been reported for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, followed by species for the treatment of skin diseases and fever. Ten participants compared nine herbs used to treat veterinary diseases to see how they ranked. This was followed by Hagenia Abyssinia in first place, then Zingier ofcinale and Embelia schimperi in third place. Nicotiana tabacum, Phyllanthus ovalifolius, Ruta chalepensis Santalum album followed Hagenia abyssinica, which achieved the highest value among traditional oyster medicinal plants. The main threats to veterinary medicinal plants were overharvesting of available species, agricultural land expansion, and less attention to traditional medicine due to modernization.

Ultra-sensitive detection of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride in milk by molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on S-CoFe-MOFs/AuNPs

Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride is widely used to treat animal diseases. However, its chronic abuse has caused serve accumulation in animal-derived foods, which has seriously damaged human health. Thus, in this study, a novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor (MIES) was designed for selective and ultra-sensitive detection of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CPFX) in milk. The sensor was based on the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) synthesized with poly-pyrrole (PPy) as the functional monomer, AuNPs and S-CoFe-MOFs (CoFe-Metal organic frameworks coated with chitosan) as the supporting materials, and CPFX as the template molecule. The electrochemical behavior of MIPs/S-CoFe-MOFs/AuNPs/GCE was studied by several electrochemical methods, which showed a wider detection linear range (0.05 ~ 500 ng·mL-1) and lower detection limit (0.0033 ng·mL-1) than those in previous reports. The optimization of experiments confirmed the good selectivity and stability of the sensors----- with the milk sample recovery of 89.04% ~ 110.26%, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) of less than 5.5%, which was close to HPLC. In conclusion, the sensor we constructed has a high selectivity and stability potential in detecting CPFX in milk.

Assaying for the effectiveness and efficiency of some local plant extracts in the control of dairy farm-associated bacteria pathogens using in vitro well diffusion technique

Though antimicrobial agents have been used for the effective control of infectious agents, there is a growing concern about the emergence and re-emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria pathogens against commonly prescribed antibiotics. Consequently, there is gross reduction in the effectiveness of the control mechanism thereby increasing health care costs and its associated consequences. Plant parts and extracts have been used in crude forms for the local control of several ailments including those of animals. Two-phase research was set-up. One, to isolate and identify multi-drug bacteria pathogens from some small-scale farms in Kwali, FCT, Abuja and their drug resistance status. The second part was to screen and evaluate the antimicrobial effects of common phytochemicals from some local plants, viz; guava (Psidium guajava), ginger (Zingiber officinale), neem (Azadirachta indica), and moringa (Moringa oleifera) against the previously isolated MDR bacteria (Salmonella spp. Clostridium sp. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp. and E. coli.). The aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the plants were used for susceptibility test, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentrations using in vitro agar disc diffusion protocol based on the CLSI methods. The results showed significant Inhibitory zones range of 23-32mm. This is in agreement with several research previously done using plant extracts. The type of solvent used also influenced the quality of the extract and the output. Based on the results, we concluded that the plant extracts have some antimicrobial activities comparable to the currently prescribed modern drugs tested. It is justifiable that the therapeutic agents derived from these plants would be effective in the control of emerging diseases and also contribute to the growth of scientific knowledge about herbal medicines as important alternatives or complementary treatment of animal diseases. It is hereby recommended that further research (The third phase) carry out studies on the clinical efficacy trial, safety, toxicity and affordability analyses as well as optimization and upscaling parameters so as to proceed to the final step for the mass production of the tested products.

Evaluation of Antibiotics Residues in Milk and Meat Using Different Analytical Methods.

Veterinary drugs are pharmacologically and biologically active chemical agents. At present, veterinary drugs are extensively used to prevent and treat animal diseases, to promote animal growth, and to improve the conversion rate of feed. However, the use of veterinary drugs in food-producing animals may leave residues of the parent compounds and/or their metabolites in food products resulting in harmful effects on humans. To ensure food safety, sensitive and effective analytical methods have been developing rapidly. This review describes sample extraction and cleanup methods, and different analytical techniques are used for the determination of veterinary drug residues in milk and meat. Sample extraction methods, such as solvent extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, and cleanup methods such as dispersive solid-phase extraction and immunoaffinity chromatography, were summarized. Different types of analytical methods such as microbial, immunological, biosensor, thin layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were discussed for the analysis of veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is the most widely used analytical technique for the determination of antibiotic drug residues. This is due to the powerful separation of LC and accurate identification of MS, and LC-MS/MS is more popular in the analysis of veterinary drug residues.

New generation antiseptics and disinfectants for the prevention and treatment of diseases in animals

The main etiological factors for the occurrence of limb diseases in cows were unsatisfactory sanitary and hygienic conditions. At the same time, the incidence of cows with mastitis was 22.8-28.6%. Antiseptics and disinfectants used for the treatment and prevention of such diseases are not effective enough. The purpose of this work was to identify the role and effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants of a new generation in the conditions of livestock complexes for the production of milk, as well as during operations on small animals in clinics in St. Petersburg.