Treatment Of Different Stages Research Articles

Conditioned Visual Flight Orientation in Drosophila melanogaster Abolished by Benzaldehyde

To study learning and memory of Drosophila melanogaster in the flight simulator, single flies are trained in an operant conditioning paradigm to avoid a course towards visual objects that are associated with heat. The results demonstrate that normal flies (wild-type “Berlin”) can quickly learn to avoid the heat-associated objects and retain the memory. This allows us to further explore a recently communicated long-term effect of preimaginal benzaldehyde (BAL) influence on the association of visual objects with the aversive odor of BAL. Here we show that flies, exposed to BAL in the embryonic, larval or adult stage, do not accompany by a similar indifference to heat shocks. The flies are successfully trained to avoid the heat-associated visual patterns. It shows that the learning acquisition is not affected during the operant conditioning in the flight simulator. Neither object perception nor object discrimination is altered after exposure to BAL, as is shown by Fourier analysis. However, the test results after training show that exposure to BAL interferes directly with memory formation in Drosophila. It takes at least two generations of growth on the noncontaminated medium that the strain recovers fully from BAL-induced amnesia. The BAL treatment seems not only to affect the associative memory formation, but in addition the flies’ development in general, as is indicated by prolonged developmental time. However, the impaired memory after BAL treatment in different stages seems to have nothing to do with an influence of BAL on the cAMP-level.

MEDICAL ONCOLOGY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF HEAD AND NECK CANCERS

General approaches and therapeutic goals of medical oncology for head and neck cancer are presented. The effectiveness of chemotherapy for the treatment of different stages of head and neck cancer in specific anatomic sites is discussed, as well as complications associated with chemotherapy, and approaches to the prevention and management of these stages. Systemic side effects that may occur with specific therapeutic agents are presented in a tabular format. Future directions and evolving approaches to head and neck cancer therapy are summarized.

Staging of myeloma. A preliminary study of staging factors and treatment in different stages.

Attempts were made to find prognostic factors in myeloma. In 16 deceased patients, urinary light chains, skeletal lesions, and the quantity of the monoclonal protein fraction in the serum were correlated to prognosis, in contrast to the electrophoretic mobility of the monoclonal fraction, the hemoglobin, the serum creatinine value, the serum calcium, or the intestinal calcium absorption. Skeletal calcium uptake was only numerically higher in mild myeloma than in advanced myeloma. Since these findings partially agreed with the staging procedure previously proposed by Salmon, a modification of this procedure was used to stage 50 myeloma patients. Survival was statistically significantly shorter in stage III than in stage I. A differentiated treatement with melphalan-prednisone in stage I, cytoxan infusions in stage II, and vincristine-cytoxan-prednisone in stage III is proposed. A preliminary comparison of nine patients in stage II-III given intensive treatment with 23 given melphalan-prednisone suggests a numerically, but not as yet a statistically significant increase in survival in the intensively treated group, which seems to have an 80% 2-year survival.

Cortisone effect in stages of hepatic injury. A cytochemical, autoradiographic, and histologic study

The effects of cortisone treatment in different stages of liver injury were studied using subacute ethionine intoxication in the rat as experimental model. The progression of the disease was divided into a “florid” phase during which bile ductular cell proliferation and fibrosis increased and various enzyme activities decreased, and a subsequent “stationary” phase, during which these parameters remained almost unchanged. Cortisone treatment during the “florid” phase arrested, but did not reverse, ductular cell proliferation and fibrogenesis, apparently promoting an equilibrium between anabolism and catabolism of ductular cells and fibers in the liver. At the same time the decreased enzyme activities were restored to normal, presumably because of cortisone effect upon existing hepatocytes. In the “stationary” phase the anabolic-catabolic equilibrium was spontaneously established, and cortisone treatment had no further effect. The results suggest that cortisone treatment is effective only in certain phases of hepatic disease.

Retention

1. 1. While the literature of the past shows many uncertainties in retention, it may be due in part to the therapy of that time, and we can now be more optimistic. 2. 2. Most satisfactory retention comes from treatment in different stages of dental development depending upon the type of malocclusion. 3. 3. The purpose of treatment in deciduous and mixed dentitions should be to remove interferences to growth and development, restore a more normal functional activity of the dental apparatus and surrounding structures, this in turn to give promise of a favorable retention prognosis. 4. 4. When a patient presents with permanent dentition, muscle balance must be maintained and stability brought about. Very little added arch length or width, therefore, should be attempted. If this would be necessary to accommodate all teeth in normal occlusion, extraction should be considered, as basal bone will not develop through appliance stimulation. Stability of corrected Class II cases is favorable if mandibular anteriors were not crowded. Corrected overbite may need long retention, the final results being dependent upon the amount of vertical growth that takes place. Class III cases may require a long period of retention. 5. 5. No case should be placed in retention until all has been done that was needed or that we are able to do. Following this, however, we should not consider retention a failure when perfect alignment is not maintained if functional stability with attendant health of surrounding structures exists. 6. 6. Retaining appliances should allow functional occlusal freedom of the teeth and be employed only so long as their support is necessary. 7. 7. Cooperation of the patient during the retention period is just as necessary as during the period of active treatment. 8. 8. While increased knowledge and clinical experience have taught us much in what we can and cannot expect in retention prognosis, we recognize the fact that there are still factors over which we have no control and about which we have little or no knowledge that may influence the final outcome of our most earnest efforts.