Treatment Of Diarrhea Research Articles

Prevalence of Acute Malnutrition and Associated Factors among Children aged 6–59 months in South Wollo Zone, East Amhara, Northeast Ethiopia: a Community-based cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of acute malnutrition and associated factors in South Wollo zone, East Amhara, Northeast Ethiopia.DesignA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among...

S686 The Efficacy of Treatments for Bile Acid Diarrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

S686 The Efficacy of Treatments for Bile Acid Diarrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Ethno-Botanical and Phytopharmacological Study of Limnophila rugosa Roth. Merr. (Scrophulariaceae): Mini Review

Background: Limnophila rugosa (Scrophulariaceae) is an aquatic and perennial herb finds its natural habitats in ponds, rivers, lakes as well as marshy lands of India. The traditional practitioners of Bolangir and Bargarh District of Odisha use this plant as a source of Bhringaraj. Therapeutically, it is used as diuretic, stomachic, digestive tonic and as a hair perfume, treatment of elephantiasis, diarrhoea, dysentery, dyspepsia and urinary burning. Objective: The present study was focused to provide the information regarding its traditional uses, compounds identified from different parts and essential oil; and the pharmacological activities of the reported compounds, which will bring the scope for future research. Methods: Extensive literature survey was carried out up to 2021 in Google scholar, Web of science, scopus, pub med, science direct, springer, Taylor and Francis using key words pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspect of L. rugosa. Result: The study revealed diverse chemical compounds; flavonoids, terpenoids, amino acids, alcohol, phenol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid and ether. 5,7-Dihydroxy-6,8,4'-trimethoxyflavone (Nevadensin), 5-Hydroxy-6,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (Salvigenin), Betulin, betulinic acid, caryophyllene, cis-anethole, methylchavicol were found as major compounds. Pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, diuretic and hypotensive was reported. The identified compounds exhibited several pharmacological activities including antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-tubercular, anti-tumour, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antinociceptive, antimalarial, antiviral, anti-hyperlipidaemic, anti HIV, insecticidal, herbicidal, antifeedant, anti-coagulant, gastro-protective, antihelmintic. Conclusion: As, most of the compounds exhibited significant antimicrobial, antibacterial and antifungal activity so; a novel dosage form can be prepared from the essential oil of L. rugosa for antimicrobial activity.

Conocimiento ancestral sobre el uso de plantas silvestres medicinales en el tratamiento de enfermedades en alpacas

In the high Andean areas, the main economic activity is alpaca raising, which is affected by various infectious and parasitic diseases. Rural populations often resort to wild plants that have diverse properties and help control various diseases. The objective was to document the uses of wild plants in the control of alpaca diseases in the high Andean areas of the Puno and Arequipa regions. Fifty alpaca-breeding families were interviewed in five localities. Thirty-two species belonging to 16 families were reported, with the Asteraceae and Fabaceae families having the highest number of species. The most frequently treated pathologies were diarrhea, pneumonia, fever and enteric parasitosis. For diarrhea treatment, the most used plants were M. mollis, S. nutansand T. filifolia, for pneumonia were G. prostrataand G. viravira, for enteric parasitosis were B. tricuneataand L. daucifoliaand for the elimination of ectoparasites (lice) was A. compacta. For all diseases, the treatment dose was higher in adults than in neonates and its application is in the rainy season. In acute disease conditions, rural families choice to drugs. Wild plants are a viable and sustainable alternative for the treatment of various diseases in alpacas.

Multilevel analysis of factors associated with untreated diarrhea among under five children in Ethiopia using Ethiopian demographic and health survey

Diarrhea refers to the abrupt onset of three or more loose or liquid stools per day. It is the second leading cause of death in infants worldwide. It is an endemic disease and continues to be a serious threat to children in Ethiopia. Despite being a condition that may be prevented, diarrhea can have a negative impact on a child's health. Also, studies have not been able to explore the role of socio-economic characteristics in hindering the treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to explore socio-economic factors that influence treatment of childhood diarrhea. Secondary data analysis was conducted based on the demographic and health surveys data conducted in Ethiopia. A total weighted sample of 1227 under-five children was included for this study. Mixed-effect binary logistic regression analysis was done to identify associated factors of untreated diarrhea. Adjusted Odds Ratio with 95% CI was used to declare the strength and significance of the association. Prevalence of untreated diarrhea among under five children in Ethiopia was 57.32% (95% CI 54.52–60.06%). In the mixed-effect analysis; Children aged 6–11, 12–23, and 24–35 (AOR 0.384, 95% CI 0.187–0.789), 71% (AOR 0.29, 95% CI 0.149–0.596), and 51% (AOR 0.49, 95% CI 0.238–0.995). Children from family number six and above (AOR 1.635, 95% CI 1.102–2.426). Children from middle wealth of family (AOR 1.886, 95% CI 1.170–3.3040). Children from a community with high level of uneducated (AOR 2.78, 95% CI 1.065–3.442) were significantly associated with untreated diarrhea. The prevalence of untreated diarrhea among under-five children in Ethiopia is high. Age of child, family number, household wealth, and community-level educational status were significantly associated with untreated diarrhea among under-five children in Ethiopia. Hence, increasing community educational status, boosting the economic status of the community, and family planning for the community should get due attention.

Metabolit Skunder Buah Rambusa(Passiflora feotida L) Sebagai Anti-Bakteri Pada Tanaman

Rambusafruit (Passiflora feotida L.) is a type of wild plant that can be consumed like passion fruit, therefore this fruit is also known as forest passion fruit. Besides being consumed, this fruit can also be used as medicine in humans, such as for the treatment of diarrhea caused by Escherechia coli bacteria. This condition opens up opportunities for the use of Rambusafruit as an anti-bacterial that causes disease in plants. Based on the above phenomenon, the purpose of this study was to determine the secondary metabolic content of the rambutan fruit extract. Laboratory test results through phytochemical tests proved that the rambutan fruit extract contains secondary compounds that have potential as anti-bacterials, including saponins, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids and essential oils.

Lactobacillus gasseri relieves diarrhea caused by enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli through inflammation modulation and gut microbiota regulation

Lactobacillus gasseri can alleviate diarrhea caused by enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (ETEC) which is the main cause of traveler's diarrhea. There have been limited studies conducted using Lactobacillus gasseri as a treatment for diarrhea caused by ETEC. Additionally, the mechanisms for Lactobacillus gasseri alleviating ETEC-induced diarrhea show variation. In the present study, we compared the alleviating effects of five strains of Lactobacillus gasseri on diarrhea caused by ETEC and investigated their possible mechanisms. The results showed that L. gasseri QJSWX309M31, FGSYC9L1, and FSDHZ3L5 could relieve diarrhea due to ETEC infection. Infection of ETEC led to an increase in inflammatory cytokines including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interferon (IL)-6, which could be significantly decreased by both L. gasseri QJSWX309M31 and FGSYC9L1. Moreover, L. gasseri QJSWX309M31, FGSYC9L1, and FFJND4L5 could decrease the heat-stable enterotoxin (ST). In addition, gut microbiota was dramatically imbalanced by ETEC infection, including an increase in Escherichia-Shigella and Akkermansia, and a decrease in Coriobacteriaceae UCG-002, Ruminiclostridium 5, Lactobacillus, Lachnoclostridium, Citrobacter, Clostridioides and Blautia, and gavage of L. gasseri resulted in a significant recovery of gut microbiota. Furthermore, FGSYC9L1 and QJSWX309M31 could significantly increase acetic acid and propionic acid, while FSDHZ3L5, FFJND4L5, and QJSWX116L3 up-regulated propionic acid. In summary, L. gasseri FGSYC9L1 alleviated diarrhea caused by ETEC by alleviating jejunal damage, reducing inflammatory factors, normalization of gut microbiota, and producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which has fundamental implications for future product development and related basic research.

Comparative analysis of chemical components in fruits of Chebulae Fructus and its pulp based on chromatographic technology coupled with multivariate chemometric methods

Chebulae Fructus, was extensively used as a food supplement and medicinal herb, which contained two medicinal forms corresponding to the mature fruit of Chebulae Fructus (CF) and CF pulp. They were widely used in the Chinese clinical medicine and it played a significant role in the Mongolian and Tibetan medicine for the treatment of sore throat, asthma, diarrhea and other diseases. Both of them were recorded in the 2020 Edition (Volume I) of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However, the chemical components of CF and CF pulp have not been holistically explored, which seriously hindered its quality evaluation. This study investigated the overall chemical profile of the CF and CF pulp using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS) and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Sixty-four chemical components were tentatively identified, and 13 components were quantified in Chebulae Fructus. Furthermore, multivariate chemometric methods were applied to compare the differences among CF samples, and all samples were classified by orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) based on the 13 quantified compounds. The results showed that CF and CF pulp were clustered in two different areas. Ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, corilagin and pentagalloyl glucose were selected as the significant constituents to different of CF and CF pulp. LC-MS coupled with chemometrics strategy analysis could comprehensively evaluate the holistic quality of CF, which provided a necessary information for the rational development and utilization of CF and CF pulp resource.

Giardia duodenalis (Styles, 1902) in Cattle: Isolation of Calves with Diarrhoea and Manure Treatment in the Lagoon Presented as Risk Factors in Latvian Herds.

Giardia duodenalis is a waterborne zoonotic protozoan that causes gastrointestinal tract inflammation in humans, cattle, and other animals. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence and potential risk factors for Giardia infection in cattle in Latvia. During 2020-2021, a total of 973 individual faecal samples from cattle aged from 1 day to 12 years old, from 32 cattle herds, were tested for Giardia cyst presence with immunofluorescence staining followed by Giardia assemblage differentiation targeting beta-giardin gene. Using a questionnaire, information was collected to estimate the potential risk factors for G. duodenalis infection in cattle herds. Giardia was found in 8.4% of the examined cattle with a mean intensity of 5756 cysts per gram of faeces. The highest prevalence was observed in the 0 to 3-month-old calves (16.4%). At least one Giardia shedding animal was found in 27 herds with an overall prevalence of 84.4%. Significantly higher prevalence was found for cattle infected with G. duodenalis assemblage E compared to that infected with assemblage A: 88.7% and 11.3%, respectively. Protective factors such as age and rodent control and change of shoes were found to be significant for Giardia infection, while isolating calves for diarrhoea and water bodies (ponds/lakes) in pasture were potential risk factors in Latvian cattle.

Cytotoxic Evaluation and Elucidation of Dammarane-Type Triterpenoids Isolated from the Exocarp of Aglaia cucullata (Meliaceae)

Aglaia cucullata is a mangrove plant with a tropical Asian distribution. It is used as traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhea, inflammation, skin diseases, and heart diseases. Several compounds isolated from A. cucullata have demonstrated cytotoxic activity against various human cancer cells. Cancer therapies such as surgery, chemo-, and radiotherapy have many side effects. However, the use of natural bioactive compounds such as triterpenoid in cancer treatment can be used as an alternative to reduce these side effects. Therefore, the discovery of bioactive compounds from plants is very important to improve aspects of discovery and development of sustainable new anticancer drug candidates. Here, we report the chemical structures of seven known dammarane-type triterpenoids (1–7) isolated from A. cucullata exocarp and evaluate their cytotoxicity against B16-F10 melanoma skin cancer cells. The isolated compounds included cabraleahydroxylactone 3α-acetate (1), (20S)-20-hydroxydammar,24-en-3α-ol (2), (20S)-20-hydroxydammar,24-en-3-on (3), methyl 20(S)-hydroxy-3,4-secodammar-4(28),24-diene-3-oic acid (4), 3-epi ocotillol II (5), cabraleone (6), and ocotillone (7). The n-hexane extract was found to be active against B16-F10 cells, exhibiting an IC50 value of 7.85 ± 0.22 µg/mL. Fractionation of this extract subsequently identified the compound (20S)-20-hydroxydammar 24-en-3-on (3) as an active substance with an IC50 value of 21.55 ± 0.25 µM, comparing favorably with the positive control cisplatin (12.90 µg/mL; 43.00 µM). These results provide further evidence of the genus Aglaia as a source of cytotoxic cancer drug leads. In addition, compound 3 has potential as a convincing therapeutic agent for further research in the context of sustainable drug development, especially the development of new safe cancer chemotherapeutic agents.

Calcium-sensing receptor activator cinacalcet for treatment of cyclic nucleotide-mediated secretory diarrheas

Cyclic nucleotide elevation in intestinal epithelial cells is the key pathology causing intestinal fluid loss in secretory diarrheas such as cholera. Current secretory diarrhea treatment is primarily supportive, and oral rehydration solution is the mainstay of cholera treatment. There is an unmet need for safe, simple and effective diarrhea treatments. By promoting cAMP hydrolysis, extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a regulator of intestinal fluid transport. We studied the antidiarrheal mechanisms of FDA-approved CaSR activator cinacalcet and tested its efficacy in clinically relevant human cell, mouse and intestinal organoid models of secretory diarrhea. By using selective inhibitors, we found that cAMP agonists-induced secretory short-circuit currents (Isc) in human intestinal T84 cells are mediated by collective actions of apical membrane cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and Clc-2 Cl− channels, and basolateral membrane K+ channels. 30 μM cinacalcet pretreatment inhibited all 3 components of forskolin and cholera toxin-induced secretory Isc by ∼75%. In mouse jejunal mucosa, cinacalcet inhibited forskolin-induced secretory Isc by ∼60% in wild type mice, with no antisecretory effect in intestinal epithelia-specific Casr knockout mice (Casr-flox; Vil1-cre). In suckling mouse model of cholera induced by oral cholera toxin, single dose (30 mg/kg) oral cinacalcet treatment reduced intestinal fluid accumulation by ∼55% at 20 hours. Lastly, cinacalcet inhibited forskolin-induced secretory Isc by ∼75% in human colonic and ileal organoids. Our findings suggest that CaSR activator cinacalcet has antidiarrheal efficacy in distinct human cell, organoid and mouse models of secretory diarrhea. Considering its excellent clinical safety profile, cinacalcet can be repurposed as a treatment for cyclic nucleotide-mediated secretory diarrheas including cholera.

A Review on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activities of Callistemon viminalis

Callistemon viminalis belongs to the family Myrtaceae and also known as bottlebrush which is or found throughout in India. It has a remarkable place in Ayurvedic medicine of India, due to presence of phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities. Callistemon species as a farm tree are planted for forestry or ornamental purposes and for weed as well. In traditional Chinese medicines, C. viminalis is used for treating hemorrhoids. Hot drink locally ‘tea’ in Jamaica from C. viminalis has been used for the treatment of gastroenteritis, diarrhea and skin infections. The phytochemical research carried out on C. viminalis extracts and showed that the plant is rich in phenolics, triterpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, alkaloids, tannin, carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins compounds. The investigated pharmacological studies reported the presence of anti-inflammatory, Alzheimer, hemolytic activity, anthelmintic, anti-oxidant property, anti-bacterial, antifungal and hepatoprotective activities in C. viminalis.

Level and Trend of Child Health and Nutrition Status in Nepal: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey (1996-2016).

Child health and nutrition are key indicators of the country's socioeconomic development and quality of life. The purpose of the paper was to examine the level, trend, and socio-demographic differences of selected child health and nutrition indicators and to provide policy recommendations for improvement. Desk review was conducted to compile secondary information on child health and nutrition status published in the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey reports prepared by Ministry of Health and Population from 1996 to 2016. Trend lines, bar diagram, and GIS maps were prepared to study and present the findings. A substantial decrease in under-five mortality, from 118 to 39 (67% point decline) and neonatal mortality, from 50 to 21 (58% point decline) deaths per 1000 live births, was noted between 1996 and 2016. Full immunization coverage decreased from 87% in 2011 to 78% in 2016. 36% of children under the age of five were stunted, 25% were underweight, and 10% were wasted in 2016. Boys were more likely to receive treatment for diarrhoea (72%), compared to girls (56%). The majority of the children (74%) had their acute respiratory infections managed at private medical centers. Child health and nutritional status differed by geographic regions, being better in Gandaki and Bagmati and poor in Karnali and Madesh. Overall health and nutrition status of children were better among educated, and wealthier families. To further reduce childhood mortality and reach the targets for the Sustainable Development Goal, targeted interventions must be implemented to improve immunization coverage plus health and nutritional status among disadvantaged populations.

Assessment of the Water Sorption Capacity of Rifaximin using Dynamic Vapor Sorption Technique for Optimization of the Choice of Excipients and Manufacturing Environment of Rifaximin Tablets.

Rifaximin, a medication of the rifamycin family with two distinct strengths of 200 mg and 550 mg in tablet form, is useful for the treatment of travelers' diarrhea. It has a solid yellow hue and is very hygroscopic in nature. It exhibits a variety of polymorphic forms such as α, β, γ, δ and ε depending on bonded moisture. These polymorphs' varying chemical and physical characteristics, such as solubility and water content, may have a big impact on in vivo absorption, which in turn affects efficacy and safety. Therefore, understanding the polymorphic stability of Rifaximin is crucial for formulating Rifaximin tablets. The current effort focuses on the understanding of water vapor sorption properties to control the polymorphic stability of rifaximin in the tablet formulation using the appropriate selection of excipients and manufacturing process. The dynamic vapor sorption method in the range of 0-90% relative humidity at 25 °C is used for understanding the sorption properties of drug substances and drug excipient mixtures; the state-of-the-art techniques of the X-ray diffraction method are used to identify polymorph conversions; and dissolution procedures are used for in-vitro correlation studies. The sorption study data reveals that Rifaximin is highly unstable at relative humidity conditions above 36%. When using excipients that have a low tendency to adsorb water in the formulation, the polymorphic results don't show any change in their intended form, and the in vitro dissolution data show an equivalency with the reference drug product. The study prompted a successful outcome-oriented development of the formulation processing environment conditions design to develop a test formulation that has adequate in vitro dissolution profiles, with the reference product showing the highest similarity and stability. The overall study explained here is useful for swiftly gaining insight into the sorption characteristics of Rifaximin, and it contributed to the widespread acceptance of Rifaximin Tablets as a treatment option.

The Potential Mechanisms behind Loperamide-Induced Cardiac Arrhythmias Associated with Human Abuse and Extreme Overdose.

Loperamide has been a safe and effective treatment for diarrhea for many years. However, many cases of cardiotoxicity with intentional abuse of loperamide ingestion have recently been reported. We evaluated loperamide in in vitro and in vivo cardiac safety models to understand the mechanisms for this cardiotoxicity. Loperamide slowed conduction (QRS-duration) starting at 0.3 µM [~1200-fold (×) its human Free Therapeutic Plasma Concentration; FTPC] and reduced the QT-interval and caused cardiac arrhythmias starting at 3 µM (~12,000× FTPC) in an isolated rabbit ventricular-wedge model. Loperamide also slowed conduction and elicited Type II/III A-V block in anesthetized guinea pigs at overdose exposures of 879× and 3802× FTPC. In ion-channel studies, loperamide inhibited hERG (IKr), INa, and ICa currents with IC50 values of 0.390 µM, 0.526 µM, and 4.091 µM, respectively (i.e., >1560× FTPC). Additionally, in silico trials in human ventricular action potential models based on these IC50s confirmed that loperamide has large safety margins at therapeutic exposures (≤600× FTPC) and confirmed repolarization abnormalities in the case of extreme doses of loperamide. The studies confirmed the large safety margin for the therapeutic use of loperamide but revealed that at the extreme exposure levels observed in human overdose, loperamide can cause a combination of conduction slowing and alterations in repolarization time, resulting in cardiac proarrhythmia. Loperamide's inhibition of the INa channel and hERG-mediated IKr are the most likely basis for this cardiac electrophysiological toxicity at overdose exposures. The cardiac toxic effects of loperamide at the overdoses could be aggravated by co-medication with other drug(s) causing ion channel inhibition.

The Homoeopathic Approach for Treatment of Diarrhoea in Children

The Homoeopathic Approach for Treatment of Diarrhoea in Children

Green synthesis assisted copper nanoparticles using Aegle marmelos leaves extract: Physical, optical and antimicrobial properties.

In the present report, Aegle marmelos leaf powder is used for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles using a simple and cost-effective method. Aegle marmelos leaves have a variety of medicinal uses, including the treatment of diarrhoea, constipation, diabetes, cholera, skin diseases, earaches, blood purification, heart problems, and so on. The plant biomolecules induce the reduction of Cu2+ ions to CuNPs and also act as a capping and stabilising agent. The formation of CuNPs was confirmed by the photoluminescence (PL) excitation and emission spectra using a Shimadzu RF-5301 PC Spectro-fluorophotometer and the absorbance spectra of a UV visible spectrophotometer at different stages during the synthesis process. In addition, other properties of synthesised CuNPs were also investigated using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) techniques. The average size of the synthesised Cu nanoparticles is in the range of 20-40 nm. Further, the synthesised nanoparticles were also considered for an antimicrobial study against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus, and Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. by using the Agar well diffusion method. The zone of inhibition against Gram-positive bacteria is greater than the zone of inhibition against Gram-negative bacteria. This investigation's results suggested that synthesised nanoparticles are promising nanomaterials that can be used as antimicrobial agents.

Revisiting the Intestinal Microbiome and Its Role in Diarrhea and Constipation.

The gut microbiota represents a community of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses, and protozoa) that colonize the gut and are responsible for gut mucosal structural integrity and immune and metabolic homeostasis. The relationship between the gut microbiome and human health has been intensively researched in the past years. It is now widely recognized that gut microbial composition is highly responsible for the general health of the host. Among the diseases that have been linked to an altered gut microbial population are diarrheal illnesses and functional constipation. The capacity of probiotics to modulate the gut microbiome population, strengthen the intestinal barrier, and modulate the immune system together with their antioxidant properties have encouraged the research of probiotic therapy in many gastrointestinal afflictions. Dietary and lifestyle changes and the use of probiotics seem to play an important role in easing constipation and effectively alleviating diarrhea by suppressing the germs involved. This review aims to describe how probiotic bacteria and the use of specific strains could interfere and bring benefits as an associated treatment for diarrhea and constipation.

Pharmaceutical approach of Taro (Colocasia esculenta)

Colocasia esculenta is a widely cultivated plant belonging to the family Araceae. It is commonly known as “Taro” the name was given to this family’s tubers and roots. It is an annual herbaceous plant with a long history of uses in traditional medicine and as a food in several countries. Taro is an extremely valuable source of carbohydrates as an energy source. It is rich in mucilage and starch granules. Traditionally, it has been employed in the treatment of asthma, arthritis, diarrhea, neuro disorders, and skin disorders. It possesses ingredients having antitumor, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-hepatotoxic, and anti-melanogenic properties. The literature survey carried out revealed that taro can serve as a potential film-forming agent, disintegrant, diluent, and granulating agent. The review revealed that taro can be used in the pharmaceutical industry for its various properties. Taro mucilage was found to be a suitable alternative to conventional mucilage’s in formulations and development. Also in this review, we described different extraction techniques used to extract mucilage from the corms of the taro plant. The review concluded that all parts of the taro plant are useful and have a variety of health benefits. The starch and the gum obtained from the corms of C. esculenta can be used in the pharmaceutical industries for its various properties such as in the form of binder, matrix forming agent etc.

Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the role of gut microbiome-associated metabolites in diarrhea calves.

Calf diarrhea is a multifactorial disease that affects the cattle industry and accounts for more than 50% of calf mortality. Although there is evidence of an association between altered gut microbiota and diarrhea, remarkably little is known about the microbial and metabolic mechanisms underlying the link between gut microbiota dysbiosis and the occurrence of calf diarrhea. Here, we performed fecal metagenomic and metabolomic studies on fecal samples from diarrheic and healthy calves of Xia-nan cattle breed. Results revealed that composition of the gut microbiome and metabolome was remarkably altered in diarrheic calves, and gut microbial alterations were associated with diarrhea and linked to the changes in metabolites. Metabolite profiles showed that diarrheic calves exhibited a marked decrease in some purines (adenosine, adenine, 2'-deoxyguanosine, allantoate, deoxyinosine, and deoxyguanosine) and arachidonic acid (prostaglandin F2α and prostaglandin E2) compared to healthy calves. Purine-producing microbial species, including Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Campylobacter coli, Treponema porcinum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Phocaeicola coprophilus, were significantly reduced in diarrheic calves compared to healthy calves, whereas the arachidonic acid-producing species such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridiales bacterium exhibited a marked increase. These microbial signatures were closely associated with the metabolic dysbiosis of purine and arachidonic acid in diarrhea calves. Our study showed that gut microbiota-driven metabolic disorders of purine or arachidonic acid were associated with calf diarrhea. The findings prove that altered gut microbiota plays a role in diarrhea pathogenesis and indicate that gut microbiota-targeted therapies could be useful for both prevention and treatment of diarrhea. IMPORTANCE Calf diarrhea is of great concern to the global dairy industry as it results in significant economic losses due to lower conception rates, reduced milk production, and early culling. Although there is evidence of an association between altered gut microbiota and diarrhea, remarkably little is known about the microbial and metabolic mechanisms underlying the link between gut microbiota dysbiosis and the occurrence of calf diarrhea. Here, we used fecal metagenomic and metabolomic analyses to demonstrate that gut microbiota-driven metabolic disorders of purine or arachidonic acid were associated with calf diarrhea. These altered gut microbiotas play vital roles in diarrhea pathogenesis and indicate that gut microbiota-targeted therapies could be useful for both prevention and treatment of diarrhea.