Treatment Of Breast Engorgement Research Articles

Systematic review of complementary medicine in the treatment of breast engorgement in postpartum women

Systematic review of complementary medicine in the treatment of breast engorgement in postpartum women

Behandlungsmethoden bei Milchstau (übervolle, harte, schmerzhafte Brüste) bei stillenden Müttern

Zakarija-Grkovic I, Stewart F. Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD006946. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006946.pub4.

Comparing warm compresses application vs. chilled cabbage leaves for relieving breast engorgement among post-natal mothers

Background: Breast engorgement is a common problem among postnatal women worldwide, some of whom use warm compresses to promote vasodilatation, improve circulation, and promote the amount of milk produced by the breasts. Conversely, the application of chilled cabbage leaves can reduce pain, the firmness of the engorged breasts, and prolong breastfeeding duration.Purpose: To examine the effect of warm compresses application as compared to chilled cabbage leaves for relieving breast engorgement and pain.Methods: Setting: The study was carried out at a postnatal ward and outpatient clinic at two hospitals in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. Sampling: simple randomization technique was used to divide 100 post-natal women into two groups who received intervention with warm compresses (Group 1) and chilled cabbage leaves (Group 2). Instruments: Instrument I: interviewing questionnaire; Instrument II: six-points breast engorgement scale; and Instrument III: visual analog scale (VAS).Results: There was a highly statistically significant difference and improvement in terms of reduced engorgement and pain degree for both groups, with greater improvement was observed in Group 2 when compared to Group 1.Conclusions: Chilled cabbage leaves are effective in the treatment of breast engorgement and pain than warm compresses.Recommendations: The mothers should be advised to use chilled cabbage leaves as a home remedy to minimize breast engorment and promote comfort, further studies are recommended in this area in order to expand the evidence based approaches on management of breast engorgement.

Effect of Application of Cabbage Leaves on Breast Engorgement among Postnatal Women−A Literature Review

The aim of researcher is to evaluate the effect of application of cabbage leaves on breast engorgement among postnatal women. Breast engorgement is a common physiological problem for lactating women that is caused by the sudden increase in the volume of the breast milk due to lymphatic and vascular congestion with interstitial oedema during the first two weeks of breast feeding. Adequate management of engorgement is important for successful long-term lactation. The goal of treatment of breast engorgement is to relieve discomfort and control swelling. The women were receiving Pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods like expression of breast milk, using of breast Pump binder, nipple shield, hot and cold application. Some of these methods are costly or may cause discomfort to women. So, natural therapy can be advised to the women in low cost which can be used easily even at home without guidance like cabbage leaves.

A Quasi-experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Chilled Cabbage Leaves on Breast Engorgement among Postnatal Mothers Admitted in a Selected Hospital of Delhi

A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of chilled cabbage leaves on breast engorgement among the postnatal mothers admitted in a selected hospital of Delhi. A Time series non-equivalent control group design with multiple institutions of the treatments was used. The study was conducted on 60 postnatal mothers, 30 in each group, admitted in Swami Dayanand Hospital, Shadara. A structured interview schedule was used to assess the selected sample characteristics and Storr scale was used to assess the breast engorgement and data were analyzed using SPSS IBM Version 20. The findings of the study showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental and control group with regard to pre-treatment scores of breast engorgement (p=0.2880). Comparison was done between pre-treatment and posttreatment breast engorgement scores within both the groups. There was no significant difference in the posttest breast engorgement scores between both the groups (p=0.204). Both the treatments, i.e., chilled cabbage leaves and routine care, i.e., warm compress were effective in decreasing breast engorgement in postnatal mothers (p=0.05 and p=0.001). Routine care, i.e., warm compress was found to be more effective than chilled cabbage leaves in reducing breast engorgement (p=0.001) in postnatal mothers. Chilled cabbage leaves as well as routine care, i.e., warm compress, both can be used in the treatment of breast engorgement.

Efficacy of Evidence Based Practice (EBP) Guideline to Prevent and Treat Breast Engorgement among Post Caesarean Mothers in Selected Hospital in Mangalore

Abstract Introduction: Early initiation of breast feeding has long been recognized as one of the most important contributor to mothers' as well as infants' health. Breast feeding should be initiated within half an hour and two hour of birth in normal vaginal delivery and caesarean section respectively. A recent systematic review regarding the timing of breast feeding initiation shows that if newborns are exposed to breast feeding at the early stage, they are much more likely to adhere to breast feeding and ultimately have better outcome in terms of less incidence of breast engorgement. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to identify the early initiation of breast feeding by post caesarean mothers using observational check list, to train the staff nurses regarding the EBP guideline to prevent and treat breast engorgement among post caesarean mothers, to find the difference between pre test knowledge score and post test knowledge score among staff nurses on prevention and treatment of breast engorgement using structured knowledge questionnaire, to assess the effectiveness of EBP guideline to prevent and treat breast engorgement among post caesarean mothers in terms of reduction in the severity of breast engorgement before and after the implementation of EBP guideline using modified six point engorgement scale. Methods: In this study, one group pre test post test design was chosen. The study was conducted at KMC Hospital Attawar, Mangalore. The population in this study comprised of prime post cesarean mothers and staff nurses who are available at the period of data collection at KMC Hospital, Attawar, Mangalore. The calculated sample size for post caesarean mothers is 50 ad staff nurses are 20. The following tools were used to collect the data from the study samples. 1) Baseline characteristics - post caesarean mothers and staff nurses 2) Structured knowledge questionnaire on prevention and treatment of breast engorgement 3) Observational checklist to identify early initiation of breast feeding 4) Modified six point engorgement scale to assess the severity of breast engorgement. The data were collected and analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS package version 16. Results: The study results shows, Out of the 50 mothers, 26 (52%) of the mothers had previous information regarding breast engorgement. 14 (53%) of the mothers had received information from family members/ relatives and friends meanwhile 8 (31%) had mass media as a source of information and 4 (16%) had information from their health professionals. Most of the post caesarean mothers were practicing early initiation of breast feeding. Regarding the total practice score for the early initiation of breast feeding it was 6.38 ± 0.696 and it ranged from 5 to 7 with a median 6. Conclusion: The study has revealed that, most of the post caesarean mothers were practicing the early initiation breast feeding practices.

Implementation of an education package on breast engorgement aimed at lactation consultants and midwives to prevent conflicting information for postnatal mothers.

The aim of this evidence-based practice project was to improve local practice in the treatment of breast engorgement in postnatal mothers and to ensure the treatment of engorgement in postnatal mothers is performed according to the best available evidence. This evidence-based practice project took place in a 28-bed postnatal ward in a large metropolitan tertiary hospital. Twenty midwives and 20 in-patients were recruited for the project. The project utilized an audit and feedback design. Midwives were asked a series of questions to test their knowledge on engorgement, and mothers were asked questions relating to the breastfeeding and engorgement care they received. The project was conducted in three phases: preparation for quality audit, implementation of best practice and postimplementation audit. Comparison of Audit 1 (preimplementation) and Audit 2 (postimplementation) results shows significant improvements in all eight audit criteria. An increase of 80% was achieved for the criteria 'midwives received formal education on engorgement' on completion of the project. A 20% increase in 'consistency of education regarding latch' was reported by the mothers, and there was a 30% increase in 'information given to mothers on prevention and signs of engorgement'. Sixty-five percent of midwives were able to correctly identify and manage engorgement, a significant improvement from 5% at baseline. This evidence-based practice project successfully identified and utilized best practice in the management of breast engorgement care in mothers in our clinical setting. With effective breast engorgement interventions in place, mothers could continue to successfully breastfeed their babies. The major challenges identified during the conduct of the project included: time constraints on the midwives to attend education sessions and to educate mothers on prevention. At the completion of this project, a closer relationship was forged between the lactation consultant team and the midwives in the project setting. This increased the satisfaction and productivity of the midwives, and motivated them to deliver high-quality care, which contributed to an improvement in mother's confidence and reduction in conflicting information.

Assessment of techniques of massage and pumping in the treatment of breast engorgement by thermography.

Objective to evaluate techniques of massage and pumping in the treatment of postpartum breast engorgement through thermography. Method the study was conducted in the Human Milk Bank of a hospital in Curitiba, Brazil. We randomly selected 16 lactating women with engorgement with the classification lobar, ampullary and glandular, moderate and intense. We compared the differential patterns of temperature, before and after the treatment by means of massage and pumping. Results we found a negative gradient of 0.3°C of temperature between the pre- and post-treatment in the experimental group. Breasts with intense engorgement were 0.7°C warmer when compared with moderate engorgement. Conclusion massage and electromechanical pumping were superior to manual methods when evaluated by thermography. REBEC: U1111-1136-9027.

Efficacy of Cabbage Leaves in Relief of Breast Engorgement among Postnatal Mothers

This study was carried out to assess the efficacy of ‘cabbage leaves’ application on the breast engorgement among postnatal mothers. Although various therapies are available for the treatment of breast engorgement, the efficacy of cabbage leaves on breast engorgement is little documented. A quasi experimental design was used with convenience sampling technique. The sample for the study consisted of 60 postnatal mothers (30 in each experimental and control group).Subjects in the experimental group were given intervention with application of cabbage leaves while the subjects in the control group were given routine care. Assessment for the severity of breast engorgement in terms of breast consistency and breast tenderness was done before intervention and at the end of each day. Data was collected by using interview schedule to assess the socio demographic data and observational checklist for assessing breast consistency and breast tenderness. Analysis was done using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Mean score of breast consistency in experimental group had a decrease of 1.90 while mean score in control group had decrease of only 0.80 (p<.001).Similarly in breast tenderness 86.20% subjects in experimental group had no tenderness at day 3 compared to 58.62% subjects in control group. Thus the study concluded that application of cabbage leaves were effective in reducing breast engorgement.

The effectiveness of cabbage leaf application (treatment) on pain and hardness in breast engorgement and its effect on the duration of breastfeeding

Breast engorgement is a condition that affects breastfeeding mothers early in the postpartum. The discomfort and tenderness as a result of the engorgement is a major contributing factor to the early cessation of breastfeeding. Many treatments for breast engorgement have been attempted and explored. To examine the effectiveness of cabbage leaf treatment on pain and hardness of the engorged breasts of post-partum women and its influence on the duration of breastfeeding in women with breast engorgement. Postpartum lactating mothers 13 to 50 years of age and of any parity in the first two weeks postpartum with breast engorgement.Cabbage leaf treatment on breast engorgement in reducing pain, hardness and increasing the duration of breastfeeding.Primary outcomes: engorgement, severity of the distention, hardness to touch and pain associated with breast engorgement. Secondary outcome: duration of breastfeeding.Quantitative studies including RCTs, quasi-randomized trials and quasi-experimental studies. Studies in English language from inception of the relevant databases to 2010 were considered for inclusion in this review.The databases searched included: CINAHL, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, Web of Science, Science Direct. The search for unpublished studies included: Google Scholar, Mednar, Proquest. Studies were assessed by two independent reviewers for methodological validity using standardised critical appraisal tools from the Joanna Briggs Institute. Data were extracted using the standardised data extraction tools from the Joanna Briggs Institute. The results were presented in narrative format as the meta-analysis was not appropriate because study methods were heterogeneous. Four studies were included in this review: one RCT and two quasi-randomised studies and one quasi-experimental study. In one RCT after the first cabbage leaf application, fewer mothers were reporting breast engorgement through their second to fourth assessments as compared to the control group. On the second assessment a smaller proportion in the intervention group thought their breasts were engorged (51% vs 57%, p = 0.68). In one study the experimental group receiving cabbage leaf treatment improved from a pre-treatment score of 5.17 (70%) to 3.02 (20%) (p =<0.001). In addition, hot and cold compresses appeared to reduce scores more effectively than cold cabbage leaf (p<0.001). In one study both cabbage leaf and hot and cold compresses interventions decreased numerical pain scores (p≤0.001) and thus pain in breast engorgement. In a study results showed statistically significant reduction in pain scores for both room temperature 2.0 points (37%) and chilled cabbage leaf 2.1 points (38%) (p=0.0001). There was no statistical difference in mean pre and post treatment scores of room temperature and chilled cabbage leaf (p=0.84).In one study pre and post treatment scores using the Bourbonnais scale showed a statistically significant reduction in pain scores: 1.8 points (30%) with cabbage leaf and 2.2 points (39%) with gel packs (p=0.0001). In one study it was found that 18% more mothers who received the cabbage leaf intervention were exclusively breastfeeding at six weeks (p= 0.09). Less mothers had stopped breastfeeding prior to eight days (8.88% vs 24% p= 0.09) and overall duration of breastfeeding was longer in the intervention group (36 vs 30 days, p=0.04). Overall results showed that cabbage leaf treatment used on women with breast engorgement did reduce pain, the hardness of the engorged breasts and increased the duration of breast feeding.The current available evidence suggests that cabbage leaf treatment helps reduce pain in breast engorgement and lengthens breastfeeding duration, although some studies have also reported that cabbage leaf treatment is not effective.Cabbage leaf may be useful in the treatment of breast engorgement. The chilled cabbage leaf may be used for breast engorgement in breastfeeding women but there is insufficient evidence to suggest the generalized use of cabbage leaf in protocols for the treatment of breast engorgement.Researchers should aim to achieve more homogeneity across the studies by using similar tools and instruments (preferably validated) to compare the effectiveness of cabbage leaf treatment; measuring similar outcomes (i.e pain scores, breast engorgement scores, duration of breastfeeding).

A comparison of cabbage leaves vs . hot and cold compresses in the treatment of breast engorgement

Objective:To assess and compare the efficacy of cold cabbage leaves and hot and cold compresses in the treatment of breast engorgement.Material and Methods:This was a quasi-experimental study conducted in the postnatal ward of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi. The study comprised a total of 60 mothers;30 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. The control group received alternate hot and cold compresses and the experimental group received cold cabbage leaf treatment for relieving breast engorgement. The pre- and posttreatment scores of breast engorgement and pain were recorded. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods using the statistical software STRATA.Results:Both the treatments, i.e., hot and cold compress and cabbage leaves were effective in decreasing breast engorgement and pain in postnatal mothers (P ≤ 0.001).Cold cabbage leaves and hot and cold compress were both equally effective in decreasing breast engorgement (P = 0.07), whereas hot and cold compresses were found to be more effective than cold cabbage leaves in relieving pain due to breast engorgement (P ≤ 0.001) in postnatal mothers.Conclusion:Cold cabbage leaves as well as alternate hot and cold compresses both can be used in the treatment of breast engorgement. Hot and cold compresses are more effective in decreasing pain than cold cabbage leaves in relieving pan due to breast engorgement.

Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation.

National surveys have shown that painful breasts are the second most common reason for giving up breastfeeding in the first two weeks after birth in the UK. One factor contributing to such pain can be breast engorgement. Views differ as to how engorgement arises, although restrictive feeding patterns in hospital are likely to have contributed in the past. These differing views are reflected in the range of solutions offered to treat engorgement in breastfeeding mothers and these treatments are assessed in this review. To determine the effects of any proposed intervention to relieve symptoms of breast engorgement among breastfeeding women. The register of clinical trials maintained and updated by the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group. CINAHL and MEDLINE were also searched. Date of last search: December 2000. All randomised and 'quasi-randomised' controlled trials, with or without blinding, that assess the effectiveness of treatments for the alleviation of symptoms in breastfeeding women experiencing engorgement. Data were extracted by one reviewer and verified by a second reviewer. Eight trials, involving 424 women, were included. Three different studies were identified which used cabbage leaves or cabbage leaf extracts;. no overall benefit was found. Ultrasound treatment and placebo were equally effective. Use of Danzen (an anti-inflammatory agent) significantly improved the total symptoms of engorgement when compared to placebo (odds ratio (OR) 3.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3 - 10.3) as did bromelain/trypsin complex (OR 8.02, 95% CI 2.8-23.3). Oxytocin and cold packs had no demonstrable effect on engorgement symptoms. Cabbage leaves and gel packs were equally effective in the treatment of engorgement. Since both cabbage extract and placebo cream were equally effective, the alleviation in symptoms may be brought about by other factors, such as breast massage. Ultrasound treatment is equally effective with or without the ultra-wave emitting crystal, therefore its effectiveness is more likely to be due to the effect of radiant heat or massage. Pharmacologically, oxytocin was not an effective engorgement treatment while Danzen and bromelain/trypsin complex significantly improved the symptoms of engorgement. Initial prevention of breast engorgement should remain the key priority.

WITHDRAWN: Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation.

National surveys have shown that painful breasts are the second most common reason for giving up breastfeeding in the first two weeks after birth in the UK. One factor contributing to such pain can be breast engorgement. Views differ as to how engorgement arises, although restrictive feeding patterns in hospital are likely to have contributed in the past. These differing views are reflected in the range of solutions offered to treat engorgement in breastfeeding mothers and these treatments are assessed in this review. To determine the effects of any proposed intervention to relieve symptoms of breast engorgement among breastfeeding women. The register of clinical trials maintained and updated by the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group. CINAHL and MEDLINE were also searched. Date of last search: December 2000. All randomised and 'quasi-randomised' controlled trials, with or without blinding, that assess the effectiveness of treatments for the alleviation of symptoms in breastfeeding women experiencing engorgement . Data were extracted by one reviewer and verified by a second reviewer. Eight trials, involving 424 women, were included. Three different studies were identified which used cabbage leaves or cabbage leaf extracts;. no overall benefit was found. Ultrasound treatment and placebo were equally effective. Use of Danzen (an anti-inflammatory agent) significantly improved the total symptoms of engorgement when compared to placebo (odds ratio (OR) 3.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3 - 10.3) as did bromelain/trypsin complex (OR 8.02, 95% CI 2.8-23.3). Oxytocin and cold packs had no demonstrable effect on engorgement symptoms. Cabbage leaves and gel packs were equally effective in the treatment of engorgement. Since both cabbage extract and placebo cream were equally effective, the alleviation in symptoms may be brought about by other factors, such as breast massage. Ultrasound treatment is equally effective with or without the ultra-wave emitting crystal, therefore its effectiveness is more likely to be due to the effect of radiant heat or massage. Pharmacologically, oxytocin was not an effective engorgement treatment while Danzen and bromelain/trypsin complex significantly improved the symptoms of engorgement. Initial prevention of breast engorgement should remain the key priority.

The use of a vibratory machine in the treatment of breast engorgement

The use of a vibratory machine in the treatment of breast engorgement