Treatment Of Arthrosis Research Articles

SEPTIC COMPLICATIONS AFTER THE USE OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS (RESULTS OF CLINICAL LABORATORY AND PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES)

In numerous articles, monographs, and textbooks, the aspects of local application of glucocorticoid injections at the current stage of development of rheumatology are considered from the point of view of expediency, effectiveness, and safety. Factors affecting the effectiveness of this method are analyzed. Periarticular and/or intra-articular injections of corticosteroids are included in various recommendations and protocols for the treatment of arthrosis and rheumatic joint lesions available today. Objective. Determination of pathomorphological, clinical and laboratory manifestations of the infectious process after local administration of glucocorticoid drugs. Methods. Clinical, anamnestic, laboratory, bacteriological and pathomorphologicaldata of 34 patients with infectious complications were analyzed. Results. The administration of long-acting drugs was most often used: DIPROSPAN — 13 (38.2 %) cases; KENALOG — 5 (14.7 %); DEPOS — 3 (8.8 %); FLOSTERON — 2 (5.9 %); a short-acting drug (methylprednisolone acetate (METYPRED), hydrocortisone acetate) was used in 11 (32.4 %) cases. At the time of hospitalization in the clinic, the infectious process was in 8 (23.5 %) patients in the acute stage, 10 (29.4 %) in the subacute stage, and in another 16 (47.1 %) in the chronic stage, 13 (38.2 %) of which are in the active fistula phase. Conclusions. Pathomorphological manifestations and signs of a purulent-necrotic and purulent-inflammatory infectious process (infectious complications) after local administration of glucocorticoid drugs accompany and are closely statistically significantly interrelated with typical clinical and laboratory manifestations (leukocytosis with a «shift of the leukocyte formula to the left», an increase in ESR and level CRP) and etiology («bacteriology») of the infectious process.

Comparison of pre-and postoperative clinicalfunctional results of total ankle arthroplasty for arthrosis treatment

Comparar os resultados clínico-funcional pré e pós-operatório de artroplastia total do tornozelo para tratamento de artrose tíbio-talar com a aplicação dos American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Score, e do Foot and Ankle Outcome Score, além destes foi aplicado o Questionário da Qualidade de Vida SF-36 e Escala Visual Analógica da Dor.Métodos: Estudo clínico retrospectivo com nível de evidência 4, com quinze pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do tornozelo para tratamento de artrose tíbio-talar.Resultados: Este trabalho possui um nível de significância de 0,05 (5%) e todos os intervalos de confiança construídos ao longo do trabalho foram planejados com 95% de confiança estatística. O teste T-Student Pareado foi utilizado para comparar o American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Score e o Foot and Ankle Outcome Score entre os momentos pré e pós-operatório. Constatou-se que a média aumentou de forma significativa, no American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle aumentou de 25,8 para 79,8 e no Foot and Ankle Outcome Score dor de 7,2 para 69,8.Ao correlacionar a Escala Visual Analógica de Dor e o Foot and Ankle Outcome Score Esportes, notou-se que quanto maior for o escore do Foot and Ankle Outcome Score no momento pós, menor será o Escala Visual Analógica da Dor e vice e versa. E ao realizar a correlação positiva, entre o Questionário da Qualidade de Vida SF-36 (Saúde Mental) com o Foot and Ankle Outcome Score Qualidade de Vida em relação ao pé e tornozelo, foi observado que quanto maior o escore do Questionário da Qualidade de Vida SF-36 Saúde Mental maior também será o escore do Foot and Ankle Outcome Score Qualidade de Vida do pé e tornozelo.Conclusão: A artroplastia total de tornozelo apresenta-se como uma opção segura e com melhores resultados no que diz respeito à funcionalidade do membro para pacientes em estágios avançados de artrose tíbio-társica, podendo significar grandes melhorias na qualidade de vida desses pacientes.

3D Printing of a Tissue-Engineered Structure Intended to Replace Cartilage Defects

This article describes the process of developing a tissue-engineered structure that meets the biocompatibility and biodegradation parameters necessary for replacing cartilage tissue defects. The study was carried out using 3D bioprinting technology, which represents a promising research direction in the biomedical field. It is known that, due to the specifics of its structure, cartilage tissue is not capable of complete regeneration of damage. The methods currently used for treating arthrosis are associated with a number of limitations and disadvantages, which makes research aimed at developing alternative methods for arthrosis treatment particularly relevant. The development of tissue-engineered structures by 3D bioprinting requires the materials not only certified for medical use but also exhibiting biocompatibility and biodegradation properties. Polylactide (PLA) and sodium alginate satisfy the above requirements; moreover, their availability and economic affordability make them one of the most popular materials for 3D bioprinting.

Latest technologies of diagnostics and treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system

This lesson outlines the latest data on bone structure and physiology, as well as those related to the mechanisms of bone development and regeneration. The most common diseases of musculoskeletal system are caused by genetic and metabolic disorders, infectious agents, andmechanical stress, all of which are discussed. Innovative technologies for diagnosing osteoporosis (X-ray absorptiometry, quantitative computed tomography (QCT), ultrasonic bone densitometry, etc.) are shown. The joints diseases (arthropathies) followed by inflammation are highlighted. The basic principles of conservative and surgical treatment of arthrosis are explored. Different types of bone injuries caused by mechanical stress are thoroughly described as well as the latest technologies and equipment used in modern trauma centers. Basic orthopedic aids for disabled patients are listed. The main directions for improving the diagnosis and conservative treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system, as well as methods for prosthetics of large joints are described.

Current approach to the conservative management of arthrosis: results of the "Osteo-Experience" project.

Arthrosis is now intended as a multifactorial pathology that involves various joints and is caused by different biological functional alterations at the basis of the joints damage. Considering this new evidence, the prevention and the conservative treatment of arthrosis acquire an important role with respect to a surgical approach. The "Osteo-Experience" project was designed to collect, describe and compare the personal experiences of osteoarticular specialists in the field of the conservative treatment of the various forms of arthrosis. In addition, some useful insights for a correct management of conservative therapy in respect to the various forms of arthrosis were provided. A group of Italian osteoarticular specialists with experience in the treatment of arthrosis were asked to describe their routine clinical practice regarding their more usual therapeutic schemes. The type of patients normally being treated by the osteoarticular specialists were described. An electronic question-and-answer form was provided. Each form simulates a patient visit, that must be imagined based on the most common personal experience. Seven hundred sixty-five forms were considered. A frequent use of NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors emerged, especially for early arthrosis and in older subjects with advanced osteoarthritis. Hyaluronic acid and chondroprotectors are used with great frequency in all types of osteoarthritis. A reduction of pain is reported in all settings of patients. Problems related to the conservative therapies are reported only in a small minority of cases, along with a good degree of satisfaction by doctors and patients. Observations collected within the "Osteo-Experience" project show that a more conscious use of the conservative therapy should be pursued for arthrosis. The present study denotes how it is necessary to better define some therapeutic schemes based on the different clinical characteristics of the patient, to improve the clinical outcome.

Automation in arthrosis research.

Widespread medical studies require the analysis of suitable sample numbers to discover certain effects. Arthrosis treatment with hip and knee joint endoprostheses introduces multiple materials into the human body. Metal-containing implants may release several degradation products. Certain concentrations of chromium, cobalt, nickel, titanium and aluminum may affect multiple organs. The determination of metal concentrations in body fluids is one way to prevent severe intoxication from implants. In addition, the study of metal distribution and accumulation in individual organs will deliver extended information. In contrast to well automated high-throughput screenings, analytical measurements are mostly performed manually due to their complex process structure. A new study published in the journal Molecules presents a semi-automated sample preparation and measurement system for the determination of metals in autopsy tissue using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In this auto-commentary, the main findings are highlighted and discussed.

Ефективність засобів фізичної терапії у корекції функціонального статусу скронево-нижньощелепного суглоба при артрозі

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of a physical therapy program on the state of functioning of the maxillofacial region in patients with arthrosis of the temporomandibular joint. Materials and methods. The study involved 33 people with arthrosis of the temporomandibular joint of the II-III degrees, which were divided into 2 groups – control and main. The control group consisted of 18 people who received arthrosis therapy only with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The main group consisted of 15 people who additionally underwent the developed program of physical therapy (therapeutic exercises, massage, post-isometric relaxation, kinesiotaping of the masticatory muscles, neck muscles, cervical-collar zone; paraffin therapy course for the temporomandibular joint area, patient education). Complaints of patients, the intensity of pain in the temporomandibular joint on a visual analogue scale, the amount of mouth opening were determined, and auscultation of the joint was performed. Results and discussion. After the completion of the treatment course (for patients of the control group) and physical therapy (for the patients of the main group), pain in the temporomandibular joint did not manifest itself at rest and during movement. This is explained, in particular, by the fact that the basis of conservative treatment of arthrosis is the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with analgesic effects. At the same time, the usage of physical therapy, in comparison with medications, in the main group was statistically significant (p <0.05) in relation to control patients, it improved the functional activity of the jaw area and the functioning of the temporomandibular joint, which was manifested by a decrease in the number of persons with complaints of pathological sounds during jaw movements and their auscultatory detection, discomfort when chewing, as well as an increase in the magnitude of opening the mouth. Restoration of the condition of patients with diseases of the maxillofacial region, and, in particular, the temporomandibular joint, is an urgent problem not only for dentists, but also for specialists in the field of rehabilitation, in particular, physical therapists. The objectives of physical therapy in patients with arthrosis of the temporomandibular joint are to reduce the load on the joint, eliminate and reduce pain, synovitis, myalgia, improve joint function, stimulate and activate metabolic processes in cartilaginous and bone tissues, normalize blood flow, and thus improve quality of life. Conclusion. Physical therapy means improve the functional ability of the temporomandibular joint in the complex recovery of patients with arthrosis statistically significantly better than monotherapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Long-term functional symptoms after total knee arthroplasty

Background: The standard of the surgical treatment for arthrosis of the knee joint (KJ) at the later stages is total arthroplasty, which allows relieving the pain and eliminating the existing deformity. However, there are not enough data on the long-term results after the surgery that is important for understanding the dynamics of the recovery and predicting the result. Aims: Study of clinical, functional, and biomechanical symptoms in patients after total arthroplasty of the knee joint in the long-term period. Methods: 22 patients after knee joint replacement and 20 relatively healthy adults (control group) were examined in long-term periods. The biomechanics of walking was studied at an arbitrary pace. The temporal characteristics of the gait cycle, shock loads and movements in the hip joints (HJ) and KJ were recorded. We recorded the time characteristics of the walking cycle, shock loads and movements in the hip joint (HJ) and KJ. The patients were divided into two subgroups according to the results of the biomechanical study. The patients from subgroup 1 had good functionality with a swing amplitude of the knee joint of 50 degrees or more, the movement algorithm was preserved. The patients from subgroup 2 had a swing amplitude of up to 50 degrees, the movement algorithm was impaired. Results: The temporal characteristics of the waking cycle of knee arthroplasty patients did not differ significantly from the control group in the long term. Abduction-adduction and rotation movements in HJ and KJ show a decrease in the amplitudes, more pronounced in the second subgroup. The main changes in the kinematics of the hip joint are characterized by a decrease in the range of motion and a longer extension time during the support period, which was found for both sides, especially in the second subgroup. The greatest changes were observed in the kinematics of the knee joints movements. They included a decrease in the amplitude of all the movements, not only on the endoprosthesis side, but also on the opposite side. Conclusions: There is no complete restoration of the knee joint function after total arthroplasty in the long term. The function of both lower limbs is symmetrically decreased. The fact of functionally different (less severe and more severe) results may be associated with the initial functional state of the joint before arthroplasty or with the subsequent period of rehabilitation.

Results of treatment of arthrosis of the acromial-clavicular joint in patients with partial rupture of the supraspinatus muscle tendon

Introduction: Very often, partial tear tendons of the superficial shoulder muscle are combined with arthrosis of the clavicular-acromial joint. This is due to violations of the shoulder-patch rhythm, which in turn leads to a chronic overload of the clavicular-acromial joint and the progression of arthrosis in this joint. Aim: The purpose of the study is to improve the results of treatment of patients with injuries of the supraspinatus tendon against the background of deforming arthrosis of the clavicular-acromial joint. Material and methods: For the study a clinical group was assembled, which consisted of 84 patients with injuries of the tendon of the supraspinatus and deforming arthrosis of the clavicular-acromial joint 3–4 parts. All patients, depending on the treatment, were divided into two groups. Results and discussion: The consequences and influence of the arthrosis of the clavicular-acromial joint were determined. Movements of the joint were examined. The shoulder joint function was under control in the post-surgery period, which provided particular results and conclusions according to the comparative analysis of the two groups. Conclusions: Based on the provided results, it can be concluded that deforming arthrosis of the clavicular acromial joint can cause contracture in the shoulder joint in patients after the suture of the tendon of the abdominal muscle.

A pilot study: development of bonepreserving- biomimetic artificial femoral head cover

Abstract Patients with hip arthrosis are increasing each year where total hip replacement is an effective solution when other non-invasive or surgical methods are no longer an effective solution. A pilot study of a new bone-preserving-biomimetic artificial femoral head cover was initiated. The purpose of the new implant is to be an alternative to the current hip arthroplasties. A special polyurethane (PU) femoral head cover was mechanically tested. Experiments were performed to investigate the implants mechanical behaviour and response to tensile load and study on the locking mechanism design concept of the prosthesis. The femoral head cover had a 45 mm outer diameter. Two suture techniques were selected to represent possible locking mechanisms. The experiment consisted of five cyclic loadings followed by a pull-to-failure test. The results show that each specimen has a consistency response and different suture technique results in a different outcome. This experiment intended to study the response of specimens as a whole part, not the material itself. Factors are influencing the outcome such as the femoral head cover positioning and suture rupture pattern. From this pilot study, some points need to be further considered. The information obtained in this experiment would influence further development achieving towards the goal of this alternative hip arthrosis treatment.

THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS AFTER TOTAL ENDOPROSTHESIS REPLACEMENT OF HIP JOINT: PUBLICATIONS REVIEW

The main and generally accepted method of surgical treatment of arthrosis of hip joint is considered to be total arthroplasty. As a result, patient gets rid of pain, motor activity increases, more mobility and sociability are added. The surgical approaches (types of implants, operative approaches) and rehabilitation approaches (centers of specialized rehabilitation, outpatient rehabilitation clinics) are being improved. However, despite positive dynamics of improving quality of life, there is a group of patients of able-bodied age who have no satisfaction with surgery results.

Pre-Surgery Planning of Lower Limbs Major Joints Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND:Knee and hip joints endoprosthetics are the main surgical method of arthrosis treatment. The epidemiological incidence rate of the disease is growing steadily every year, affecting younger and younger people. Despite the proven tactics of joint endoprosthetics, an important issue is quality planning of surgery.AIM:The aim of this research is to develop a device and a method that would contribute to solving the existing challenges of pre-surgery planning of hip endoprosthetics in patients with related pathologies, which have caused compensatory deformation, and making long vertebrarium-pelvis-lower limbs scout images with the patient lying on his back with an axial load in a computer tomography.METHODS:Analog X-ray photographs of the pelvis made on film, digital DICOM images, and special planning programs are used for planning. However, according to numerous studies, the disease of the hip joint is not an independently isolated pathology. In most cases, this pathology is accompanied by changes in the lumbar spine. Often, patients prepared for endoprosthetics have a congenital deformity of tarsus or hip segment, which, during the knee, joint endoprosthetics surgery causes difficulties with the installation of an intramedullary guide.RESULTS:The results after total knee arthroplasty according to the method modified at the Department showed a reduction of the WOMAC index slightly more than twice down to 37.26 ± 7.92. The number of revision surgeries after endoprosthetics decreased from 5 (5.7%) to 1 (1.1%) for the hip joint, and from 7 (4.3%) to 2 (1.3%) for the knee joint, respectively.CONCLUSION:To form a proper guide entry point, it is necessary to assess the segment at the stage of surgery planning and examination of patients, which can be done using the proposed method. To remove the complications during the pre-surgery planning of hip joint endoprosthetics in patients with related pathologies, a device and methods have been developed for obtaining long topograms of the vertebrarium-pelvis-lower limbs complex with the patient lying on his back with the axial load in computer tomography.

New Molecular Targets in the Therapy of Arthrosis Patients

Abstract Introduction: Arthrosis represents the progressive degeneration of the joint cartilage, accompanied by the narrowing of the articular space and inflammation, which affects 70% of the population after the age of 60. Research purpose: This paper reviews the opportunity of using proinflammatory cytokine inhibitors as a means of stopping the progress of arthrosis. Material and method: As a result to a research into various clinical trial registers (Arthritis Clinical Trials, Clinical Research and Drug Information) and on specialized e-platforms, 5 randomized, multicentric double-blind clinical studies have been identified, which monitored the efficiency of various biological molecules in the treatment of arthrosis (etanercept, adalimumab, litikizumab, fasinumab and tanezumab). Results: The current pharmacological interventions consist mainly in the prescription of analgesics (acetaminophen, opioid analgesics), non-steroidal and chondroprotective anti-inflammatories. The proinflammatory cytokine inhibitors are already widely used in the inflammatory joint diseases, such as the rheumatoid polyarthritis. Their introduction into the treatment of arthrosis blocks the disease’s etiopathogenic mechanisms. Discussions: Arthrosis physiopathology involves a series of systemic, biological, biochemical factors, molecular and enzymatic processes that generate minimum inflammation. IL-1b and TNF-α are two major cytokines produced by the synovial cells and chondrocytes, which are involved in the destruction of the cartilage matrix by stimulating the production of proteolytic enzymes (MMP and aggrecanase). Conclusions: The utilisation of proinflammatory cytokine inhibitors in arthrosis represents a therapeutic option that requires studies in order to establish whether the introduction of proinflammatory cytokine inhibitors in arthrosis therapy might slow down the disease’s etiopathogenic mechanisms.

Сочетанное применение хондроитина сульфата и гиалуроновой кислоты для лечения артрозов

Сочетанное применение хондроитина сульфата и гиалуроновой кислоты для лечения артрозов

A case of the temporomandibular arthrosis treatment which considered condylar position

昨今では顎関節症の原因として，解剖学的要因，外傷要因，咬合要因，行動要因，精神的要因が考えられており，正常機能に外傷，ストレスなどのイベントが起こり，それが患者の生理的耐性を超えたとき，顎関節症状が生じるといわれている．そして，治療としての第一選択は，機能訓練（リハビリテーション）とスプリント療法といった可逆的な保存療法が優先されている．しかし，この保存療法は対症療法である．そのため歯科で扱う顎関節症治療においては，咬合由来であるか否かの鑑別診断を最初に行い，咬合の関与が疑われた場合，咬合に対して原因除去療法を行う必要がある．今回，咬合因子により非復位性顎関節円板障害（顎関節症病態分類 顎関節円板障害（III 型）b：非復位性）を発症した疑いのある症例に対して，スプリント療法を用いて咀嚼関連筋群と顎関節部の安定を図り，顎運動機能の改善がみられたため，エックス線画像所見にて関節窩内における下顎頭の位置を確認しながら咬合再構成を行い，主訴であった顎関節部の症状と咀嚼障害を改善することができたので報告する．【顎咬合誌 38 （3）:182-188，2018】

On the importance of the reflectory-segmental effects for the combined treatment of knee joint osteoporosis in the patients of advanced age

The present article demonstrates the role of reflectory-segmental effects during baro-laser therapy for the treatment of arthrosis of the knee joints in elderly patients. It has been shown that the additional treatment of the lumbosacral region while applying baro-laser therapy in the patients of the advanced age significantly enhances their functional capabilities including the increase of duration of painless walking and the reduced intensity of the pain syndrome.

Myofascial pain: from Virchow's to our days

Myalgia is not a definite nosological entity and fixes the attention of neurologists, rheumatologists, and physicians in other specialties. This is first of all associated with the high incidence of chronic pain syndrome that leads to long-term disability mainly in young and middle-aged persons. One of the most common reasons for seeking advice from a therapist and neurologist is low back pain that may be due to the involvement of three key anatomical players: facet joints (arthrosis treatment should make an emphasis on hondroprotectors), intervertebral disks (in case of discopathy, clinicians tend to favor nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – NSAIDs), and a muscular frame. In this case, two thirds of patients with pain syndromes in the trunk and limbs are found to have myofascial dysfunction that is defined as impaired function of one or other muscle, which occurs with its overload and manifests itself as muscle spasm and the presence of painful muscle infiltrations or local muscle hypertonus and trigger points in the tense muscles. Ignoring this fact gives rise to the irrational use of analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs and further to the increase of their doses because the treatment is ineffective. Modern-day therapy for myofascial syndrome is multimodal and encompasses physiotherapic and manual procedures and the use of myorelaxants rather than NSAIDs. To prescribe myorelaxants, it is necessary to understand their mechanisms of action and the effects of different agents in this group.

Efficiency of combined treatment and conventional physical treatment in bilateral knee arthrosis

Introduction: Degenerative joint disease, which is standardized in Europe by the name of arthrosis or osteoarthrosis, while in the Anglo-Saxon literature is in use for a long time by the name of osteoarthritis (OA) although this is not a classical inflammation,is the most common joint disease in general and the most common cause of functional damage of the musculoskeletal system. Recently, the term osteoarthritisappears more frequently in domestic literature. Arthroses are degenerative joint diseases with progressive character, also one of the most frequent diseases in orthopedics. The disease fi rst affects the articular cartilage, then the bony edges of the articular surfaces, and then the articular lining.Methods: Retrospective analysis and evaluation of data of treated patients, with the "Praxis" physical treatment during the period of time from 2000 to the end of 2010 on a sample of 79 patients,valorized the efficacy of Praxis treatment. The correlation of these results, with valorisation of the efficacy of standard physical treatment in clinics D.Z. " Novi Grad " on a sample of 81 patients, during the period of time from 2000 to the end of 2010, a statistical analysis was performed for comparing the effi cacy of the two methods.Results: There is a functional difference after therapy of bilateral gonarthrosis in clinics D.Z. "Novi Grad" and "Praxis" with statistical reliability.Conclusion: A combined approach in the treatment of knee arthrosis has a wider range of treatment procedures, comprehensively approaches to the problem and gives better results, so we can say that this method has priority compared to the standard approach to the knee arthrosis treatment.

Long-Term Results of Intertrochanteric Varus Osteotomy for the Dysplastic Hip

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a well established treatment for arthrosis of the hip, however many problems remain which have not yet been resolved, including component loosening and infection. Therefore, surgeons hesitate to perform THA in younger patients showing early signs of the disease. Intertrochanteric varus osteotomy was developed for osteoarthrosis with coxa valga. This procedure has been commonly used in patients with dysplastic hips. However, femoral head coverage is not sufficiently improved by this procedure. In order to overcome the disadvantages of this procedure, since 1972 we performed intertrochanteric varus osteotomy simultaneously combined with acetabuloplasty for the treatment of osteoarthrosis secondary to dysplasia. Between 1969 and 1994, we performed 104 intertrochanteric varus osteotomies for prearthrosis and early stage arthrosis of the hip due to acetabular dysplasia in 84 patients. In this study, we reviewed these patients clinically and radiographically, over 15 years. The intertrochanteric varus osteotomy alone was employed in 38 hips (varus group). Combined intertrochanteric varus osteotomy and acetabuloplasty was employed in 63 hips (combined group). The average Harris hip score at the latest follow-up in the combined group significantly higher than that in the 'varus' group. Postoperative centre-edge angle and age at operation were correlated with the Harris hip score at the most recent follow-up. The results of the present study indicate that this combined intertrochanteric varus osteotomy and acetabuloplasty for dysplastic hip should be considered in young patients when the disease is at an early stage.

Comparative Fasting Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetic Properties of 2 Formulations of Glucosamine Hydrochloride in Healthy Chinese Adult Male Volunteers

Glucosamine (CAS 66-84-2) hydrochloride is an amino monosaccharide indicated for the treatment of arthrosis, especially osteoarthritis of the knee joint. This study was conducted to assess and compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, bioavailability of a newly developed dispersible tablet formulation (test) of glucosamine hydrochloride with those of an established branded capsule formulation (reference) in healthy Chinese adult male volunteers.This single-dose, randomized, open-label, 2-period crossover study was conducted in 18 healthy Chinese adult male volunteers under fasting condition. Plasma samples were collected at pre-specified times over a 12-h period following administration in each period and analyzed the plasma glucosamine concentrations by Liquid Chromatography coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method. The mean (SD) PK parameters of Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-12, and AUC0-∞ after administration of the test and reference formulations were, respectively, as follows: Cmax, 907.01 (444.22) vs. 944.40 (429.89) ng/mL, Tmax, 3.03 (0.95) vs. 3.30 (0.99) hours, AUC0-12, 2891.41 (1352.30) vs. 2889.69 (925.48) ng/mL/h, and AUC0-∞, 3029.90 (1321.36) vs. 3091.87 (870.36) ng/mL/h. The mean (SD) t1/2 was 1.10 (0.52) hours for the test formulation and 1.50 (1.17) hours for the reference formulation. On ANOVA, neither period nor sequence effects were observed for any PK properties. The relative bioavailability of the test formulation was 98.3% assessed by AUC0-12. The 90% CIs of glucosamine for the log-transformed ratios of Cmax, AUC0-12, and AUC0-∞ were 78.4-113.9%, 80.8-108.5% and 80.8-105.8%, respectively, meeting the predetermined criteria for bioequivalence of SFDA.