Treatment Of Allergy Research Articles

Epicutaneous immunotherapy for the treatment of peanut allergy.

Peanut allergy treatment options remain limited, but novel approaches are being studied, including epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT). EPIT uses the cutaneous immune system to promote tolerance to food allergens. Viaskin™ Peanut, an approach to EPIT in late-stage clinical development uses an occlusive patch with a condensation chamber that enables natural epidermal water loss to solubilize dry antigen on the patch, which is then absorbed and captured by skin Langerhans cells. This form of EPIT does not require disruption of the skin barrier, thus avoiding a proinflammatory cytokine response by targeting the nonvascularized epidermis and limiting systemic allergen exposure. Extensive preclinical research suggests that Viaskin Peanut has a distinct mechanism of desensitization, including the potential for disease modification, driven by a unique population of regulatory T cells. Numerous clinical studies of Viaskin Peanut have demonstrated desensitization and reductions in reaction severity, particularly in children aged 1 through 11 years, as well as a favorable safety profile with mostly mild-to-moderate skin reactions that were observed to decrease over time. EPIT with Viaskin Peanut may be a potential therapeutic option for peanut allergy that is clinically practical with long-term efficacy and tolerability.

Design and Statistical Optimization of Fast-Dissolving Buccal Films of Doxylamine Succinate for Allergy Treatment

Design and Statistical Optimization of Fast-Dissolving Buccal Films of Doxylamine Succinate for Allergy Treatment

Peanut Allergy in Children-Is Prevention Better than Cure?

Peanut allergy, one of the most frequently occurring allergies, usually starts in childhood and rarely subsides-often persisting throughout adult life. Accidental exposure to peanuts can often result in adverse reactions ranging from mild to life-threatening, such as anaphylactic shock. Historically, food avoidance and the use of rescue drugs have remained a fundamental management mechanism for dealing with food allergy. However, prevention of adverse reactions to food allergy is playing an increasing role. This is possible through the early introduction of peanuts into the diet, especially in infants at risk of this allergy. In recent years, specific immunotherapy has been used to develop desensitisation and, in some patients, tolerance-defined as a persistent state of clinical non-reactivity to the allergen after therapy is finished. The aim of this article is to summarise the current state of knowledge on the prevention and treatment of peanut allergy, with a focus on clinical trials, current guidelines, and recent experimental studies. This review may be particularly useful for paediatricians and general practitioners.

Risk factors associated with the incidence of asthma among adolescents in Ukraine

Background. Asthma is a common disease among children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to describe the detailed characteristics of adolescents with asthma, identify risk factors associated with the development of asthma and to evaluate medical care for patients with asthma. Materials and methods. Asthma patients (n = 80) aged 12 to 18 years from the Allergology Department of the Kyiv City Children’s Clinical Hospital 2, the clinical base of the Department of Pediatrics 2 of the Bogomolets National Medical University, were included in the study. The control group consisted of 120 children without asthma. In the group of interviewed children, asthma was diagnosed based on clinical data and objective measurement of lung function. All children underwent spirometry and skin prick test with aeroallergens. During the clinical examination, weight and height were measured, and body mass index was calculated. The survey was conducted by a research doctor using a Google form. Results. Parents of 80 children with asthma were involved in our survey between September 2023 and May 2024. Asthma occurred more often in boys than in girls: odds ratio (OR) = 7.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.84–14.16, P < 0.0001). 31.25 % respondents reported a history of atopic dermatitis, 26.25 % had atopic dermatitis at the time of the study. Food allergy was detected in 25 % children. 48.75 % children had concomitant allergic rhinitis, of which 33.75 % had seasonal, 15 % had perennial. We found that children living in the city had asthma more often: OR = 7.3 (95% CI 3.26–16.62, P < 0.0001). Having an older sibling was associated with a lower risk of asthma: OR = 3.6 (95% CI 1.86–6.92, P < 0.0001). Also, we found that cat owners were significantly more likely not to have asthma: OR = 7.7 (95% CI 3.96–14.99, P < 0.0001). Such data are most likely related to the refusal to own a cat due to the prevalence of cat allergy among children with asthma or at risk of cat allergy. We have not found a statistically significant difference in the group of children with asthma and in the control group in relation to the exposure to tobacco smoke in the atmosphere (passive smoking): OR = 1.4 (95% CI 0.79–2.59, P > 0.05). Conclusions. Treatment of allergies and atopic conditions should be considered an important component of asthma treatment, which may affect the frequency and severity of the disease. In adolescents and adults, smoking cessation, in particular, as a factor in the impact of passive smoking on a sick child can also significantly reduce the number of hospitalizations. Confirming the diagnosis of asthma, demonstrating good inhaler technique, and emphasizing adherence to preventive therapies such as inhaled glucocorticosteroids can improve asthma control and reduce overreliance on short-acting bronchodilators.

Modern Approaches to the Diagnosis o Food Allergy in Children: Oral Food Challenges (Review)

The diagnosis of food allergies significantly impacts the lives of patients and their families, restricting diets and social activities. A misdiagnosis can lead to severe allergic reactions, making accurate diagnosis crucial. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergies are diagnosed using skin tests or serum-specific IgE levels. However, for most allergens, the only reliable method for confirming the diagnosis remains the oral food challenge (OFC). Objective — elucidation of the importance of oral provocation tests in the diagnosis of food allergy and their relevance for the future treatment of food allergy. Materials and methods. A search for information on OFC was conducted in scientometric databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and PubMed using the following keywords: «food allergy», «oral food challenge», «children». After reviewing the publications, professional sources that met the query criteria and were published between 2017 and 2024 were selected for the review. Results and discussion. OFCs help determine allergen sensitivity and reaction severity, which is useful for further management. They also have therapeutic value, reducing anxiety related to food allergies and improving quality of life. Psychological aspects play an important role in food allergies, as the fear of severe reactions often exceeds actual risks.One limitation of OFCs is the need for substantial resources and specialized knowledge, available only in specialized medical centers. This leads to long waiting lists and delays in food introduction, increasing the risk of developing allergies. Additionally, OFCs are often conducted in controlled environments, which may not reflect real-world accidental exposures.OFC results can include false positives, false negatives, and inconclusive outcomes. They are also time-consuming and may affect school or work attendance for patients and caregivers. It is essential to standar­dize doses for each food according to portion sizes and patient age. Conclusions. The frequency of food allergies is currently increasing in Ukraine, highlighting the need for allergists to master the technique and implement oral food challenges in general allergy practice to establish food allergies in children.

IgE versus IgG and IgA: Differential roles of allergen-specific antibodies in sensitization, tolerization, and treatment of allergies.

The prevalence of asthma, rhinitis, and food allergies has increased dramatically over the last few decades. This increase originally started in western countries, but is now also evident in many other regions of the world. Given the fact that the increase is so quick, the noted increase cannot be linked to a genetic effect, and many environmental factors have been identified that are associated with increased or reduced prevalence of allergies, like changing dietary habits, increased urbanization, pollution, exposure to microorganisms and LPS, and the farming environment and raw milk consumption. Although the key role of allergen-specific IgE in allergies is well known, the role of allergen-specific IgG and IgA antibodies is less well defined. This review will provide an overview of the functions of allergen-specific IgE in allergy, the role of allergen-specific antibodies (IgG (4) and IgA) in allergen immunotherapy (AIT), the possibility to use allergen-specific antibodies for treatment of ongoing allergies, and the potential role of allergen-specific antibodies in tolerance induction to allergens in a preventive setting. In the last, more speculative, section we will present novel hypotheses on the potential role of allergen-specific non-IgE antibodies in allergies by directing antigen presentation, Th2 development, and innate immune training.

Anaphylactic Reaction to Penicillin in Malaria-Infected Patients: A Case Study and Implications for Clinical Management

Malaria remains a significant global health challenge, often necessitating a combination of antimalarial and antibiotic treatments to manage both the primary infection and secondary bacterial complications. This review focuses on a critical case study involving a 35-year-old male with recurrent malaria who experienced a severe anaphylactic reaction to penicillin, highlighting the complex interplay between malaria management and drug allergies. The patient, already compromised by malaria, developed anaphylaxis shortly after receiving penicillin for a suspected bacterial infection. Despite immediate treatment, including epinephrine, antihistamines, and corticosteroids, the patient’s condition worsened due to the exacerbation of symptoms of malaria, leading to a fatal outcome. This case underscores the diagnostic and management challenges of drug allergies in malaria-infected patients, emphasizing the need for improved allergy assessment protocols, better training for healthcare providers, and enhanced patient education. The review advocates for the development of comprehensive allergy management strategies, improved allergy history documentation, and ongoing research to refine drug allergy testing and treatment protocols. Effective management of drug allergies, particularly in complex infection scenarios, is essential for optimizing patient safety and treatment efficacy. Keywords: Anaphylaxis, Penicillin Allergy, Malaria, Drug Reactions, Allergy Management, Clinical Protocols.

Characterization of the Immune-Modulating Properties of Different β-Glucans on Myeloid Dendritic Cells.

In allergen-specific immunotherapy, adjuvants are explored for modulating allergen-specific Th2 immune responses to re-establish clinical tolerance. One promising class of adjuvants are β-glucans, which are naturally derived sugar structures and components of dietary fibers that activate C-type lectin (CLR)-, "Toll"-like receptors (TLRs), and complement receptors (CRs). We characterized the immune-modulating properties of six commercially available β-glucans, using immunological (receptor activation, cytokine secretion, and T cell modulating potential) as well as metabolic parameters (metabolic state) in mouse bone marrow-derived myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs). All tested β-glucans activated the CLR Dectin-1a, whereas TLR2 was predominantly activated by Zymosan. Further, the tested β-glucans differentially induced mDC-derived cytokine secretion and activation of mDC metabolism. Subsequent analyses focusing on Zymosan, Zymosan depleted, β-1,3 glucan, and β-1,3 1,6 glucan revealed robust mDC activation with the upregulation of the cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40), CD80, CD86, and MHCII to different extents. β-glucan-induced cytokine secretion was shown to be, in part, dependent on the activation of the intracellular Dectin-1 adapter molecule Syk. In co-cultures of mDCs with Th2-biased CD4+ T cells isolated from birch allergen Bet v 1 plus aluminum hydroxide (Alum)-sensitized mice, these four β-glucans suppressed allergen-induced IL-5 secretion, while only Zymosan and β-1,3 glucan significantly suppressed allergen-induced interferon gamma (IFNγ) secretion, suggesting the tested β-glucans to have distinct effects on mDC T cell priming capacity. Our experiments indicate that β-glucans have distinct immune-modulating properties, making them interesting adjuvants for future allergy treatment.

Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HD02 and MD159 through Mast Cell Degranulation Inhibition in Mouse Models of Atopic Dermatitis.

As the relationship between the gut microbiome and allergies becomes better understood, targeted strategies to prevent and treat allergies through gut microbiome modulation are being increasingly developed. In the study presented herein, we screened various probiotics for their ability to inhibit mast cell degranulation and identified Lactiplatibacillus plantarum HD02 and MD159 as effective candidates. The two strains significantly attenuated vascular permeability induced by mast cell degranulation in a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) model and, in the MC903-induced murine atopic dermatitis (AD) model, demonstrated comparable preventive effects against allergies, reducing blood levels of MCPT-1 (mast cell protease-1) and total IgE. In the house dust mite (HDM)-induced murine AD model, both L. plantarum HD02 and MD159 showed therapeutic effects, with L. plantarum HD02 demonstrating superior efficacy. Nevertheless, L. plantarum MD159 better suppressed transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Furthermore, L. plantarum HD02 and MD159 significantly increased the number of splenic Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, with L. plantarum MD159 having a more pronounced effect. However, only L. plantarum HD02 achieved a reduction in immune cells in the draining lymph nodes. Our findings highlight L. plantarum HD02 and MD159 as promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of allergies, demonstrating significant efficacy in suppressing mast cell degranulation, reducing the number of allergy biomarkers, and modulating immune responses in experimental models of AD. Their distinct mechanisms of action suggest potential complementary roles in addressing allergic diseases, underscoring their therapeutic promise in clinical applications.

Component-resolved diagnosis: enhancing precision diagnosis and clinical management of shellfish allergies

Shellfish, being one of the eight major food allergens, affects approximately 3% of the global population. The occurrence of shellfish allergy is not only related to the individual's immune system sensitivity but is also influenced by geographical environment, food availability, and dietary habits. Although crustaceans (such as shrimp, crab, and lobster) and mollusks (such as oysters, mussels, and squid) are collectively referred to as shellfish, they exhibit significant differences in biological evolution and the spectrum of allergenic molecules they contain, leading to various allergic reactions. Accurate identification of allergenic proteins is crucial for the diagnosis and management of shellfish allergies, with key allergenic protein families including tropomyosin, arginine kinase, and hemocyanin. Furthermore, due to the diversity of shellfish allergens and their cross-reactivity with dust mite and insect allergens, diagnosing and managing shellfish allergies is complex, especially concerning tropomyosin and arginine kinase protein families. Currently, there are no specific immunotherapy treatments for shellfish allergies, and clinical management primarily relies on avoiding allergens and using anti-allergy medications. This article thoroughly interprets the " Molecular Allergology User's Guide 2.0 (MAUG 2.0)" published by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) and the latest research on shellfish allergies both domestically and internationally. It highlights the significant role of allergen component diagnostics in optimizing the diagnostic and treatment processes for shellfish allergies, effectively assisting clinicians in accurately identifying common allergens and cross-reactions, thereby providing patients with more personalized diagnosis and treatment plans.

Impact of ovalbumin allergy on oral and gut microbiome dynamics in 6-week-old BALB/c mice.

The gut microbiota is known to have a significant impact on the development of food allergy, and several recent studies have suggested that both oral microbiota, which first come into contact with allergenic foods, may have a profound influence on the development of food allergy. In this study, we have established an ovalbumin-sensitive mice model by utilizing ovalbumin as a sensitizing agent. Subsequently, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the gut and oral microbiota in ovalbumin-sensitive mice and the control mice using full-length 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. Interestingly, both the gut and oral microbiota of ovalbumin-sensitized mice exhibited significant dysbiosis. The relative abundance of s__Lactobacillus_intestinalis in the gut microbiota of ovalbumin-sensitive mice exhibited a significant decrease, whereas the abundance of s__Agrobacterium_radiobacter and s__Acinetobacter_sp__CIP_56_2 displayed a significant increase. Furthermore, the relative abundance of s__unclassified_g__Staphylococcus, s__Streptococcus_hyointestinalis, and s__unclassified_g__Dechloromonas in the oral microbiota of ovalbumin-sensitive mice revealed a significant decrease. In contrast, the abundance of 63 other species, including s__Proteiniclasticum_ruminis, s__Guggenheimella_bovis, and s__Romboutsia_timonensis, demonstrated a significant increase. The random forest classifier achieved the best accuracy in predicting the outcome of food allergy using three gut and three oral biomarkers, with accuracies of 94.12 and 100%, respectively. Based on the predictions of the PICRUSt2 analysis, the only consistent finding observed across multiple samples from both the groups of mice was a significant up-regulation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor signaling pathway in the ovalbumin-sensitized mice. Our study demonstrates that ovalbumin-sensitized mice experience substantial alterations in both gut and oral microbial composition and structure, and specific strains identified in this study may serve as potential biomarkers for food allergy screening. Moreover, our findings highlight that the oral environment, under the same experimental conditions, exhibited greater precision in detecting a larger number of species. Additionally, it is worth noting that the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of OVA (ovalbumin)-induced allergy. These findings will generate novel concepts and strategies in the realm of food allergy prevention and treatment.

Allergen immunotherapy effectiveness in specific nasal reactivity of children with local allergic rhinitis.

Background.Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only disease-modifying treatment in allergy. Its efficacy has been demonstrated in the treatment of Local Allergic Rhinitis (LAR) in adults. This study intends to evaluate the effectiveness of AIT in specific nasal reactivity of paediatric patients with LAR. Methods.Patients diagnosed with LAR to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) were submitted to subcutaneous AIT (SCIT) (depigmented-polymerized Dp allergen extracts) for 3 years. Nasal allergen challenge (NACs) with Dp extract were performed before and 3 years after AIT. NAC response was assessed with peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) and symptom score of Lebel. NACs were considered positive when there was a flow decrease of ≥ 20% in PNIF and a score of symptoms ≥ 3 points. Demographic data and NAC results were analysed. Results.We included 32 paediatric patients (mean age 9.9±3.08 years, 18 female) and 10 adult patients, (mean age 30.4±12.2 years, 7 female). The symptom score obtained at the 1st minute, 5th minute, 15th minute and 30th minute in response to NAC, were reduced after AIT. The nasal inspiratory flow decrease induced by NAC was also reduced after AIT. This reduction in nasal reactivity was observed in paediatric and in adult patients, both with statistical significance. Conclusions.AIT induced a decrease in Dp-nasal specific reactivity in children with LAR. This decline of nasal response to allergen exposure, after AIT treatment, emphasis the interest of this therapeutic approach in LAR, even in paediatric patients.

Scleral lens surface crazing in an eye with giant papillary conjunctivitis and keratoconus: Outcome of lens surface polishing

We present a case of scleral lens surface crazing in a patient with keratoconus (KC) and chronic giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC). A 45-year-old Asian male with known keratoconus (KC) and allergic eye disease in both eyes, who is an experienced scleral lens user, presented with a 3-month history of lens intolerance in the right eye. On examination, the right eye scleral lens showed extensive lens surface crazing with poor surface wettability. The upper tarsal conjunctiva showed conjunctival hypertrophy – active GPC. After allergy treatment and symptomatic improvement, the scleral lens was refitted after intensive cleaning and polishing with aluminum oxide. The lens surface showed significant improvement and good fitting characteristics, and the patient resumed lens wear. At 6 months of follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic, and the ocular condition was stable.

Omalizumab Implementation in Practice: Lessons Learned From the OUtMATCH Study

In February 2024, omalizumab was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of food allergy, based on data from the landmark Phase 3 clinical trial “Omalizumab as Monotherapy and as Adjunct Therapy in Children and Adults (OUtMATCH).” In this Rostrum, OUtMATCH investigators share their perspectives on the trial results, the implications for translation into daily practice, and on remaining gaps in the field. The study met its primary and key secondary endpoints, demonstrating a large effect size in multi-allergen desensitization compared to placebo; yet there were some participants who did not respond, and the percentage of responders tolerating all 3 food allergens was lower than that for single foods. . Clinicians are likely to have many questions about appropriate patient selection, monitoring for treatment responsiveness, and how to manage off-label considerations such as dietary incorporation or co-treatment with oral immunotherapy. Additional research is needed to answer these remaining questions and ensure that the translation of omalizumab in real-world practice leads to high-quality outcomes.

Improving Adherence Through Collaboration and Care Coordination in the Management of Food Allergies and Asthma

Food allergies and asthma significantly impact individual health and global healthcare systems. Despite established management protocols for asthma and the emerging use of oral immunotherapy for food allergy, adherence to treatments remains a challenge for healthcare professionals and patients. This review explores the differences in adherence required of asthma and food allergy treatments and strategies to improve adherence. We highlight the role of collaborative care coordination among healthcare professionals in enhancing adherence in asthma and food allergy management and improving patient outcomes.

An adolescent case of doxylamine-induced widening of QRS complex

Doxylamine is an over-the-counter first-generation antihistamine used in the treatment of allergies and insomnia. Intentional ingestion is common due to its wide availability. Toxicity most frequently presents as an anticholinergic toxidrome with central effects leading to delirium, psychosis, or seizures, and peripheral effects manifested as tachycardia, dry and warm skin, mydriasis, or urinary retention. First-generation antihistamines can have antagonistic properties against the sodium channels on the cardiac myocytes in supratherapeutic doses. This article reports a polysubstance ingestion of 2 antihistaminergic agents with development of QRS complex widening and a right bundle branch block, which has not been well described in the literature.

Physicochemical Characterization of the Oral Biotherapeutic Drug IMUNOR®.

IMUNOR is an oral biotherapeutic drug that had been developed, registered, and approved in 1997 in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. IMUNOR is a dialyzable leukocyte extract (DLE) prepared from swine leukocytes. It is characterized as a mixture of small peptides with molecular weights smaller than 12 kDa and a specific portion of nucleotides. The medical uses of IMUNOR include therapeutic applications within its registered range of indications, primarily for the treatment of immunodeficiencies, allergies, and certain acute or relapsing bacterial infections in adults and children. Despite the long-term clinical application of DLE, with strong evidence of positive therapeutic effects and no serious side effects, a detailed physicochemical specification of this mixture was lacking. We developed several methods for more in-depth physicochemical characterization of IMUNOR, including a spectrophotometric method for quantification of the total protein concentration and total DNA concentration in a mixture, several chromatographic methods for identification of individual components present in significant concentrations in IMUNOR, such as HPLC methods and the Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis method, and characterization of amino acid composition of this mixture. For the investigation of the variability among different batches of IMUNOR, five to nine representative batches from a standard manufacturing process on an industrial scale were utilized. Using the analytical methods, we verified and confirmed the batch-to-batch reproducibility of the biological product IMUNOR.

Dupilumab as Therapeutic Option in Polysensitized Atopic Dermatitis Patients Suffering from Food Allergy.

IgE-mediated food allergy is characterized immunologically by a type 1 immune response triggered upon exposure to specific foods and clinically by a broad range of manifestations and variable severity. Our understanding of food allergy within the allergic march of atopic dermatitis (AD) is still incomplete despite the related risk of unpredictable and potentially severe associated reactions such as anaphylactic shock. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of dupilumab, an IL-4/IL-13 monoclonal antibody approved for AD, on the allergic sensitization profile of patients with AD and type 1 hypersensitivity-related comorbidities, including oral allergy syndrome, anaphylaxis, and gastrointestinal disorders. We conducted an observational pilot study with a longitudinal prospective design, enrolling 20 patients eligible for treatment with dupilumab. Laboratory exams for total serum IgE, specific IgE, and molecular allergen components were performed at baseline and after 16 weeks of therapy. Our results demonstrate a statistically significant decrease in molecular components, specific IgE for trophoallergens, and specific IgE for aeroallergens following treatment with dupilumab. We suggest that modulating type 2 immunity may decrease IgE-mediated responses assessed with laboratory exams and therefore could minimize allergic symptoms in polysensitized patients. Upcoming results of randomized controlled trials investigating dupilumab in food allergy are highly anticipated to confirm its potential effect in the treatment of IgE-mediated food allergies.

Simultaneously Predicting Pharmacokinetics of Loratadine and Desloratadine in Children Using a Whole-Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model.

Loratadine is metabolized to desloratadine. Both of them have been used for allergy treatment in children. Anatomical, physiological, and biological parameters of children and clearance of drugs vary with age. We aimed to develop a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to simultaneously predict the pharmacokinetics of loratadine and desloratadine in children. Following validation using 11 adult data sets, the developed PBPK model was extrapolated to children. Plasma concentrations following oral loratadine or desloratadine to children of different ages were simulated and compared with six children data sets. After scaling anatomy/physiology, protein binding, and clearance, pharmacokinetics of the two drugs in pediatric populations were satisfactorily predicted. Most of the observed concentrations fell within the 5th-95th percentile range of the simulations in 1000 virtual children. The predicted area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and Cmax fell within 0.5-2.0-fold range of the observations. Oral doses of loratadine or desloratadine for children of different ages were simulated based on similar AUCs following 10 mg of loratadine or 5 mg of desloratadine for adults. Pediatric PBPK model was successfully developed to simultaneously predict plasma concentrations of loratadine and desloratadine in children of all ages. The developed pediatric PBPK model may also be applied to optimize pediatric dosage.

In Silico Identification of Peanut Peptides Suitable for Allergy Immunotherapy in HLA-DRB1*03:01-Restricted Patients.

Peanut allergy, a prevalent and potentially severe condition affecting millions worldwide, has been linked to specific human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), suggesting increased susceptibility. Employing an immunoinformatic strategy, we developed a "logo model" based on amino acid frequencies in the peptide binding core and used it to predict peptides originating from 28 known peanut allergens binding to HLA-DRB1*03:01, one of the susceptibility alleles. These peptides hold promise for immunotherapy in HLA-DRB1*03:01 carriers, offering reduced allergenicity compared to whole proteins. By targeting essential epitopes, immunotherapy can modulate immune responses with minimal risk of severe reactions. This precise approach could induce immune tolerance with fewer adverse effects, presenting a safer and more effective treatment for peanut allergy and other allergic conditions.