Treatment Of Allergic Conjunctivitis Research Articles

A review on pathophysiology and managements of allergic conjunctivitis

Allergic disorder is a serious issue affecting 40% of the population. The most well-known visual illness in clinical practise is undoubtedly visual sensitivity. The impact of numerous variables, including genetics and pollution, is taken into account by experts. Therefore, this review is intends to provide the detailed description related to pathophysiology and managements of allergic conjunctivitis.The study was performed by literature survey of original research articles published in Pubmed, Science direct, Web of Science, Scopus and Google etc.The two primary types of allergic conjunctivitis are perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC) and seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC). The common effects of SAC and PAC are shivers, weeping, mucus production, and redness; nonetheless, these structures do not impair vision. However, vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) are the most alarming types of visual allergic conjunctivitis, which impact the cornea and can impair vision if not properly recognised and treated. Allergic conjunctivitis symptoms include itchy, stinging red eyes and yellow pus during sleep. The major objectives of treatment for allergic conjunctivitis are to lessen and manage symptoms and raise quality of life. This involves minimising itchiness, as well as redness, tears, edoema of the conjunctiva or the eyelids, and other related disorders. Breaking the pattern of inflammation and reducing it are additional therapy objectives for patients with chronic allergen exposure and persistent illness. Mast cell stabilisers, corticosteroids, antihistamines, NSAIDs, dual-acting antiallergics, anti-leukotrienes, anti-IgE, and some other drugs are used to treat allergic conjunctivitis.There are the different types of allergic conjunctivitis among which the more prevalence types of allergic conjunctivitis are SAC and PAC while the more severe types are VKC and AKC. There are different types of medicines available for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.

Are allergic conjunctivitis videos on YouTube a reliable source of information?

ABSTRACT Background Social media as well as YouTube are widely used to gain information on medical conditions. We aimed to assess and evaluate the quality and reliability of YouTube videos on ocular allergies and determine whether they are a trustworthy source of information. Research design and methods The first 60 videos from the search terms ‘allergic conjunctivitis’, ‘atopic conjunctivitis’, ‘allergic conjunctivitis symptoms’, and ‘allergic conjunctivitis eye drops’ were analyzed using modified DISCERN, Global Quality Score, Journal of the American Medical Association scores, and Health on the Net Code criteria. The total number of views, view ratio, likes, comments, and duration were recorded, and videos were evaluated as useful, non-useful, and misleading. Results The average mDISCERN score for the videos was 3.25 ± 0.76 (moderate), the average JAMA score was 2.76 ± 0.64 (intermediate), the average GQS score was 3.13 ± 0.8 (intermediate), and the average HONcode score was 7.8 ± 2.6 (intermediate). The most common video source was health professionals (61.9%). Conclusions Videos on allergic conjunctivitis while having reliable publishers are of moderate quality. Quality regulation of content uploaded on allergic conjunctivitis is needed. Health professionals should try to improve video content and provide more information on the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.

Subconjunctival injection of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviates experimental allergic conjunctivitis via regulating T cell response

BackgroundT helper 2 (Th2) cells are thought to play critical roles in allergic conjunctivitis (AC). They release inflammatory cytokines to promote an allergic response in AC. Due to individual heterogeneity and long-term chronic management, current therapies do not always effectively control AC. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to be effective in treating allergy-related disorders, but it is unclear how exactly the Th2-mediated allergic response is attenuated. This study aims to elucidate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of the human umbilical cord MSCs (hUCMSCs) in a mouse model of experimental AC (EAC).MethodsA mouse EAC model was established by inoculating short ragweed (SRW) pollen. After the SRW pollen challenge, the mice received a single subconjunctival or tail vein injection of 2 × 106 hUCMSCs, or subconjunctival injection of hUCMSCs conditioned medium (hUCMSC-CM), and dexamethasone eye drops was used as positive control; subsequent scratching behavior and clinical symptoms were assessed. Immunostaining and flow cytometry were carried out to show allergic reactions and the activation of CD4 + T cell subsets in the conjunctiva and cervical lymph nodes (CLNs). Gene expression was determined by RNA-seq and further verified by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Co-culture assays were performed to explore the regulatory role of hUCMSCs in the differentiation of CD4 + naive T cells (Th0) into Th2 cells.ResultsSubconjunctival administration of hUCMSCs resulted in fewer instances of scratching and lower inflammation scores in EAC mice compared to the tail vein delivery, hUCMSC-CM and control groups. Subconjunctival administration of hUCMSCs reduced the number of activated mast cells and infiltrated eosinophils in the conjunctiva, as well as decreased the number of Th2 cells in CLNs. After pretreatment with EAC mouse serum in vitro to mimic the in vivo milieu, hUCMSCs were able to inhibit the differentiation of Th0 into Th2 cells. Further evidence demonstrated that repression of Th2 cell differentiation by hUCMSCs is mediated by CRISPLD2 through downregulation of STAT6 phosphorylation. Additionally, hUMCSCs were able to promote the differentiation of Th0 cells into regulatory T cells in CLNs of EAC mice.ConclusionsSubconjunctival injection of hUCMSCs suppressed the Th2-allergic response and alleviated clinical symptoms. This study provides not only a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of AC but also other T cell-mediated diseases.

Bilastine 0.6% preservative-free eye drops, an effective once-daily treatment to reduce signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis: A pooled analysis of two randomized clinical trials.

Allergic conjunctivitis is the most common type of ocular allergy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new once-daily, preservative-free, bilastine 0.6% eye drop formulation for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. Two double-masked, vehicle controlled, clinical studies (a Phase 2 Dose Ranging Study and a Phase 3 Efficacy Study) were conducted to assess the efficacy of bilastine ophthalmic solution for the treatment of signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis. Both studies used the Ora-CAC® Conjunctival Allergen Challenge (CAC) Model to allow observations of allergic responses under controlled conditions. Each study was analyzed separately and then combined to create an integrated dataset. Efficacy was achieved for the primary efficacy endpoint of ocular itching for three bilastine concentrations (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%) at 15 minutes and 8 hours post-instillation and bilastine 0.6% ophthalmic solution was also efficacious at 16 hours post-instillation. Bilastine 0.6% ophthalmic solution demonstrated non-inferiority to ketotifen 0.025% at the onset of action. From the integrated data set, differences between vehicle and bilastine 0.6% were significant at all time points both at onset (15 minutes) and at a prolonged duration (16 hours) after instillation. This multi-trial assessment suggests that bilastine 0.6% ophthalmic solution is efficacious for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis, with a rapid and prolonged duration of action, and has a favorable safety profile. The added convenience of a once-a-day dosing regimen may contribute to patient adherence and improve their quality of life.

Diagnosis and pharmacological management of allergic conjunctivitis

Background: Allergic conjunctivitis is an immune disease primarily attributed to a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction in the conjunctiva of the eye. Based on clinical findings and pathogenesis, allergic conjunctivitis is classified into the following subtypes: seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, perennial allergic conjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, and giant papillary conjunctivitis.Current Concepts: The recommended initial treatment for allergic conjunctivitis involves the use of dual-effect agents exerting both antihistamine and mast cell stabilizing effects. If symptoms persist despite the application of these agents, coexisting allergic rhinitis should be considered a possible contributing factor, as this condition can also lead to ocular symptoms. Concurrent treatment of allergic rhinitis is necessary. Although oral antihistamines effectively alleviate symptoms associated with allergic conjunctivitis, potential systemic side effects must be carefully considered, particularly in older individuals and children. Steroid eye drops should be used for limited durations to minimize side effects. Unlike seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, and giant papillary conjunctivitis involve both type 1 hypersensitivity reactions and type 4 hypersensitivity mediated by T cells. In cases where dual-effect agents or steroid eye drops fail to yield improvements, topical immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine A or tacrolimus can be effective.Discussion and Conclusion: The pharmacological treatment of allergic conjunctivitis involves the initial use of dual-effect agents, with concurrent treatment of allergic rhinitis if present. Importantly, atopic and vernal keratoconjunctivitis can potentially lead to permanent vision loss, necessitating the application of steroid eye drops or immunosuppressant eye drops.

Comparison of ketotifen with olopatadine for allergic conjunctivitis: A meta-analysis study

IntroductionThere are few studies and reports, which compared the efficacy and safety between them. We conducted this meta-analysis to identify the effectiveness and safety of olopatadine and ketotifen allergic conjunctivitis. MethodsThe protocol was registered in PROSPERO. We searched Medline, Embase, Web of science, Ebsco and Cochrane library databases through February 2023, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included to assess the therapeutic efficacy of olopatadine versus ketotifen on allergic conjunctivitis. Six RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, compared with ketotifen intervention for allergic conjunctivitis, olopatadine intervention results in significantly lower itching during 4–7days after medication (MD=−0.55; 95% CI=−0.72 to −0.38; P<0.00001) and during 14days after medication (MD=−0.45; 95% CI=−0.57 to −0.32; P<0.00001), but demonstrated no significant impact on tearing. These suggested that olopatadine may provide better local treatment for allergic conjunctivitis as compared to ketotifen.

Comparison of alcaftadine with olopatadine for allergic conjunctivitis: A meta-analysis study

BackgroundThe efficacy of alcaftadine versus olopatadine remains elusive for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis, and this meta-analysis aims to explore the impact of alcaftadine versus olopatadine on treatment efficacy for allergic conjunctivitis. MethodsPubMed, EMbase, Web of science, EBSCO and Cochrane library databases were systematically searched, and we included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of alcaftadine versus olopatadine on efficacy in patients with allergic conjunctivitis. Ocular symptoms score and conjunctival hyperaemia score were included for this meta-analysis. ResultsTen RCTs were finally included in the meta-analysis. Overall, compared with olopatadine intervention for allergic conjunctivitis, alcaftadine intervention demonstrated no significant impact on ocular symptoms score on day 3 (SMD=–0.02; 95% CI=–0.20 to 0.16; P=0.82), day 7 (SMD=–0.02; 95% CI=–0.20 to 0.16; P=0.82), or conjunctival hyperaemia score on day 3 (SMD=0; 95% CI=–0.18 to 0.18; P=1.0), but was associated with substantially reduced ocular symptoms score on day 14 (SMD=–0.33; 95% CI=–0.51 to –0.15; P=0.0004) and conjunctival hyperaemia score on day 3 (SMD=0; 95% CI=–0.18 to 0.18; P=1.0). Additionally, there was similar incidence of ocular adverse events between alcaftadine intervention and olopatadine intervention (OR=1.37; 95% CI=0.12 to 16.12; P=0.80). ConclusionsAlcaftadine may be better to relieve ocular symptoms on day 14 and conjunctival hyperaemia on day 3 compared to olopatadine.

Efficacy of once-daily ophthalmic bilastine for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis: a dose-finding study.

Bilastine is a non-sedating second-generation antihistamine for the symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria. This trial aimed to evaluate the optimal dose, efficacy, and safety of a newly developed once-daily preservative-free ophthalmic formulation of bilastine for allergic conjunctivitis. This phase 2, single-center, double-masked, randomized study evaluated the efficacy of 3 doses of a bilastine ophthalmic formulation (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%) compared to vehicle for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. The primary efficacy endpoint was ocular itching reduction. The Ora-CAC® Conjunctival Allergen Challenge model was used to assess ocular and nasal symptoms at the onset of action (15 minutes), 8- and 16-hours post-treatment. Tolerance and safety were also evaluated. A total of 121 adults with seasonal and/or perennial ocular allergy were randomized. Bilastine ophthalmic formulation 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% were significantly superior (p>0.001) to vehicle for the treatment of ocular itching at 3, 5 and 7 minutes post-challenge at onset of action (15 minutes) and 8 hours post-treatment. Bilastine 0.6% was also effective at 16 hours post-treatment. Treatment differences for bilastine 0.6% were statistically significant (p<0.001) compared to vehicle at all timepoints for tearing, eyelid swelling, and nasal symptoms. No relevant adverse events were observed. All the tested ophthalmic bilastine doses were efficacious in rapidly reducing ocular itching. The 0.6% formulation was effective up to 16 hours post-treatment, making it suitable for once-daily administration. The new formulation was safe and well tolerated.

Formulation of a drug for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis: Copper nanoparticles containing Olea europaea leaf aqueous extract

Olea europaea or Olive is the main ingredient of the Mediterranean diet. They are associated with many health benefits, especially for heart health and cancer prevention. Olive is rich in antioxidants and its health benefits range from fighting inflammation to reducing the growth of microorganisms. Recently, metallic nanoparticles green-formulated by ethnomedicinal plants have been used due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials. Present research discloses the CuNPs biosynthesizing capability of the leaves of pharmacologically important Olea europaea. In addition, we investigated the Olea europaea green-formulated copper nanoparticles for the treatment of ovalbumin-induced allergic conjunctivitis. For determining the physicochemical properties of the recent nanoparticles, FT-IR, FE-SEM, UV-Vis and TEM were used. ELISA test was applied to measure the serum ovalbumin-specific IgG and IgE and total IgE. Clinical scores for allergic conjunctivitis induced by intraperitoneal ovalbumin sensitization and topical conjunctival challenge in guinea pigs were determined after a week’s daily treatment with 30 mg kg−1 prednisolone, 10 mg kg−1 chlorpheniramine, 2, 4, 8 and 16 µg kg−1 copper nanoparticles, or 10 mL kg−1 PBS. Ovalbumin-specific IgG and IgE as well as total serum IgE also decreased significantly (p<0.01). All doses of copper nanoparticles treatment resulted in a significantly (p<0.01) low clinical score of allergic conjunctivitis. The conjunctival tissue in copper nanoparticles treated guinea pigs had mild mononuclear infiltration compared to the PBS-treated ones, which had intense conjunctival tissue inflammatory infiltration.

Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Camellia sinensis on ovalbumin-induced allergic conjunctivitis

Allergic conjunctivitis is the main usual red eye cause influencing many people. Allergic conjunctivitis is like an umbrella that includes different types of clinical manifestations, from a mild but annoying form of IgE-dependent allergy to inhaled allergens to very severe forms such as keratoconjunctivitis. Cornea involvement in allergic conjunctivitis needs the steroids use, which can cause severe eye complications. Research on allergic conjunctivitis should focus more on more severe forms of eye allergies to gain a better the pathophysiology understanding of the disease, diagnosis methods should be standardized and new treatment methods should be suggested. In the recent study, due to high therapeutic effects of Camellia sinensis, we used its aqueous extract for green-synthesizing of the silver nanoparticles and allergic conjunctivitis treatment in the in vivo condition. UV–Vis spectroscopy, FE-SEM and TEM were used for characterization of nanoparticles. This research therefore evaluated the AgNPs@Camellia sinensis antiallergic potential in ovalbumin-induced allergic conjunctivitis and attempted to predict its mode of action. ELISA determined serum ovalbumin-specific total IgE, IgE and IgG. Clinical scores for allergic conjunctivitis induced by intraperitoneal ovalbumin sensitization and topical conjunctival challenge in Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs were estimated after treatment with 10, 20, 40 and 80 µg kg−1 AgNPs@Camellia sinensis, 10 mg kg−1 chlorpheniramine, 30 mg kg−1 prednisolone, or 10 mL kg−1 PBS. Serum ovalbumin-specific total IgE, IgE and IgG decreased significantly (p < 0.01). The conjunctival tissue in AgNPs@Camellia sinensis treated guinea pigs had mild mononuclear infiltration compared to the PBS-treated ones, which had intense conjunctival tissue inflammatory infiltration. The 40 and 80 mg kg−1 AgNPs@Camellia sinensis treatment resulted in allergic conjunctivitis low clinical score.

Green TLC-Densitometric Method for Simultaneous Determination of Antazoline and Tetryzoline: Application to Pharmaceutical Formulation and Rabbit Aqueous Humor.

Abstract Ophthalmic pharmaceutical preparation containing antazoline (ANT) and tetryzoline (TET) is prescribed widely as an over the counter medication for allergic conjunctivitis treatment. Development of a selective, simple and environmentally friendly thin-layer chromatographic method established to determine both ANT and TET in their pure forms, pharmaceutical formulation and spiked aqueous humor samples. By using silica gel plates and means of a developing system consists of ethyl acetate:ethanol (5:5, by volume), the studied drugs separation was achieved, and scanning was carried out at 220.0 nm for the separated bands with a 0.2–18.0 μg/band concentration range for each of ANT and TET. Standard addition technique application was carried out to determine the proposed method validity. Statistical comparison was made between the proposed method and the official methods ANT and TET showing no significant difference concerning accuracy and precision. Furthermore, greenness profile assessment was accomplished by means of four metric tools, namely, analytical greenness, green analytical procedure index, analytical eco-scale and national environmental method index. Highlights

TLR7 Agonists Modulate the Activation of Human Conjunctival Epithelial Cells Induced by IL-1β via the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway.

Conjunctival epithelia cells play an important role in the development of allergic reactions. TLR7 agonists have been shown in studies to increase the body's immunological tolerance by controlling the proportion of Th1/Th2 cells, although it is still unknown what impact this has on conjunctival epithelial cells. In this study, we examined the effect of TLR7 agonists on the inflammatory-activation of conjunctival epithelial cells induced by IL-1β. Quantitative PCR and ELISA analysis confirmed that TLR7 agonists could impair the proinflammatory cytokines released by the epithelia cells, whereas pro-inflammatory cytokines led to subsequent reactive oxygen species and neutrophil chemotaxis. Phosphorylation analysis and nucleocytoplasmic separation further confirmed that TLR7 agonists inhibit IL-1β-induced epithelia cells activation and ATP depletion via modulating the cytoplasmic residence of ERK1/2. Our finding indicated that TLR7 of conjunctival epithelia cells could be as a potent anti-inflammatory target for the ocular surface. And TLR7 agonists may become potential new drug for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.

Preparation and Evaluation of Ophthalmic Ketorolac Tromethamine Minitablet

Objective: The current research is for improving patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency of ocular ketorolac tromethamine used for allergic conjunctivitis through preparation of minitablet for ocular insertion. Method: Ocular mini tablet was prepared by direct compression method using xanthan gum, chitosan and carbopol 943P as polymers to prepare the mini tablet for ocular insertion. The mini tablets were evaluated for drug content, weight variation, bioadhesion, water uptake and swelling behavior, in vitro drug release and ocular irritation. Results: The best formula (F1) containing 1% chitosan gave mini tablets with dimension (3 × 0.7 mm) with satisfactory physical properties and 100% release after 12 hours to be inserted anteriorly. Conclusion: This work succeeded in preparing ocular mini tablet of ketorolac tromethamine to be inserted anteriorly for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. As promising sustained release drug delivery system to be a good alternative for the conventional treatment regimen to improve patient compliance by reducing frequent doses with no irritation.

Bilastine 0.6% preservative-free eye drops, a once-daily treatment for allergic conjunctivitis.

Bilastine is a second-generation antihistamine approved for the symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria. This trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of a new bilastine 0.6% preservative-free eye-drops formulation for the symptomatic treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. This phase 3, multicenter, double-masked, randomized study evaluated the efficacy, safety and tolerability of bilastine 0.6% ophthalmic solution compared to ketotifen 0.025% and vehicle. The primary efficacy endpoint was ocular itching reduction. The Ora-CAC® Allergen Challenge Model was used to assess ocular and nasal symptoms at 15 minutes (onset of action) and 16 hours post-treatment. Subjects (N=228) were 59.6% male, and the mean (SD) age was 44.1 (13.4) years. Bilastine demonstrated efficacy in reducing ocular itching compared to vehicle at both onset of action and 16 hours post-treatment (P <0.001). Ketotifen showed improvement compared to vehicle 15 minutes post-treatment (P <0.001). Bilastine demonstrated statistical non-inferiority to ketotifen for all 3 post-CAC timepoints at 15 minutes post-instillation, based on an inferiority margin of 0.4. Bilastine demonstrated improvement over vehicle (P <0.05) for conjunctival redness, ciliary redness, episcleral redness, chemosis, eyelid swelling, tearing, rhinorrhea, ear and palate pruritus and nasal congestion at 15 minutes post-treatment. Ophthalmic bilastine was safe and well tolerated. Mean drop comfort scores were significantly better (P <0.05) for bilastine compared with ketotifen immediately upon instillation, and similar compared with vehicle. Ophthalmic bilastine effectively reduced ocular itching for 16 hours post-treatment, suggesting that it could be used as a once-daily treatment for the signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03479307.

Topical ketotifen treatment for allergic conjunctivitis: a systematic review and Meta-analysis.

To assess the efficacy of ketotifen in treating allergic conjunctivitis. A systematic search of systematic reviews and Meta-analyses was conducted on the PubMed and Web Science of Science until October 2021 to address this knowledge gap. Mean difference with 95%CI and P values were used to assess the efficacy of ketotifen. The heterogeneity (I 2) was used to evaluate the impact of heterogeneity. Eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 1589 patients were included in this Meta-analysis. The results revealed that after treating with ketotifen, itching (MD=-0.91, 95%CI: -1.63 to -0.20, I 2=94%, P=0.01), tearing (MD=-0.40, 95%CI: -0.61 to -0.18, I 2=75%, P=0.0003) and total signs and symptoms (MD=-0.85, 95%CI: -1.12 to -0.58, I 2=0, P<0.00001) showed better benefit effect compared to the placebo group. Topical ketotifen is an effective treatment for patients with allergic conjunctivitis.

Comparison of olopatadine with ketotifen for allergic conjunctivitis: a meta-analysis study.

Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the most common non-traumatic extraocular inflammatory diseases. The comparison of olopatadine with ketotifen remains elusive for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis, and this meta-analysis aims to explore the impact of olopatadine versus ketotifen on treatment efficacy for allergic conjunctivitis. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane library databases were systematically searched, and we included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of olopatadine versus ketotifen on efficacy in patients with allergic conjunctivitis. Seven RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, compared with ketotifen intervention for allergic conjunctivitis, olopatadine intervention was associated with substantially lower hyperaemia (mean difference (MD) = -0.77; 95% confidence interval (CI) = -1.24 to -0.30; p = 0.001), but demonstrated no significant impact on itching, tearing or papillae. These suggested that olopatadine may be more effective to relieve the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis than ketotifen.

“A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF ALCAFTADINE 0.25% VERSUS OLOPATADINE HYDROCHLORIDE 0.2% IN ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL”

Background: Ocular itching is the hallmark symptom of allergic conjunctivitis, accompanied by tearing, conjunctival redness, eyelid swelling and chemosis. Alcaftadine and Olopatadine hydrochloride are classied as dual-acting antiallergic agents, used in treatment of Allergic conjunctivitis. Objective: To compare efcacy and safety of Alcaftadine 0.25% and Olopatadine hydrochloride 0.2% eye drops among patients with allergic conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology out-patient department at Minto Ophthalmic Hospit Settings and Design: al, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru; prospective, randomized, comparative study. This study Methods and Material: was conducted among 120 patients suffering from grade 3 Allergic Conjunctivitis and efcacy measured in terms of proportion of patients achieving symptomatic relief of allergic ocular signs and symptoms from grade 3 to grade 0 from baseline to 2 weeks, using TOSS score (Total Ocular Symptoms Score) and Conjunctival Hyperaemia scale. Safety assessed by monitoring treatment-emergent adverse effects. Continuous data assessed by unpaired, paired 't' test and repeated measures-ANOVA and categorical data by chi-square test. p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered as statistically signicant, whereas &lt; 0.001 as highly signicant. Greater proportion of patients achieved symptomatic reli Results: ef in Alcaftadine group (98.3%) compared to Olopatadine hydrochloride group (90%) at end of 2 weeks. A signicant and faster reduction in TOSS score was observed from baseline to 2 weeks in Alcaftadine treated group compared to Olopatadine hydrochloride group (p&lt;0.05). Adverse events reported were headache, burning sensation and mild redness in both groups Alcaftadine 0.25% demonstrated greater efcacy in reduci . Conclusion: ng ocular signs and symptoms of Allergic conjunctivitis from baseline to 2 weeks, compared to Olopatadine hydrochloride 0.2% with minimal side-effects.

Complementary Treatment of Allergic Conjunctivitis: The Role of Quercetin

Quercetin offers interesting beneficial options in clinical practice by providing anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activities. This article reports and discusses the effectiveness of oral administration of quercetin Phytosome™ in adults presenting allergic conjunctivitis. The analysis was conducted by evaluating both subjective symptoms reported by individuals; and objective analysis of tear film instability due to allergic conjunctivitis inflammation using a non-invasive and computerized evaluation model. Outcomes provided evidence that quercetin Phytosome may significantly be a natural effort to avoid clinical worsening when supplemented as add-on to continuous anti-histaminic treatment and also prevent clinical exacerbations.

Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of olopatadine combined with pranoprofen in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis

Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of olopatadine combined with pranoprofen in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis

Ocular Biodistribution of Once-Daily 0.6% Bilastine Eye Drops Reveals Highest Levels in Conjunctiva Up to 24 h Postadministration.

Purpose: Bilastine is a second-generation antihistamine that has been shown to be effective for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and biodistribution of 0.6% bilastine preservative-free eye drops. Methods: Bilastine was quantified in the conjunctiva, cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, iris/ciliary body, retina/choroid, crystalline lens, and plasma, following a single topical administration to male Dutch-belted rabbits. Results: Concentrations of bilastine were highest in the conjunctiva [Cmax: 2,545.04 ng/g, at 6 h postadministration; area under the concentration-time curve (AUCt): 11,382.40 ng·h/g] and cornea (Cmax: 609.11 ng/g, at 1 h postadministration; AUCt: 1,993.88 ng·h/g), followed by the iris/ciliary body, retina/choroid, aqueous humor, plasma, vitreous humor, and crystalline lens. Quantifiable bilastine concentrations were observed up to 24 h after instillation in the conjunctiva (388.45 ng/g), cornea (28.68 ng/g), iris/ciliary body (12.42 ng/g), retina/choroid (1.91 ng/g), and crystalline lens (0.12 ng/g). In plasma, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor, bilastine was detected up to 12 h postadministration (0.18 ng/mL, 0.40 ng/mL, and 0.32 ng/g, respectively). Conclusions: PKs and biodistribution of 0.6% bilastine eye drops in rabbits revealed a marked preferential distribution in the conjunctiva (target tissue), with sustained levels up to 24 h. These findings are consistent with clinical efficacy trials supporting once-daily administration of topical bilastine for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.