Treatment 1 Research Articles

Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Ceacal Microbial Population of Weaned Pigs Fed Maize Cob-Cassava Peel Mixture as Partial Replacement for Maize

This study was carried out to determine the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and ceacal microbial population of weaned pigs fed maize cob-cassava peel mixture as partial replacement for maize. A total of 32 cross bred weaned male pigs were stratified based on their body weights into four treatments of eight pigs each in a completely randomized design. Animals in treatment 1 (T1) were fed 0 % maize cob-cassava peel mixture (CPMCM) while CPMCM was used to replace maize at 10 %, 20 % and 30 % in T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Feed and clean water were offered to pigs throughout the experiment that lasted for 60 days. Results obtained revealed that average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and mortality were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by the treatments. Nutrient digestibility of crude protein, crude fibre, ether extracts, dry matter and nitrogen free extract were not significantly (P>0.05) different among the treatment. Microbial population of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus sp were significantly (P<0.05) different among the groups. Conversely, Salmonella sp and Micrococcus luteus counts were not significantly (P>0.05) different among the treatments. It was concluded that CPMCM can be used to replace maize up to 30 % in the diet of weaned pigs without causing any deleterious effect on the performance of animals

Effect of Ethanol Extract from Kersen Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) on Changes in Blood Factors Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and HDL in Hyperlipidemia Mice

Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor of cardiovascular disorder in diabetes mellitus. Lack of insulin in diabetes mellitus can increase lipolysis which leads to an increased free fatty acid that also increases total cholesterol level and LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein). This study aims to determine the effect of Muntingia calabura leaf extract on the level of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL, and High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) of alloxan-induced male white mice. Thirty male mice were separated into five groups: negative control (NC) without alloxan and extract, diabetes control (DC) with only alloxan, treatment 1 (T1) with alloxan and 100mg/kgBW of M. calabura leaf extract, treatment 2 (T2) with alloxan and 300 mg/kgBW of M. calabura leaves extract, and positive control (PC) with alloxan and 600 µg/kgBW of glibenclamide. One-Way Anova demonstrated that the administration of glibenclamide and M. calabura effectively reduce TC, TG, LDL and increase HDL compared to the diabetes control group (P<0.05) and the most effective dose M. calabura to decrease TC, TG, LDL, and to increase HDL were 300 mg/kgBW. Extraction using 96% ethanol of M. calabura leaf affects the reduction of TC, TG, LDL, and the increase of HDL in the blood and it can be developed as alternative of antihyperlipidemia drugs.

Extraction of proteins and location of the L-ype Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ channel (CaV1.2 α1c) in pig sperm extracted from fresh, frozen and permeated semen

Ion channels are protein structures located in the cell plasma membrane. Sperm cells require calcium ions (Ca2+) to carry out fundamental physiological processes, such as hypermotility, capacitation and acrosomal reaction. Protein extraction is the first, and most critical, stage of molecular tests (Western Blot, proteomic tests, etc). The implementation of these techniques in the study of sperm cells will allow us to understand their physiology (biomarkers) and ways of manipulation (refrigeration, cryopreservation, permeation using streptolysin O (SLO), etc.). The goal of this project was to determine whether if changes in the plasma membrane, brought on by cryopreservation or permeation with SLO, modify the Ca2+ CaV1.2 α1C channel in pig sperm cells. 2 ½ pig ejaculates were taken as working simples, and they were treated as follows: -Control (C): refrigerated semen (SR) 16°/24h; Treatment 1 (T1): SR with SLO T2: cryopreserved semen (SC); T3: SC, previously treated with SLO. It was determined that a better quantitation of proteins from the samples (p<0.001) is obtained with a (total) protein extraction buffer composed of SDS 2% + β-Mercaptoethanol 3%. The detection of the CaV 1.2 α1C protein was done through Western Bloting, using the Rabbit anti-CaV 1.2 α1C (USA, Sigma-AldrichTM) antigen. Better visibility of the protein band of the Ca2+ channel was achieved in the C and T1 experimental groups; whereas its’ presence was not observed in T2 and T3. It was determined that the Ca2+ CaV 1.2 α1C was present in the sperm cells, and that it deteriorates once the sperm cell is frozen and permeated with SLO, which is linked to the decrease of cell viability percentages. alibri font, size 10, and single line spacing.

Nisina ou misturas de sais de ácidos orgânicos para produção de linguiça tipo Calabresa em escala industrial

Abstract This study aimed to produce Calabrese-type sausages on an industrial scale by incorporating nisin and mixtures of organic acids and their salts as preservatives. In addition, it was assessed the stability of the product during storage at 25 °C. Various formulations were investigated, each featuring distinct preservative combinations as follows: Treatment 1 (T1) included sodium lactate and sodium acetate; Treatment 2 (T2) contained sodium lactate, sodium acetate, citric acid, and nisin; Treatment 3 (T3) involved a combination of salt and nisin alongside sodium lactate; and a control group which utilized sodium lactate. The moisture values ranged from 55.84% to 57.45%, proteins from 18.53 to 19.07, and lipids from 17.04% to 19.15%, all following Brazilian legislation. The pH remained stable until 90 days of storage, with values of 6.30, 6.28, 6.05, and 6.23 for control, T1, T2, and T3, respectively. T2 presented higher acidity compared to the other formulations due to the presence of citric acid. The evaluated preservatives (T1, T2, and T3) showed lower lipid oxidation indices and inhibited microbial growth. Therefore, the evaluated preservatives have the potential to be used industrially because they maintain the characteristics of the product and ensure 120 days of storage at 25 °C.

The impact of Apis dorsata forest honey administration on follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels in rats (Rattus norvegicus) forced swim test as a chronic physical animal model.

Chronic physical stress has many effects on the nervous system and can cause structural changes in different parts of the brain and hemomodulatory, including hormonal. Current pharmacotherapeutic treatments have limited efficacy and are associated with many deleterious side effects. The aim of this research is to determine how Apis dorsata forest honey administration affects follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in rats who are subjected to forced swim tests as a model of chronic physical stress placed in a container filled with water from which it cannot escape. This was an experimental laboratory study with 32 rats divided into four treatment groups: control (C), Treatment 1 (T1) with a forced swim test + honey (2 g/rat/day), Treatment 2 (T2) with a forced swim test + honey (4 g/rat/day), and Treatment 3 (T3) with a forced swim test + honey (6 g/rat/day). All treatments were administered for 14 days. Then, blood was taken for FSH and LH serum tests, and a one-way ANOVA and Duncan test were used to statistically test the data analysis. The results of this study indicate that the administration of forest honey had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the FSH parameter, but there was a significant decrease in LH levels in the T2 and T3 groups (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that giving forest honey to rats who were subjected to a 14-day forced swim test had no effect on FSH and LH levels. In rats given a forced swim test as a model of chronic stress, administration at doses of 4 and 6 g/rat/day reduced LH serum levels. Thus, giving forest honey could maintain reproductive health in rat that experience chronic stress.

Marcadores metabólicos e produção de leite de vacas da raça Holandesa submetidas a diferentes protocolos de aplicação de cianocobalamina e butafosfan no pós-parto recente

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different protocols combining cyanocobalamin and butaphosphan on metabolic markers and milk production by Holstein cows postpartum. We used 154 multiparous cows housed in a free-stall system and divided into five groups, using the number of lactations and the probable date of calving as randomization criteria. The animals received intramuscular applications of a 100 mg/mL butaphosphan and 0.05 mg/mL cyanocobalamin combination. The treatment was delivered in a volume of 1 mL for every 20 Kg of body weight on varying treatment days as follows: treatment 1 (T1), on delivery day (day 0) (n=36); T2, days 0 and 3 (n = 31); T3: days 0 and 7 (n = 30); T4: days 0, 3 and 7 (n = 28). The control group (CG) received saline solution on days 0, 3 and 7 (n = 29). Blood samples were collected for metabolite evaluation on days 0, 7, 21 and 30. Milk production was recorded once a week for up to 98 lactation days. T4 elicited higher average milk production (25.87±0.34 kg/day; P &lt; 0.001) than all other groups. Administering butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin on days 0, 3 and 7 postpartum increased milk production and improved energy and liver metabolism in the animals.

Performance and Physiological Response of Japanese Quails to Administration of Parquetina nigrescens

The purpose of the study was to investigate the response of Japanese quails to the administration of Parquetina nigrescence leaf extract (PNLE). The study was carried out at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. Two hundred (200) day-old quails were purchased from a commercial hatchery. Parquetina nigrescens leaves were harvested around Babcock University, Ilishan,Remo, Ogun State Nigeria. Six hundred grams of the leaf was cut into smaller pieces and soaked into 1 litre of water for 72 hours, it was then filtered with a muslin cloth and the filtrate was given to the birds according to the treatments. The birds were randomly distributed into five treatments; each treatment replicated four times with 10 birds per replicate. Treatment 1 (T1); without PNLE served as the control, T2, T3, T4, T5 received PNLE at 0.20, 0.40, 0.60 and 0.80 ml/liter of water respectively. Data on phytochemicals, growth performance, and basic physiological responses were collected and subjected to analysis of variance using statistical analytical system. According to the results obtained, all the parameters for growth were not significantly influenced (p&gt;0.05) by the administration of PNLE with the exception of feed conversion ratio (FCR) and final live weight at the finisher phase. The best FCR (3.18) was recorded in T3 at the starter phase while T5 had the best final live weight and FCR at the finisher phase. There was significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in the oxygen concentration and pulse rates of the Japanese quails. It can be concluded from the study that the administration of Parquetina nigrescens up to 0.80ml is safe for Japanese quails for optimum performance.

Estrus response and pregnancy rate of swamp buffalo: The use of multivitamins in different estrus synchronization hormone protocols

Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of using multivitamins in different estrus synchronization hormone protocols on estrus response, estrus onset, estrus duration, estrus intensity, and pregnancy rate in swamp buffalo. Materials and Methods: This study used 30 post-partum adult buffalo, with three estrus synchronization methods treated: 1. Conventional plus Prostaglandin F2 α (PGF2α-PGF2α + multivitamin)-AI; 2. Co-synch plus Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH-PGF2α + multivitamin)-AI; 3. Combination of hormone plus (Estrogen-Progesterone-PGF2α + multivitamin)-AI. Research variables include estrus response, estrus onset, estrus duration, estrus intensity, and pregnancy rate. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 23.0 program. Results: The results showed that the use of multivitamins in different estrus synchronization hormone protocols resulted in an estrous response reaching 100%. The onset of estrus in the three treatments [Treatment-1 (T1); Treatment-2 (T2); Treatment-3 (T3)] was 25.8; 27.6; 23.9 h, estrus duration: 21.0; 21.6; 21.92 h, estrus intensity: 25.8; 27.6; 32.6 h, and the pregnancy rate for buffalo reaches 80%. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the use of multivitamins in different estrus synchronization hormone protocols is effective in optimizing the swamp buffalo’s estrus response; the estrus duration is longer, the estrus onset is faster, and the estrus intensity is higher. It can even optimize the increase in swamp buffalo pregnancy rates.

Preventive and therapeutic effects of the peel powder of P. granatum in a rat sepsis model

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the treatment potential of Punica granatum L. peel powder in an experimentally induced sepsis model in rats. Sepsis was induced in 10-week-old, male, Wistar Albino (n=24) rats. The animals were divided into four groups: Sham-operated (S) Group, Control (C) Group, Treatment-1 (T1) Group, and Treatment-2 (T2) Group. To induce the sepsis model, the cecal ligation and puncture procedure was performed. The P. granatum peel powder (200 mg/kg; per os) was applied one hour before (T1) and 10 hours after (T2) surgery in a volume of 2 mL. At the end of the experimental procedure, microbial and histopathological analyses were performed. The histopathological scores on the liver, lungs, heart, kidney, spleen, and pancreas were evaluated. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli + S. aureus were isolated from blood cultures. Severe bacteria were detected in the blood of the group C animals. It was found that there were fewer bacteria in groups T1 (n=2) and T2 (n=4) compared with group C. There were no lesions in the pancreas tissues of any groups. Vascular changes, degeneration, and necrosis were common in the organs in all cases of group C compared to group S. The findings in group T1 were similar to those in group C, however, it was seen in fewer animals. It was determined that there was a general improvement in group T2, and in addition the existing lesions were moderate in severity. In conclusion, P. granatum L. peel powder prevented CLP-induced lung injury in experimental rats. Thus, P. granatum L. peel powder may be an alternative therapeutic agent against lung tissue injury induced by sepsis. The recovery from inflammation was better in group T2 than in the other groups. According to the results of the current study, P. granatum peel powder was found to be effective in the treatment of sepsis with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory functions.

Simulation Study on the Effect of Iron Nanoparticles on Rhizospheric and Rhizoplane Microbes of Paddy (Oryza sativa) Plant

ABSTRACT Rhizospheric microbes play a crucial role in plant growth promotion. Due to advancements in technology, many nano fertilizers are now applied in the agricultural field. However, its effect on the microbial community is less explored. The present study examines the impact of iron (Fe) nanoparticles (INPs) on paddy rhizospheric (RS) and rhizoplanar (RP) microbes. The effect of different concentrations of INPs iron nanoparticles on the growth of rhizospheric and rhizoplanar microbes was observed by the plate count method. The results showed that bacterial and fungal counts were higher in control than all treatments on 15, 30, and 45 days after sowing seeding (DAS). Nitrogen-fixing bacteria were higher in control on 15 and 30 DAS; however, on 45 DAS, higher nitrogen-fixing bacteria were reported in T4. Phosphate solubilizing microbes were higher in all the treatments compared to the control. Siderophore-producing microbes were higher in control on 15 DAS compared to other treatments. However, after 30 and 45 DAS siderophore-producing microbes were higher in T4 than in control and other treatments. Thus, the results suggest that treatment − 4 (T4) (Seed + Soil +2 g/kg soil) was the best treatment and can be used for plant growth promotion of rice.

Productivity of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in an Integrated Aquaculture System

Integrated fish farming can be a solution to utilize the scarce resources efficiently and reduce waste disposal through recycling of waste. Hence, the main purpose of this experiment was to estimate the profitability and yield of vegetables (lettuce and spinach) from Oreochromis niloticus in an integrated fish farming system. A total of 114m2 lands for vegetable cultivation and a fish pond with a size of 10m×15m×1.7m were used. 200 fingerlings of Oreochromis niloticus with an average initial weight of 8.5 gram were stocked and reared at a stocking density of 1.3fish/m.2 The experimental design for vegetable production was 2×4 factorial design. The average final weight of Oreochromis niloticus after four months of rearing was 61.76g. Four treatments were used for vegetable production; treatment 1 (T1) was vegetable production using pond water, Treatment 2 (T2) was using fertilizer, treatment 3 (T3) was using compost and treatment 4 (T4) was using tap water (control group). Outcomes of the general linear model revealed that lettuce productions of T1, T2, and T3 were significantly higher than T4, while spinach productions of T1 were significantly higher than(p˂0.05), T2 and T4 but there is no significant difference from T3. Depending on the result T1 was 1.8 times more profitable than T2, 2.06 times more profitable than T3, and 11.06 times more profitable than T4. Based on the current finding, integrated fish farmers could improve fish production, vegetable yield, and net returns by integrating fish farming system with other on-farm activities.

Use of a novel fodder herb, Commelina species, in Black Head Ogaden lambs: nutrient utilization, weight gain performance, and economic viability

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to determine the effects of supplementing Commelina forage species on nutrient uptake, weight gain, and economic viability in Black Head Ogaden lambs. Twenty yearling lambs were used in four treatments with five replicates in randomized complete block design. The treatments included Teff straw + 120 g dried Moringa stenopetala leaves (DMSL) for treatment 1 (T1), Teff straw + 120 g DMSL + 300 g C.benghalensis (T2), Teff straw + 120 g DMSL + 300 g C.imberbis (T3) and Teff straw + 120 g DMSL + 300 g concentrate (T4). A 60-day feeding trial was followed by a 10-day digestibility investigation. The study used SAS 9.0 for data analysis; the Duncan multiple range test for mean separation and partial budget analysis for financially feasibility testing. With better responses in T4 followed by T3, T2, and T1, supplementation significantly improved total DM, nutritional intakes, and apparent digestibility (P < 0.001). The two Commelina species and conventional concentrate-supplemented treatments resulted in average daily weight gains of 47.58 and 72.69 g, respectively but the former treatments produced higher marginal returns (2.02) than the later ones (0.22). With promising profit, Commelina species could be used as a supplement to improve the animals’ nutrient uptake and growth efficiency.

AvrA Salmonella Increases TLR4/NF-κB/β-catenin/TGF-β Expressions of Colorectal Cancer Mice Model

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is reported as the third most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide. Salmonella infection plays a role in developing this cancer, which is chronically related to the avirulence protein A (AvrA) effector protein produced by the bacteria. This study was conducted to point out the effect of AvrA Salmonella on the occurrence of CRC through the regulation of TLR4/NF-κB/β-catenin/TGF-β expressions in the azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) CRC model.METHODS: A randomized control group post-test-only study was conducted using male Balb/c mice with 30-gram body weight (10-12 weeks), which were divided into three groups, namely the negative control (normal mice without any treatment), positive control (AOM/DSS-treated mice), treatment 1 (T1) (AOM/DSS-treated mice + AvrA Salmonella) groups. Colon tissue was collected and then prepared for immunohistochemistry staining using TLR4, β-catenin, NF-κB, TGF-β, and Ki67 antibodies, whereas apoptotic cells were stained using TUNEL assay.RESULTS: The expressions of TLR4, β-catenin, NF-κB, TGF-β, Ki67, and apoptosis percentage indicated significant differences among the three groups, which statistically showed p&lt;0.05 in all observed parameters. The mean of all parameters was far more significant in the T1 group than in the negative and positive control groups.CONCLUSION: The findings revealed that AvrA Salmonella could increase the expressions of TLR4, β-catenin, NF-κB, TGF-β, and Ki67 and decrease the apoptotic percentage. Thus, AvrA Salmonella influences CRC tumorigenesis through TLR4/NF-κB/β-catenin/TGF-β and is suggested as a potential target in future preventive and curative management for CRC.KEYWORDS: AvrA Salmonella, carcinogenesis, colorectal cancer

Effect of Adding Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus) and Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma Lucidum) to Broiler Diets on the Productive Performance

Research on the effects of supplementing broiler diets with Lion’s mane (Hericium erinaceus) and Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) was conducted in the field from March 22, 2022, to April 18, 2022, by the Department of Animal Production in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences at the University of Baghdad in Abu Ghraib. There were a total of 210 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks employed in this study (10 birds per replicate), and they were fed a starter diet for the first 10 days, a growth diet for the next 11-24 days, and a final diet for the last 25-42 days. The birds were randomly assigned to one of seven treatments, with three replicates per treatment and ten birds in each replicate. The experimental procedures included:Treatment 1 (T1) is a diet with no extra ingredients. The second diet (T2) includes 1 g/kg of lion’s mane (Hericium erinaceus) fodder, the third diet (T3) includes 1.5 g/kg of lion’s mane (Hericium erinaceus), and the fourth diet (T4) includes 2 g/kg of lion’s mane (Hericium erinaceus), the fifth diet (T5) includes 1 g/kg of reishi mushroom (Ganoderma Treatments T4 (2 g/kg of Lion’s mane (Hericium erinaceus) and T6 (1.5 gm of Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum)) were superior on the control treatment T1 in the sixth week, while in the fifth week, treatment T6 (1.5 g/kg of Reishi Mushroom) showed a significant increase in weekly average body weight over the control treatment T1. The ratio of weight gain to treatment time was found to be significantly higher for treatments T4 and T6 compared to the control treatment T1 (P<0.01). At 6 weeks of age, the feed consumption ratio increased significantly for treatments T5, T6, and T7 compared to the control treatment T1, and a high significant improvement (P<0.01) in the feed conversion ratio was observed, most notably for the birds in treatment T4, to which Lion’s mane (Hericium erinaceus) was added to their diets at a rate of 2 g / kg. There was a significant (P≤0.05) increase in the relative weight of the liver for birds of treatment T2 (1g/kg Lion’s mane (Hericium erinaceus) and T6 (1.5g/kg Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum)) compared to the control treatment T1. The results of this investigation suggest that varying concentrations of Lion’s mane (Hericium erinaceus) and Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) may help boost grill performance.

Investigating the Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Essential Oil on Haemato-Biochemical Indices, Immune Response and Oxidative Stress of Weaned Rabbits

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil on haemato-biochemical indices, immune response and oxidative stress of weaned rabbits. Sixty healthy weaned cross bred male rabbits (4 weeks of age) with initial body weight of 460.1 ± 0.25 g were grouped based on their body weight into four treatments containing treatment 1 (T1) basal diet with no Eucalyptus camaldulensis oil (ECO), T2, T3 and T4 were fed basal diet with 200 mg, 400 mg and 600 mg/kg respectively in a completely randomized design. Feed and clean water was supplied ad libitum throughout the experiment which lasted for 56 days. All haematological parameters (pack cell volume, red blood cell, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations, white blood cells and its differentials) were higher (P˂0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 relative to T1. Total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, cholesterol, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alanine phosphatase values were greater in ECO supplemented diets whereas urea nitrogen, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and bicarbonate were influenced by the treatments. However, all values were within the optimal range for healthy rabbits. Immunoglobulins, melanodialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and total antioxidant capacity were higher (P˂0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 than in other diet. Result revealed that ECO can be supplemented up to 600 mg/kg without negatively affecting the performance and health status of rabbits.

PSIII-7 Effect of Time of Estrus on Conception Rate for a Sexed Semen Artificial Insemination Protocol in Multiparous Beef Cows

Abstract Sexed semen artificial insemination is a breeding technique that allows producers to shorten breeding seasons, optimize genetics through use of superior semen, create calves based on sex preference, and increase profitability. Sexed semen is a technology that sorts semen by differences in DNA content between X (female) and Y (male) bearing sperm. However, sexed semen practices have yet to be widely used in beef cows due to reduced sperm numbers, low conception rates, and increased costs. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of time of estrus upon fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) of sex-sorted semen on conception rate using two different estrous synchronization protocols. Multiparous commercial beef cows (n = 73) were randomized by age, body condition score (BCS), and days post-partum at the University of Arkansas Livestock and Forestry Research Station in Batesville. Both synchronization treatments (TRT) used a controlled internal drug releasing device (Eazi-breed CIDR; 1.38g progesterone) inserted intravaginally on d -14 of the protocol simultaneous to administration of prostaglandin F2α (PGF; 500µg cloprostenol sodium; Estrumate). In the first treatment (TRT 1; 7&amp;7 Synch), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 86µg gonadorelin; Fertagyl) was administered on d -7. In the second treatment (TRT 2; 8&amp;6 Synch), GnRH was administered on d -6. Both treatments were then administered PGF simultaneous to CIDR removal on d 0, 66 ± 2h before FTAI and administration of GnRH. Standing heat (estrus) was visually detected every 3 h for 30 min intervals between CIDR removal and FTAI. Heat detection patches were used in conjunction with visual detection of estrus. Time of estrus was signified as time of standing immobile when mounted in combination with presenting a patch score of 4 (&amp;gt;75% color removed). Time of estrus (TD) was deviated from time of FTAI and categorized into three equal time groups (Grp 1 = 0 to 11.0 h; Grp 2 = 11.01 to 22.0 h; and Grp 3 = 22.01 to 33.0 h). Conception rate (CR) was determined via ultrasound 37 ± 2 d after FTAI. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4. CR did not differ by age of dam (P = 0.58), BCS (P = 0.48), or TRT (P = 0.83). However, TD had an effect on CR (P = 0.002); and resulted in CR of 45% (Grp 1), 87% (Grp 2), and 42% (Grp 3). In conclusion, these results indicate artificially inseminating cows with sexed semen between 11.01 and 22.0 h after time of standing estrus will increase pregnancy rates for multiparous commercial beef cattle.

How technology shapes advice: professional–parent interaction in a digital pediatric treatment

IntroductionTechnology-enabled treatments (TET) have emerged in pediatric care as an effective solution for early and intensive intervention. There is a lack of research in the field of digitalized health care on the interaction between professionals and parents on which these treatments are based, and at the same time too little is known about the impact of remoteness and technology on interaction in the field of health communication.MethodWe use a conversation analytical approach to examine the interaction between occupational therapists and parents in one such treatment on a micro level, with a focus on advice-giving and the role of professional and parental authorities in this.ResultsOur analyses show that professionals in TET work together with the parents of children in treatment to achieve children's rehabilitation goals. In advice-giving in TET, the professionals interactionally downgrade their epistemic and deontic authority, orienting toward the imposition on parents inherent to advice and orienting toward parental authority.DiscussionBy describing three different patterns of the interactional unfolding of advice-giving, we provide insights into how professionals carefully initiate and return to advice and show how this activity is shaped by the technology used for the interaction. Our study offers a better understanding of how paramedical professionals practice their profession given remoteness and technology and what TET entails interactionally in terms of advice-giving.

The impact of food management of matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) (Spix &amp; Agassiz, 1829) on zootechnical performance and the water quality in dugout nurseries

A concern for fish farming is the need to develop technologies, as they may provide greater weight gain, feed conversion improvement and impact minimization on water quality. Considering the importance of studies of this nature, this study aimed to evaluate the impacts of two types of food management: food supply with restriction, through of the use of the table corresponding to treatment 1 (T-1) and food supply ad libitum corresponding to treatment 2 (T-2), in cultivation of matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus). The zootechnical performance of the species and water quality were evaluated. For this, 626 homogeneous matrinxã fingerlings were stored, selected from the same batch, with an average weight of 2.8 to 3 grams, which were stored in 6 nurseries, with a density of 1.2 m2 for each fish, proportionally. Water analysis were carry out using the probe YSI-6600 multiparameter in situ and in laboratory. Results: For the zootechnical performance data obtained, such as Weight Gain (WG); Average Size (AS); Daily Weight Gain (DWG); Ration Consumption (RC) and Apparent Food Conversion (AFC), feeding management determined a significant difference for the (RC) and (AFC) with best result in (T-1). For water analysis data, the variables analysed remained within the conditions provided by CONAMA Resolution 357/2005 of the Brazil, except for soluble orthophosphate and total phosphorus. In conclusion, it is recommended that the food supply, with and scheduled feeding, and with a feeding frequency of twice to four times a day be used, depending on the stage of the cultivation's development.

Efficacy of Acute Oral Supplementation of Aquilaria malaccensis Leaves Aqueous Extract on Adult Female Sprague Dawley Rat Growth Performance

Aquilaria malaccensis belongs to the Thymelaceae family and is frequently encountered in select states of Peninsular Malaysia, notably Terengganu, Kelantan, Pahang, and Johor. Its favorable pharmacological and nutritional attributes have attracted the attention of experts in the pharmaceutical and food industries. They are currently investigating its potential as an organic substitute herb for the formulation of diverse medicinal commodities. In spite of its growing utilization as a supplementary component, it is crucial to acknowledge that improper or excessive consumption of Aquilaria malaccensis leaf extract might pose a risk of oral toxicity. To evaluate this aspect, an acute study was carried out to investigate both the immediate and delayed toxic repercussions of aqueous extract from Aquilaria malaccensis leaves on rats during a 14-day span.The study involved twenty-four female Sprague Dawley rats, divided into four groups: Control (C); 1 ml of distilled water, Treatment 1 (T1); 1 g of Aquilaria malaccensis per kg of body weight, Treatment 2 (T2); 2 g per kg of body weight, and Treatment 3 (T3); 3 g per kg of body weight. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods; one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for parametric data and the Chi-Square test for non-parametric data.The results indicated that both T2 and T3 led to a significant increase in the mean weight of the organ (i.e.,ovary) compared to the control group. However, no significant differences were observed among the treatment groups with regard to weekly food intake (WFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and body weight gain (BWG) throughout the 14-day acute oral toxicity assessment. In conclusion, this preliminary study involving female rats suggests that doses of Aquilaria malaccensis up to 3 g/kg of body weight do not result in immediate (within 3-4 hours) or delayed toxic effects over a 14-day period, as evidenced by behavioral and physical, and growth parameter assessments (weekly food intake (WFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and body weight gain (BWG). The study indicates that exposing the animals to Aquilaria malaccensis aqueous extract at doses of 1 g, 2 g, and 3 g/kg of body weight does not adversely affect their overall condition. No instances of mortality or severe clinical effects were observed in any of the female rats during this acute oral toxicity study.

Aluminium Application and Rhizobia Inoculation Effects on Growth, Yield and Nutrients Uptake of Three Kenyan Soy Bean Genotypes

Soy bean (Glycine max L.) grains are important legume crops commonly grown in Kenya. Soy bean genotypes are grown in western Kenyan soils that are highly saturated with aluminium ions. Aluminium toxicity mainly limits crop production. Many soy bean genotypes do not tolerate high acidity in soils. Aluminium stress have effects on root growth, which limits plant growth and development. Inoculation of plants with Rhizobia can restore nitrogen under acid affected soils to produce competitive crop yields. There is little information on response of soy bean genotypes grown in Western Kenya to aluminium toxicity under rhizobium inoculation. This study was designed to determine the effect of aluminium application and Rhizobia inoculation on growth, yield and nutrients uptake of soy bean genotypes. Eight treatments of Al (AlCl3.6H2O) levels and Rhizobia were imposed. Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates was used. Parameters determined included; number of branches, days to 50% flowering, pod clearance, number of pods, days to harvest maturity and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents. Tukey’s HSD test at 5% level was used to separate treatment means. Mean of branches for NAMSOI was significantly higher compared to mean branches for GAZZELLE and TGX at treatment 4 (T4) on 61 DAT, respectively. Mean number of days to 50% flowering of NAMSOI was significantly higher than that of GAZZELLE and TGX genotypes, respectively at T3.There was a statistically significant interaction between the effects of treatments and genotypes on NPK concentrations in plants. These findings show that Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation alleviates Al effects to a level that is significant to improve soy bean yield. Therefore, genotypes GAZELLE and NAMSOI under Rhizobia inoculation were identified to be more tolerant to Al-stress, hence are recommended for growing in Al prone soils. It provides the best conditions in improving soy bean production under Al stress prone soils.