Treatise Deals Research Articles

Approaching Kautaliya Arthashastra from the Communication Perspective

Political thoughts on good governance from the Hindu perspective are set by Dandaniti, which is guided by Dharma and Artha in a continuum. Kautilya’s Arthashastra has been one of the most influential sources of political thoughts in Hinduism since over two millennia. The treatise deals with wide-ranging subject matters including politics, economics, governance, administration, philosophy, and so on. Though the emphasis on Artha is self-evident in Arthashastra, the common guiding principle for all affairs of statecraft as envisioned by Kautilya is the concept of Dharma. For instance, raja-dharma, the duty of the King or the ruler, is discussed at length in the classic text. As evident in Arthashastra, Hinduism envisions close interconnection between peace, politics and religion, in which politics guided by Dharma is instrumental for ensuring peace in society. This classical treatise can be approached from the communication perspective, employing certain indicators.

The Development of Education in Medieval Iceland

The Development of Education in Medieval Iceland

They Cannot Be Left to the Brutality of a Cruel Group: An Ottoman Scholar’s Treatise on Dogs

Abstract Several studies have been written on the subject of animals in the Ottoman Empire, with a focus on dogs in particular. Most of these studies cover the subject through various sources, including history books, biographies, travelogues, and diaries. Although studying the issue via these sources is important, several works written in the Ottoman period, especially distinct treatises, provide more concrete information on the subject. These treatises have the unique quality of providing insight into many points, especially with relevance to the concepts on which the scholars and thinkers of the period examined the human-animal relationship, and also the arguments they advanced to establish this relationship. One such treatise was written by Mustaqīmzāde (d. 1202/1788) in the 12th/18th century. This treatise deals with many issues, especially the human-dog relationship, the characteristics dogs have, why people should be compassionate towards dogs, and the problems of having a negative attitude towards dogs. In this article, I give a brief biography of Mustaqīmzāde, summarize the changing attitude of Ottomans towards dogs, discuss the content of Mustaqīmzāde’s treatise, and finally translate it into English and present an edition of the text.

Agriculture and economic development in Nepal: an analysis from the perspective of Kautilya’s Arthashastra

The book Kautilya Arthashastra written in Sanskrit language before 2500 year in India, discuss theories and principles of governing a state. The treatise deals thoroughly with statecraft, economics, espionage, administration, war, science, ecology and various other aspects pertaining to human living. The subject of research of the article is analytical part of the agriculture and economic development of Nepal as compared with the Kautilya Arthashastra. The goal is to develop proper management of that tools where the improvement institutionally and structurally in agriculture sector. The overall objective of this study is the entire parts of Kautilya Arthashastra, the bases for the economic development from the agricultural development has been selected, and comparative study is done with the present agriculture and economic development of Nepal along with reviewing its compatibility has been evaluated. The method of study is the descriptive and analytical in nature. The analytical tool has depends on the conceptual and development frame works and descriptive research design has been applied by quantitatively and qualitatively. The result of the study is the base of economic development is development of agriculture sector is important in Kautilya Arthashastra and is still equally important in Nepal. While comparing today with Kautilya Arthashastra, he has also mentioned that production is impossible without the development of agricultural sector and life is not happy without agriculture production and that is important from theoretical and practical point of view. This research article is conclude that the agriculture development was the backbone of yesterday, today and it will equally for tomorrow for economic development, only dimensions can differ in that.

Some pedagogical and syntactical aspects of Francesco da Buti’s (1324–1406)Regule grammaticales

AbstractThis essay aims at giving an account of some pedagogical and syntactical aspects of Francesco da buti’s (1324–1406)Regule grammaticales, a Latin grammar written in Central Italy in the second half of the 14th century. It occupies an important place in the history of positive grammar, providing an excellent example of Latin teaching in late medieval Italy. In fact, da Buti treatise deals not only with grammar, but also with rhetoric andArs dictaminis, as was customary in the Italian tradition in the final centuries of the Middle Ages. This article analyzes the sections devoted to nouns and verbs, while also pointing out some pedagogical features, such as the exercises of thethèmataand the use of the vernacular as a tool for learning Latin composition.

Métodos y tratados de iniciación al estudio del Violín en el siglo XIX

This article presents a description of the main treatises for beginning Violin instruction published in the nineteenth century. Based on the analytical file created and validated for this purpose, this description includes didactic and methodological aspects and considers how the treatises deal with motor and hearing skills and abilities, musical language reinforcement and emotional development. The aim of the study is to determine the validity of these treaties for the current pedagogy of the violin, highlighting the main elements present in a significant sample of fourteen treatises for violin teaching, written for students at the initial level, of the nineteenth century. Among the main contents, the volumes include posture, relaxation, the subjection of the violin and the bow, the graduation of difficulties, and the production of a good sound. Those advances have remained sound up to the present time and are part of the contents and teaching procedures of this instrument today.

Gospodarski in družbeni nazori v slovenskem naprednem taboru, 1930-35. II. del – idejnozgodovinski vidiki

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL VIEWS IN THE SLOVENE PROGRESSIVE CAMP, 1930–35. PART II – THE INTELLECTUAL HISTORICAL ASPECTSIn the period between 1933 and 1935 the ideas about an extended and stronger role of the state in the economic life were inrepressibly spreading throughout Yugoslavia and thus also among the politicians of the Slovene progressive camp. This fact was evident not only from the changed rhetoric, revealing a shift in the political-economic paradigm, but also from the programme documents of the Yugoslav National Party (JNS), which demonstrated a substantive deviation as well as a clear programmatic departure from the liberal principles of the socio-economic order. The aforelying second part of the treatise deals with the following questions: in what way and to what extent did the popular ideas of that time – about building a “new order” and “man” – resonate in the Slovene progressive camp; and whether the economic doctrines were in fact adopted or newly formed (including the ideas about “planned economy” and “corporatist state”). The discussion transcends the framework of party politics and attempts to encompass, from a wider intellectual historical aspect, the various viewpoints which emerged inside the broader ideological camp. These viewpoints ranged from the indisputably liberal to the entirely socialist ones, while also including such which criticised the unbound economy from explicitly liberal positions. Intellectual heterogeneity also manifested in diverse understandings and assessments of the so-called corporatist state. It can be claimed that the “corporatist state” and “planned economy” represented nothing more than fancy slogans and a rhetorical adaptation to the spirit of the age. Kramer's circle was thereby distinctly characterised by a categorical rejection of Nazism, fascism and communism, while the younger generation was more susceptible to certain aspects of the non-liberal “socio-economic models”.

Botanical identification of plants described in Mādhava Cikitsā for the treatment of diarrhoea.

Context:Mādhava is regarded as a 7th century Indian Physician who composed two treatises (in Sanskrit) on Ayurveda, the Mādhava Nidāna and Mādhava Cikitsā. The former treatise deals with the diagnosis of diseases while the latter with the treatment using medicinal plants and other recipes. In Mādhava Cikitsā, a common Sanskrit name is found to describe two or more totally different botanical plant species (thus leading to ambiguity) and a distinct botanical species is also found to represent two or more Sanskrit names at several instances.Aims:The present paper deals with the correct botanical identification (most probable) of Sanskrit named plants described in Mādhava Cikitsā for the treatment of Diarrhoea (Atisāra Cikitsā).Subjects and Methods:The authentic manuscripts of ‘Mādhava Cikitsā’ were critically studied for the present research outcome. A detailed literature survey is carried out from various references and texts.Results:The list of Sanskrit named plants contains 103 names, while after the critical study and assigning the most probable botanical identification as per ICBN, the list of plant species described in the text for the treatment of Diarrhoea is found to contain 73 names.Conclusions:The present study will certainly benefit Ayurvedic medical practitioners and pharmaceutical companies in selection of proper plant species avoiding substitutions for drug formulation.

Agora:International Commercial Arbitration(2nd edition) by Gary B. Born

Just when it could be thought that all had been covered in the two volumes of the 2009 First Edition of International Commercial Arbitration by Gary Born, he extensively enriched and expanded his treatise with new topics, comprehensive updates, richer analysis, and elaboration on details. Although much is new in Born’s three-volume set, 2014 Second Edition, the new work is built firmly on his earlier edition. Like the First Edition, Born’s revised treatise provides comprehensive and detailed commentary on all aspects of international commercial arbitration, setting out the different authorities on each point, carefully detailing and analyzing arbitral awards, national court decisions and commentary that support differing views. Also like the First Edition, Born’s Second Edition concludes each topic by proffering his assessment of ‘Future Directions ’ or the ‘better view’, so that the readers are not left with open and unanswered questions, but a painstaking thesis to consider. And the Second Edition, like the First Edition, continues Born’s development of his thinking on the ‘constitutional’ framework of the New York Convention and what he terms the developing common law of international commercial arbitration. Notwithstanding the breadth of the subjects that Born’s treatise deals with, the Second Edition remains highly accessible and user-friendly. The footnoting and correlation made in the text provides readers an overall view and then embarks into the details that pertain to the matter. The Second Edition is also deliberately and richly international. It brings together authorities from around the world—common law and civil law; North American, Asian, European, Latin American; arbitral awards, and national court decisions. Whatever the reader’s particular focus be, the treatise provides authority and commentary directed to that interest. And the propositions that have been put forth in the treatise are consistently well-reasoned and thought-provoking, and they will in future form basis for … teresa.cheng.1{at}gmail.com

The Eudaemonist Ethics of Hugo Grotius (1583–1645): Pre-Modern Moral Philosophy for the Twenty-First Century?

The present article challenges the popular image of Hugo Grotius as the founder of modern moral philosophy. It establishes that he continued the dialectical search for the good life distinctive of pre-modern ethics. Key in correcting the image of Grotius as innovator—an image almost as old as his De Jure Belli ac Pacis of 1625—is the realisation that this treatise deals only of the requirements for just use of force set out in what Grotius calls ‘law in the strict sense’. For Grotius, ethics—in addition to this law—also encompasses rules of love, an account of the virtues and of happiness. That Grotius adhered to such a virtue-based eudaemonism is confirmed by his De veritate religionis Christianae (1627) where he sets out his conception of Christian happiness. The conclusion discusses whether such a distinctly Christian ethics can be of interest to today's world. I argue that the limits on state jurisdiction defined in De Jure Belli ac Pacis are key in making eudaemonism compatible with a liberal state.

Какой Сократ? «Послесловие к “Достопамятностям” блаженного Сократа» И. Г. Гамана

Provided is translation into Russian as well as commentary of the J. G. Hamann’s treatise «Supplement to the Memorabilia of the Blessed Socrates» (Beylage zun Denkwürdigkeiten des seligen Sokrates) of 1773, which up to this time has not received sufficient treatment in the historical-philosophical research. This work represents concluding part of Hamann’s trilogy of sorts, which began with «Socratic Memorabilia» of 1759 and «Clouds» of 1760. The treatise deals with Socratic perspective and interpretation of the character of Socrates in the context of the Enlightenment project. In this work Hamann confronts rationalistic reading of Socrates by the Enlightenment follower Johann August Eberhard by means of maintaining theological orthodoxy of the preceding epoch.

Taxonomy of the New World Checkered Beetle GeneraAkonesisOpitz, New Genus,AntennosusOpitz, New Genus,CrusbatusOpitz, New Genus, andDiutiusOpitz, New Genus (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Peloniinae)

Abstract This treatise deals with the new genera Akonesis Opitz, new genus, Antennosus Opitz, new genus, Crusbatus Opitz, new genus, and Diutius Opitz, new genus. Two new species are described: Crusbatus spinosus Opitz, new species and Diutius pallidus Opitz, new species. A lectotype is designated for Akonesis pictipennis (Spinola). In addition to descriptions of taxa, a key to the genera and species and discussions of natural history and evolutionary relationships are provided. Eighteen characters were evaluated phylogenetically and analyzed with WINCLADA, in coordination with NONA, to generate two well-supported phylogenetic trees. It is postulated that the ancestor of the genera evolved in South America, with one species dispersal into the more eastern Panamanian terrain. The distribution of most species coincides with Quaternary forest refugia and South American clerofaunas.

Alchemical Gold and the Pursuit of the Mercurial Elixir

This article focuses on the analysis of two Tibetan treatises on iatrochemistry,The Treatise on the Mercurial Elixir(Dngul chu grub pa’i bstan bcos) and theCompendium on the Transmutation into Gold(Gser ’gyur bstan bcos bsdus pa). These texts belong to therasaśāstragenre that were translated from Sanskrit into Tibetan by Orgyenpa Rinchenpel (O rgyan pa Rin chen dpal, 1229/30–1309) and integrated into the Tibetan Buddhist Canon of theTengyur(Bstan ’gyur). The treatises deal with the processing of mercury, which is indispensable to convert metals into gold (gser ’gyur) and to accomplish the ‘mercurial elixir’ (dngul chu’i bcud len). The texts start with the description of a ‘pink-coloured’ (dmar skya mdog) compound, which is described as the amalgam of ‘moonlight-exposed tin’ (gsha’ tshe zla ba phyogs), gold, and copper. According to the texts, mercury has to be ‘amalgamated’ (sbyor ba) with ‘minerals that devour its poisons’ (za byed khams) and with ‘eight metals that bind it’ (’ching khams brgyad); at the same time, mercury is cooked with ‘red substances’ (dmar sde tshan) and other herbal extracts, types of urine and salts, and reduced to ashes. Starting with an outline of the earliest Tibetan medical sources on mercury, I analyse the two treatises with regard to their entiremateria alchemicaand the respective purification methods aimed at ‘obtaining essences’ (snying stobs), which are then to be absorbed by mercury. I argue that the two thirteenth-century treatises were particularly significant in the process of consolidating pharmaceutical practices based on mercury and the merging of alchemical and medical knowledge in Tibet.

About the instrumentation of bass and melody line in Leoš Janáček's Sinfonietta and Mládí

Leos Janacek’s orchestral and chamber music works belong to the most significant compositions of the first half of the 20th century. Besides his numerous stage works Janacek created a series of orchestral works, such as Taras Bulba (1915–18), Balada Blanicka (1919) and Sinfonietta (1926). Due to their expressiveness, complexity and numerous instrumentational refinements they belong to the most exciting orchestral works of the interwar period. While a whole set of musicological treatises deal with formal, thematic and motivic aspects of his orchestral music, the finesses in instrumentation of his orchestral oeuvre remained largely unexplored. 1

Einige Anmerkungen zur slowenischen mythopoetischen Tradition im rahmen der slawischen Mythologie<br>Alcune osservazioni sulla tradizione mitopoietica slovena nella cornice della mitologia slava</br>

The treatise deals with certain questions concerning the use of some Slovene data for the reconstruction of Slavic mythology.

New guide for first order multiplet analysis by modified J doubling in the frequency domain

Pattern recognition is extremely important for both structure elucidation and stereochemical studies as a means for the measurement of spin-spin coupling constants. Many treatises deal with the formation of splitting trees to create a pattern for a given set of spin-spin coupling constants. We present here a general systematic procedure to easily analyze first order multiplets in NMR spectroscopy. This method has the advantage of measuring coupling constants while deconvolving the signals at the same time using an extension of the modified J doubling in the frequency domain.

Procesi deagrarizacije in urbanizacije slovenskega podeželja

V prispevku so osvetljeni elementi procesa diferenciacije slovenskega podeželja, ki se je v štirih desetletjih pod vplivom industrializacije in konceptom policentričnega regionalnega razvoja diferenciralo na območja urbanizacije, prehodna območja in območja depopulacije. To diferenciacijo je spremljala rast deleža v industriji zaposlenega prebivalstva in posledično hiter upad deleža kmečkega prebivalstva. Upadanje deleža in števila kmečkega prebivalstva pa je odprlo številne nove probleme (opuščanje obdelave zemlje, ozelenjevanje, ogozdovanje), kar povzroča velike težave pri vzdrževanju kulturne pokrajine, zlasti na območjih depopulacije.

Pietro Pomponazzi’s De immortalitate and his clandestine De incantationibus

The importance of Aristotelianism during the Renaissance is one of the points most emphasized in the past twenty years by American historians. In the Faculties of Arts, professors were obliged to illustrate Aristotelian texts and commentaries; but, of course, they did not subscribe to all of the original doctrines of Aristotle: so Van Steenberghen, Kristeller and C. B. Schmitt consider most of them, above all Pietro Pomponazzi (1462-1525), as »eclectics«. Having emerged unscathed from the dispute on his treatise »De immortalitate animae« and on its apologies, Pomponazzi circulated two handwritten treatises which were even more subversive of orthodox beliefs on fate and on the natural causes of prodigies and incantations. From a Stoic point of view and thanks to his readings of Bessarion, Ficino and Giovanni Pico, he analyzed the Neoplatonic theses on chance and determinism, astrology and magic, and the position of man in the universe. His late treatises deal with these questions (free will as attributed to the individual by Christian doctrine and by numerous philosophers, or, instead, the conditioning to which man’s body, or his passions, or — according to a more radical thesis — his entire personality is subjected by the influence of the stars; the great conjunctions of the stars and the cyclical nature of history; the spontaneous generation of man; the capacity of the astrologer and the natural magician to produce incantations and prodigies, etc.).

Terrestrial impact melt rocks and glasses

The effects of meteorite and comet impact on Earth are rock brecciation, the formation of shock metamorphic features, rock melting, and the formation of impact structures, i.e. simple craters, complex craters, and multi-ring basins. Large events, such as the 65-Ma Chicxulub impact, are believed to have had catastrophic environmental effects that profoundly influenced the development of life on Earth. In this review, an attempt is made to summarize some of the voluminous literature on impact melting, one important aspect of planetary impact, provide some comments on this process, and to make suggestions for future research. The products of impact melting are glasses, impact melt rocks, and pseudotachylites. Our treatise deals mainly with the geological setting, petrography, and major-element chemistry of melt rocks and glasses. Impact glasses, in several petrographic aspects, are similar to volcanic glasses, but they are associated with shock metamorphosed mineral and rock fragments and, in places, with siderophile element anomalies suggestive of meteoritic contamination. They are found in allogenic breccia deposits within (fall-back ‘suevite’) and outside (fall-out ‘suevite’) impact craters and, as spherules, in distal ejecta. Large events, such as the K/T boundary Chicxulub impact, are responsible for the formation of worldwide ejecta horizons which are associated with siderophile element anomalies and shock metamorphosed mineral and rock debris. Impact glasses have a bulk chemical composition that is homogeneous but exemptions to this rule are common. On a microscopic scale, however, impact glasses are commonly strikingly heterogeneous. Tektites are glasses ejected from craters over large distances. They are characterized by very low water and volatile contents and element abundances and ratios that are evidence that tektites formed by melting of upper crustal, sedimentary rocks. Four tektite strewn-fields are known, three of which can be tied to specific impact craters. Impact melt rocks form sheets, lenses, and dike-like bodies within or beneath allogenic fallback breccia deposits in the impact crater and possibly on crater terraces and flanks. Dikes of impact melt rocks also intrude the rocks of the crater floor. They commonly contain shock metamorphosed target rock and mineral fragments in various stages of assimilation and are glassy or fine- to coarse-grained. Chemically, they are strikingly homogeneous, but as with impact glasses, exemptions to this rule do exist. Large and thick melt bodies, such as the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC), are differentiated or may represent a combination of impact melt rocks sensu-strictu and impact-triggered, deep-crustal melts. A concerted, multidisciplinary approach to future research on impact melting and on other aspects of meteorite and comet impact is advocated. Impact models are models only and uncritical reliance on their validity will not lead to a better understanding of impact processes—especially of melting, excavation, and deposition of allogenic breccias and the spatial position of breccias in relation to sheets and lenses of melt rocks within the crater. Impact-triggered pressure-release melting of target rocks beneath the excavation cavity may be responsible for the existence of melt rocks beneath the impact melt rocks sensu-strictu. This controversial idea needs to be tested by a re-evaluation of existing data and models, be they based on field or laboratory research. Only a relatively small number of terrestrial impact structures has been investigated in sufficient detail as it relates to geological and geophysical mapping. In this review, we summarize observations made on impact melt rocks and impact glasses in a number of North American (Brent, Haughton, Manicouagan, New Quebec, Sudbury, Wanapitei, all in Canada), Asian (Popigai, Russia; Zhamanshin, Kazakhstan), two South African structures (Morokweng and Vredefort), the Henbury crater field of Australia, and one European crater (Ries, Germany). Our tables listing major-element chemical compositions of impact glasses and melt rocks, however, include also data from structures not dealt with in further detail.

A prominent Hephthalite:Katulphand the fall of the Hephthalite Empire

The Byzantine author Menander Protector reports the story of Kάτogvλφoς (Katulph), a member of Hephthalite nobility. This prominent Hephthalite took part in the events of the defeat of the Hephthalite Empire. He was one of the most important political persons of that epoch and area, someone who was the advisor not just of the Hephthalite ruler, but later the Türk Ištämi and what is more the Persian Great King Xusrō Anōšarwān I. This treatise deals with the so far unexamined Kάτogvλφoς-story and tries to define who Kάτogvλφoς actually was. Beside the thorough examination of the Byzantine source and the name Kάτogvλφoς I clarify some serious misunderstandings (such as the identification of Kάτogvλφoς with the last Hephthalite ruler), which are widespread in the secondary sources (for example in the works of Drouin, Haussig and Ghirshman).