Treatment Of Skin Conditions Research Articles

Direct Shoot Regeneration of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. through Tissue Culture Technology

ABSTRACT: Chitrak is scientifically known as Plumbago zeylanica Linn. belongs to Plumbaginaceae. Root shows medicinally valuable drug in pharmacological enterprise as the humanity is certainly prone to numerous contagious ailments due to ecological imbalance triggered by the current technology development. One of its remarkable phytoconstituents is plumbagin, a naphthoquinone molecule used to treat skin conditions, tumours, and tenacious chronic rheumatoid arthritis. The objective was to standardize the procedure of Plumbago zeylanica direct-organogenesis micropropagation. The solution contained various concentrations and combinations of auxin and cytokinins, and the nodal explant was used for quick micropropagation. The maximum multiple shoots (18.24 ± 0.51) per explant with shoot length 4. 2cm ± 0.20 cm was produced as the MS medium supplemented with B5 vitamins together with 2mg/l 6- Benzyleaminopurine (BAP) and 1mg/l Indole-3- acetic acid (IAA). The regenerated shoots were rooted in half strength MS medium with B5 vitamins that contained indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The highest rooting frequency (100%) was seen in the 1.5 mg/l IBA-containing rooting media. The extreme roots were 9.2±0.14 per explant. The average root length was 4.2± 0.10 cm. The in vitro rooted Shoots were then transplanted in the field showing a 100 percentage survival rate.

The Effects of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis) Seed Extract For Health Benefit

This study discusses the health benefits of the content of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seed extract. Google Scholar, Research Gate, and Mendeley were used as the search engine. The keywords were Passiflora edulis, passion fruit seed, antioxidant, and piceatannol. The benefits of passion fruit seed extract were analyzed from 21 articles. Twenty-one articles are used to demonstrate the health benefits of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seeds. The study's conclusions indicate that passion fruits may have anti-photoaging, anti-inflammatory, heart, liver, and kidney protective properties. They may also help treat skin conditions like striae distensae and acne vulgaris, as well as have anti-obesity, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, anti-tumor, and anti-cancer properties. It is suggested where future research should go to improve the use of products made with passion fruits. It is hoped that more studies on the health benefits of passion fruit will be carried out using age-specific criteria, a larger sample size, and gender parity. Further prospective research is needed

The Cytotoxicity of Cotyledon orbiculata Aqueous Extract and the Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Derived from the Extract.

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become popular because of their promising biological activities. However, for most of these nanoparticles, the cytotoxic effects have not been determined and their safety is not guaranteed. In a previous study, we successfully synthesized AgNPs (Cotyledon-AgNPs) using an extract of Cotyledon orbiculata, a medicinal plant traditionally used in South Africa to treat skin conditions. Cotyledon-AgNPs were shown to have significant antimicrobial and wound-healing activities. Fibroblast cells treated with extracts of C. orbiculata and Cotyledon-AgNPs demonstrated an enhanced growth rate, which is essential in wound healing. These nanoparticles therefore have promising wound-healing activities. However, the cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles is not known. In this study, the toxic effects of C. orbiculata extract and Cotyledon-AgNPs on the non-cancerous skin fibroblast (KMST-6) were determined using in vitro assays to assess oxidative stress and cell death. Both the C. orbiculata extract and the Cotyledon-AgNPs did not show any significant cytotoxic effects in these assays. Gene expression analysis was also used to assess the cytotoxic effects of Cotyledon-AgNPs at a molecular level. Of the eighty-four molecular toxicity genes analysed, only eight (FASN, SREBF1, CPT2, ASB1, HSPA1B, ABCC2, CASP9, and MKI67) were differentially expressed. These genes are mainly involved in fatty acid and mitochondrial energy metabolism. The results support the finding that Cotyledon-AgNPs have low cytotoxicity at the concentrations tested. The upregulation of genes such as FASN, SERBF1, and MKI-67 also support previous findings that Cotyledon-AgNPs can promote wound healing via cell growth and proliferation. It can therefore be concluded that Cotyledon-AgNPs are not toxic to skin fibroblast cells at the concentration that promotes wound healing. These nanoparticles could possibly be safely used for wound healing.

Dermatological Detection and Classification using Machine Learning Techniques

Dermatology is the medical field that focuses on the study and treatment of skin conditions. It is a specialized branch of medicine that encompasses both diagnostic and surgical procedures related to the skin. It is a widespread disease among them. The researchers have shows a lot of attention to the early detection of lesions. Because of their proliferation ability to other parts of the body, death rates are quite high. A system that can distinguish between benign and malignant lesions is essential because melanoma can be cured with an early and accurate diagnosis. Dermoscopic skin lesion images are first segmented using data mining techniques, to identify the area of interest of the lesion part. When compared to individual classifier algorithms, dermatology datasets benefit from the various data mining techniques and feature selection methods. The SVM provides more accurate and effective skin disease prediction in terms of accuracy, precision, and Specificity.

Effect of Ayurvedic treatment in intractable palmoplantar psoriasis: A case report

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Palmoplantar psoriasis (PPP) is a variant of psoriasis, primarily affecting the palms and soles, and can also affect the quality of life. PPP can be clinically correlated with “Vipadika kushta” in Ayurveda. The case report highlights the importance of Ayurveda in treating skin conditions, especially those diseases that are recalcitrant to conventional therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 67-year-old male with a history of chronic PPP for 2 years presented to Ayurveda out patient department with symptoms of scaly plaques in the plantar aspect of bilateral feet with slight oozing associated with fissuring, thickening, and skin discoloration for 2 years. The patient was treated with Ayurveda interventions. The duration of the treatment was 4.5 months. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The patient was successfully managed using Ayurveda interventions for 4 months. After 4 months, the PASI score reduced to 1.2 from 15. The case report underscores the potential of Ayurveda in the management of chronic and recalcitrant diseases such as PPP. The holistic approach of Ayurveda for a customized treatment regimen yields good results.

Pharmaceutical assessment of Aloe Vera Skin Gel: A herbal formulation and its potential benefits

Background: Protective layers of skin cover the body. Plant-based herbal cream soothes and moisturises. Treatments commonly include succulent aloe vera, which heals, reduces pain, and moisturizes. For hundreds of years, it has healed skin burns and injuries. Aim: This study aims on the pharmaceutical assessment of aloe-vera by formulating and evaluating an herbal gel to treat skin conditions. Material and Method: Aloe-vera, Honey, Glycerin and Carbopol were taken for the formulation of herbal skin gel. Evaluation parameters were also performed to evaluate the formulation and to make sure that the subjected formulation is not harmful for the human mankind. Result: The aloe vera gel was formulated by using various type of ingredients such as Aloe-vera gel, glycerin, coconut oil, rose water and honey. Aloe-vera contain antimicrobial and hydrating properties protect skin against microbial degradation and moisture to skin. Conclusion: herbal gel is prepared for tropical administration. Aloe vera is used with polymers in gels to provide synergistic effect as well as moisturizing effect on skin. Herbal remedies are experiencing a surge in popularity worldwide. The utilization of aloe vera, honey, and glycerin in the formulation of an herbal gel is an exemplary notion.

A Review on Centella asiatica: A Potential Herbal Cure

Southeast Asian nations frequently employ Centella asiatica, also known as Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. or gotu kola, which is a traditional Chinese herb with a wide range of medical benefits. It has been noted that the medicinal plant Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, sometimes known as gotu kola, exhibits a variety of pharmacological properties. There is a substantial body of scientific study, in particular, on the therapeutic benefits of C. asiatica preparations or its triterpenes in the treatment of skin conditions. The aerial parts and roots are used medicinally, and the chemical components of this plant have a wide range of therapeutic uses, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, and treatments for Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and dopamine neurotoxicity. Sedative. Immunostimulant. hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, cytotoxic and anti-tumor, antiviral, and reducing oxidative stress. a wide variety of chemicals from many chemical classes are used in antioxidant, wound healing, and other biological functions. Triterpene saponosides are this plant's main chemical class. The principal ones include betulinic acid, thankunic acid, and isothankunic acid, as well as asiatic acid, madecassic acid (6-hydroxy-asiatic acid), asiaticoside, and madasiatic acid. Additionally, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the available literature for this review in order to determine the significance of C. asiatica in terms of pharmacology. To determine the precise method of action of other bioactive chemicals, more research will be useful.

A Promising Approach to Treat Psoriasis: Inhibiting Cytochrome P450 3A4 Metabolism to Enhance Desoximetasone Therapy.

(1) Background: Human keratinocytes and murine skin express various cytochrome P450 enzymes. These include cytochrome P450 3A4, which may participate in the metabolism of cytochrome P450 3A4 substrate drugs. Desoximetasone, a topical corticosteroid and cytochrome P450 3A4 substrate, is used to treat skin conditions such as skin allergies, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-psoriatic effect of a low dose of desoximetasone by inhibiting cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolism in the epidermis. (2) Methods: Psoriasis-like skin was induced in BALB/c mice via the topical administration of imiquimod. The mice were then topically treated with 0.01-0.05% desoximetasone loaded into a cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme inhibitor excipient base emollient microemulsion, 0.25% commercial desoximetasone ointment, or 0.5 mg/gm clobetasol ointment. (3) Results: The topical application of 0.05% desoximetasone loaded into a cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme inhibitor excipient base emollient formulation restored the imiquimod-induced skin barrier disruption and resulted in fewer severe clinical and pathological features compared with the treatments with 0.25% commercial desoximetasone ointment and 0.5 mg/gm clobetasol ointment. (4) Conclusions: The cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme inhibitor excipient base emollient formulation improved and prolonged the therapeutic effect of cytochrome P450 3A4 substrate drugs and may be a promising approach for psoriasis treatment.

Atmospheric Cold Plasma: A Brief Journey and Therapeutic Applications from Wound Healing to Cancer Biology

Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) has now become a well-known new edge technology in the field of biomedical science to agriculture and food technology. Ionized gas known as cold atmospheric plasma has recently been the subject of intense inquiry by scientists for its potential application for treatment in oncology and dentistry. Air, Helium, Argon, Nitrogen, and other gases can all be used to create Cold Atmospheric Plasma. Cold plasma can effectively and safely inactivate spores, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and small molecules and thereby improving wound healing, combating microbial infections, and treating skin conditions with great efficiency. Interestingly the in vitro and in vivo demonstration of CAP has shown promising applications in cancer healing and treatment. The most widely employed technique for producing and sustaining a low-temperature plasma for use in technological and scientific applications involves applying an electric field to a neutral gas. The non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma jet (NAPPJ) and the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) have both been widely used in biomedical applications. This review aims to evaluate the emerging plasma technology - the basic science, technical aspects and provide insights of biomedical application in diverse area.

Formulation Development, Optimization by Box–Behnken Design, and In Vitro and Ex Vivo Characterization of Hexatriacontane-Loaded Transethosomal Gel for Antimicrobial Treatment for Skin Infections

There are many different infections and factors that can lead to skin illnesses, but bacteria and fungi are the most frequent. The goal of this study was to develop a hexatriacontane-loaded transethosome (HTC-TES) for treating skin conditions caused by microbes. The HTC-TES was developed utilizing the rotary evaporator technique, and Box-Behnken design (BBD) was utilized to improve it. The responses chosen were particle size (nm) (Y1), polydispersity index (PDI) (Y2), and entrapment efficiency (Y3), while the independent variables chosen were lipoid (mg) (A), ethanol (%) (B), and sodium cholate (mg) (C). The optimized TES formulation with code F1, which contains lipoid (mg) (A) 90, ethanol (%) (B) 25, and sodium cholate (mg) (C) 10, was chosen. Furthermore, the generated HTC-TES was used for research on confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), dermatokinetics, and in vitro HTC release. The results of the study reveal that the ideal formulation of the HTC-loaded TES had the following characteristics: 183.9 nm, 0.262 mV, -26.61 mV, and 87.79% particle size, PDI, and entrapment efficiency, respectively. An in vitro study on HTC release found that the rates of HTC release for HTC-TES and conventional HTC suspension were 74.67 ± 0.22 and 38.75 ± 0.23, respectively. The release of hexatriacontane from TES fit the Higuchi model the best, and the Korsmeyer-Peppas model indicates the release of HTC followed a non-Fickian diffusion. By having a higher negative value for cohesiveness, the produced gel formulation demonstrated its stiffness, whereas good spreadability indicated better gel application to the surface. In a dermatokinetics study, it was discovered that TES gel considerably increased HTC transport in the epidermal layers (p < 0.05) when compared to HTC conventional formulation gel (HTC-CFG). The CLSM of rat skin treated with the rhodamine B-loaded TES formulation demonstrated a deeper penetration of 30.0 µm in comparison to the hydroalcoholic rhodamine B solution (0.15 µm). The HTC-loaded transethosome was determined to be an effective inhibitor of pathogenic bacterial growth (S. aureus and E. coli) at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. It was discovered that both pathogenic strains were susceptible to free HTC. According to the findings, HTC-TES gel can be employed to enhance therapeutic outcomes through antimicrobial activity.

The Role of Oncology Massage in Pain Management

“Oncology Massage (OM) is the adaptation of massage techniques to safely nurture the body of someone affected by cancer or its treatments.” Society for Oncology Massage(S40M) Oncology Massage (OM) is recognized & practiced worldwide. Most noted benefits: reduced pain & anxiety. OM, Esthetician provided Skin Care (ESC) clinically show positive impact on side effects, QOL during cancer therapy, recovery, survivorship. Ability to customize, innovate, services are tailored to individual needs, making OM/ESC suited for Pain Management (PM) integration. Adaptations accomodate for short, long term, late treatment effects, medical devices, medications, radiation, surgery, low blood counts, blood clots, fatigue, bone pain, lymphedema, lymphedema risk from lymph node biopsy/surgery/radiation. Venues: Spa day retreats, infusion centers, hospital-based, in-home, in-office. Clinical research: massage increases natural killer cells, lymphocytes; reduces nausea, pain, fatigue; improves/promotes sleep, body image, greater sense of well-being; eases feelings of isolation. Practitioners remain current with medical advancements. OM trained therapists safely assess, deliver treatment within a clinical framework for those in/with cancer treatment history. Estheticians regularly provide massage applications as part of skin care, plus treating skin conditions. Therapists preserve, promote skins acid mantle through product choices, adjusting bodywork, pressure, stroke direction, to not burden an interrupted/damaged/compromised lymphatic system. Skin treatments soothe, replenish those in treatment; strengthen, restore for those well into recovery. Aromatherapy, acupressure can be incorporated. OM utilizes gentle touch: stationary weightless hand applications; light lotioning; gentle massage. Too vigorous/demanding massage can cause pain, trigger inflammation, damage tissue, cause/aggravate lymphedema or development of systemic side effects such as flu-like symptoms. Best practices: MD release; intake evaluation; informed consent; client contact follow-up, care team feedback. Informed, prepared, communicative therapists understand role, presence importance, provide space to share. OM can safely contribute to care/QOL of PM clients/patients of all ages.

Pharmacobotanical Application of Ricinus communis Seed Oil in Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Emulgel for the Treatment of Psoriasis

Infl ammatory and immune-mediated skin disease, psoriasis. It’s common for psoriasis to be seen in people all over the globe. Drugs are most eff ectively delivered through the topical route for treating skin conditions. An attempt was made to increase the eff ectiveness of topical treatment for psoriasis by using emulgel compositions containing Ricinus communis seed oil. In order to create the gel, the extract was mixed with liquid paraffi n, olive and coconut oils, and Carbopol 936 and 940 gelling agents. The viscosity and glossiness of the emulgel were achieved using herbal extracts. When tested for physicochemical criteria, the developed formulations were found to be acceptable in every way. These fi ndings imply that topical gel therapy for psoriasis is becoming more eff ective. Due to the emulgel improved penetration, the herbal gel has more eff ectiveness.

Network Pharmacology and Molecular Modeling to Elucidate the Potential Mechanism of Neem Oil against Acne vulgaris.

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder with a complicated etiology. Papules, lesions, comedones, blackheads, and other skin lesions are common physical manifestations of Acne vulgaris, but the individual who has it also regularly has psychological repercussions. Natural oils are being utilized more and more to treat skin conditions since they have fewer negative effects and are expected to provide benefits. Using network pharmacology, this study aims to ascertain if neem oil has any anti-acne benefits and, if so, to speculate on probable mechanisms of action for such effects. The neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) were collected, verified, authenticated, and assigned a voucher number. After steam distillation was used to extract the neem oil, the phytochemical components of the oil were examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The components of the oil were computationally examined for drug-likeness using Lipinski's criteria. The Pharm Mapper service was used to anticipate the targets. Prior to pathway and protein-protein interaction investigations, molecular docking was performed to predict binding affinity. Neem oil was discovered to be a potential target for STAT1, CSK, CRABP2, and SYK genes in the treatment of Acne vulgaris. In conclusion, it was discovered that the neem oil components with PubChem IDs: ID_610088 (2-(1-adamantyl)-N-methylacetamide), ID_600826 (N-benzyl-2-(2-methyl-5-phenyl-3H-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetamide), and ID_16451547 (N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(1-phenyltetrazol-5-yl)sulfanylpropanamide) have strong affinities for these drug targets and may thus be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of acne.

Production, Formulation, and Application of Postbiotics in the Treatment of Skin Conditions

The skin microbiome is composed of a complex association of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The maintenance of skin commensal microbes is essential for preventing the overgrowth of pathogenic microorganisms or already present opportunistic pathogens. Thus, the development of bioactive compounds capable of modulating skin microbiome has become an important topic for both researchers and the cosmetic industry. Increasingly, scientific evidence highlights that metabolites derived from probiotics have a great potential to prevent diseases affecting the skin. These compounds have recently been called postbiotics and are defined as a “preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host”. Postbiotics are obtained from fermentations performed almost exclusively by lactic acid bacteria and yeast. Short-chain fatty acids, bacteriocins, and organic acids are some examples of postbiotics. These compounds exhibit antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition, postbiotic production possesses technological advantages, including high stability and increased safety, compared to viable probiotics. In this article, a model for the large-scale production of postbiotics and their uses in cosmetic formulations are reviewed. In addition, results obtained from in vivo tests for the treatment of alopecia, acne, atopic dermatitis, and wound healing are discussed. Finally, technological advances are shown based on a survey of the main patents filed in the area of postbiotics.

Exploring the use of probiotics in dermatology – a literature review

Introduction Probiotics are defined as "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host" by the World Health Organization (WHO). Probiotics help to regulate innate and adaptive host immune responses by combating aggressive commensal bacteria and improving epithelial barrier function. Probiotics have shown positive results in the treatment of various inflammatory skin conditions. Aim of the study The aim of the study was to investigate the potential efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of dermatological diseases, such as acne vulgaris; atopic dermatitis; psoriasis. Materials and methods A search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Articles were searched in English using the following key words: probiotics; dermatology; acne vulgaris; eczema; atopic dermatitis; psoriasis. Results Probiotics reduced the amount of inflammatory acne lesions and the erythema index in acne vulgaris patients. Patients with atopic dermatitis who received probiotics also experienced an immediate and long-lasting improvement in their symptoms and skin quality. Individuals noticed enhanced skin smoothness and moisture, self-acceptance, and a decrease in the SCORAD index. It was also proven that oral probiotic supplementation successfully reduced psoriasis symptoms by lowering plasma levels of inflammatory markers such as IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP. Furthermore, the chance of psoriasis recurrence was reduced. Conclusion The reviewed literature indicates that probiotics may be helpful in treating skin conditions like psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and acne vulgaris. Probiotics demonstrated encouraging results in the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions by altering the immune response as a result of modifying the gut microbiome.

Phytochemical Approach Including Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Evaluation of in vitro ABTS Antioxidant Capacity and Lipoxygenase Inhibition of Anisosciadium lanatum

Anisosciadium lanatum Boiss is commonly known in Bedouins as besbas. Traditional, it is palatable plant and used in medicine of livestock to treat skin conditions . The main objective of current approach was to screen the presence of different kind of metabolites applying standard procedures followed by assessment of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) contents. In addition, the in vitro ABTS antioxidant and lipoxygenase activities were evaluated. Different organs (leaves, stems and flowers) of Anisosciadium lanatum were extracted using 70% methanol to yield total methanol extracts of leaves (TML), stems (TMS) and flowers (TMF). Results demonstrated that TML, TMS and TMF are characterized by the content of different constituents such as flavonoids, phenolics/tannins, steroids, saponins, and carbohydrates at different levels. Ethyl acetate (EA) and butanol (BT) fractions of TML and TMS demonstrated the highest percentage of TPC and TFC. The results demonstrated the competence of EA and BT as free radical scavenger fractions compared to other fractions and its opportunity to contain bioactive antioxidant metabolites . TML, TMS and TMF exhibited Lipoxygenase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 4.88, 5.40 and 6.05 μg/mL, respectively when compared to that of the positive control baicalein (IC50: 0.27 μg /mL). In conclusion, present investigation highlighted the potential of Anisosciadium lanatum to be promising candidate with activity against wide range of inflammatory-related diseases.

Efficacy of homoeopathic medicine candida albicans 200C in the treatment of fungal infection (Tinea)

Dermatophyte infections are common worldwide, and dermatophytes are the prevailing causes of fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails. In a country like India, where there’s a deficit of original studies of dermatophytosis and its treatment, it’s getting unstintingly clear that experience- grounded treatment of dermatophytosis is ruling the roots and is proving to be more effective than the standard guidelines handed in current literature that one frequently considers most valid and substantiation grounded. Homoeopathic system is having a different conception for treating the case, it’s grounded on the underpinning principles and the tradition is done using the summation of symptom. As Homoeopathy is a system of drug which work on alleviation, the humeral or the vulnerable medium of the body from its latent or overt response, it’s thereby the stylish form of drug to treat skin conditions. So, then disquisition was carried out using Homoeopathic drug Candida Albicans 200C energy on subjects who had Fungal Infection (Tinea). This study was conducted in 2 study settings for 90 days to assess efficacy of Homoeopathic drug Candida Albicans 200C in the treatment of Fungal Infection (Tinea). Assessment of subjects was done using Fungal Infection (Tinea) Assessment Performa every 10th day during course of study. After study period the recorded data shown that, Homoeopathic drug Candida Albicans 200C is effective in treating Tinea Infection which are acute in nature than that of habitual Tinea infection

A phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activity analysis in the leaves, stems and roots of Portulacaria afra

Introduction: Portulacaria afra is a medicinal plant commonly used among African traditional healers to treat skin conditions and dehydration. The aim of this study was to scientifically validate the use of P. afra among traditional healers. Methods: Standard phytochemical colour tests were used to determine the presence of ten phytochemicals, using four solvents of varying polarities (hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water). The antioxidant activity was determined using 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. An agar-well diffusion assay was used to determine the antibacterial activities of the leaves, stems, and roots of P. afra against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Results: P. afra exhibited a high phytochemical presence in the methanolic extracts, with seven out of the 10 phytochemical groups present. Flavonoids and phlobatannins were absent in all of the plant’s extracts. The methanolic root extract exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging activity (IC50=0.39) whilst the hexane leaf extract (IC50= 14.83) was the only extract to exceed the acceptable upper limit. The scavenging activity of the plant was stronger against hydrogen peroxide than it was against DPPH. The methanolic and hot water stem extracts displayed the largest zone of inhibition (of 20 mm) against E. coli. The cold-water and room-temperature water extracts, of all three plant parts, showed no zone of inhibition against either bacterial strain. Conclusion: P. afra has the capacity to be used as a nutritional supplement for its antioxidant properties, while the antibacterial properties may provide relief against E. coli infections.

Cassia alata (Linnaeus) Roxburgh for Skin: Natural Remedies for Atopic Dermatitis in Asia and Their Pharmacological Activities

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflamed skin condition with relapsing pruritus and cutaneous physiological dysfunction. This skin disorder is widespread around the world and frequently affects infants, children and adults. Natural products with bioactive lead compounds are the source of natural medicines for complementary and alternative therapy in managing AD. Cassia alata has been used traditionally as a remedy for a variety of health issues. In Asian countries, it is used as an ethnomedicine to treat skin conditions such pityriasis versicolor, ringworm, scabies, shingles, urticaria and itching. According to previously published studies, the phytochemicals in C. alata may have a wide range of significant pharmacological effects. AD management is highlighted here, as this review explores the literature on the pharmacological effects of C. alata and its phytochemical content. Specifically, antibacterial, wound healing, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects are reviewed and discussed in relation to AD management.

The Human Dermis as a Target of Nanoparticles for Treating Skin Conditions.

Skin has a preventive role against any damage raised by harmful microorganisms and physical and chemical assaults from the external environment that could affect the body's internal organs. Dermis represents the main section of the skin, and its contribution to skin physiology is critical due to its diverse cellularity, vasculature, and release of molecular mediators involved in the extracellular matrix maintenance and modulation of the immune response. Skin structure and complexity limit the transport of substances, promoting the study of different types of nanoparticles that penetrate the skin layers under different mechanisms intended for skin illness treatments and dermo-cosmetic applications. In this work, we present a detailed morphological description of the dermis in terms of its structures and resident cells. Furthermore, we analyze the role of the dermis in regulating skin homeostasis and its alterations in pathophysiological conditions, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target. Additionally, we describe the use of nanoparticles for skin illness treatments focused on dermis release and promote the use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as an integrative strategy for skin treatments.