Treated Waste Cooking Oil Research Articles

Investigating the Potential of Untreated and Treated Waste Cooking Oil for Rejuvenation of Aged Asphalt Binder

Investigating the Potential of Untreated and Treated Waste Cooking Oil for Rejuvenation of Aged Asphalt Binder

Behaviour of Hot Mix Asphalt Incorporating Untreated and Treated Waste Cooking Oil

The recyclability of waste cooking oil (WCO) as rejuvenator for aged asphalt mixture improved the serviceability of pavement itself. Currently, the researcher is exploring the new potential of WCO as modifier for binder modification. However, the issue of compatibility properties in the modification of binder with WCO arises since the poor mechanical performance of asphalt mixture is globally recorded thus reflected the weakness of adhesion bonding inside the pavement material. Basically, the superior mechanical performance of asphaltic concrete exhibited good adhesion bonding between binder-aggregates interaction in bituminous mixture. In fact, the potential of high adhesiveness binding properties is affected by the chemical theory which is mostly related to the polarity factor. Therefore, it is vital to conduct the chemical analysis and microstructure observation to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the polar group behaviour for the internal structure in pavement material that influencing the adhesion performance for the structural arrangement material in the mixture. Therefore, excellent adhesion is capable of improving mechanical performance of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). The identification of chemical composition for polarity group determination was identified by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). Meanwhile, the adhesiveness measurement between binder-aggregate interactions in the mixture was observed with Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) which physically resulting in mechanical performance by conducting resilient modulus test, dynamic creep test and indirect tensile strength (ITS) test. Results showed that the incompatibility characteristic is revealed between untreated WCO and conventional binder (PEN 60/70) based on the identification of polar and non-polar compounds interaction. Thereby, exhibits the existence of gap and void structure arrangement in HMA through FESEM visualization hence affecting the poor mechanical strength of asphalt mixture.

Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil to Produce A Sustainable Rejuvenator for Aged Asphalt

This study examines the merits of esterification of waste cooking oil to reduce its acidic content for use as a rejuvenator for aged asphalt. It further examines how acidic compounds in bitumen increases the moisture susceptibility of bituminous composites made from siliceous stones and bitumen. While some acidic compounds are inherent in bitumen, the recent widespread use of bio-modifiers such as waste cooking (vegetable) oil has further increased the acidic compounds in bio-modified bitumen. Acidic compounds adsorb well to siliceous stones, but they are easily replaced by water molecules, giving rise to moisture damage. It was found that a reduction or removal of the acidic compounds of waste cooking oil via transesterification significantly enhances its resistance to moisture damage. The study results showed that treated waste cooking oil is not only a promising rejuvenator to be used with aged bitumen, but also quite resistant to moisture damage. It was also found that transesterification reduces the acid value of bitumen from 12 to 0.27 (mg KOH/g). This turned a moisture-susceptible bitumen to nearly a moisture-resistant bitumen as evidenced by nearly no change in moisture-induced shear thinning after 24hr water conditioning. The outcome of the study shows significant role of acidic compounds in moisture damage, and the importance of accounting for the acidity of rejuvenators to ensure their durability. The study results confirm the feasibility of tuning waste cooking oil to a sustainable asphalt rejuvenator to promote both resource conservation and asphalt recycling.

Biodiesel Formation via the Transesterification of Treated Waste Cooking Oil Using Chicken Eggshell Ash and Natural Zeolite as Solid Catalyst

Biodiesel Formation via the Transesterification of Treated Waste Cooking Oil Using Chicken Eggshell Ash and Natural Zeolite as Solid Catalyst

X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Bitumen Containing Untreated and Treated Waste Cooking Oil

Abundant of waste cooking oil (WCO) production can cause prominent adverse impact and threat to the environment if not properly managed and disposed. Therefore, recycling or reusing WCO in modified asphalt binder is considered as an effective utilisation and environmental benefits. Hence, this study was to evaluate the chemical characteristic of untreated and treated WCO in modified binder through X-Ray diffraction analysis. The results indicated that the amorphous structure was present in the control and modified binders with untreated and treated WCO. The flat trends tabulated in XRD graph for modified binder depicted the uniform dispersion and homogeneous solution was achieved between the untreated and treated WCO with the asphalt binder during mixing process.

Biodiesel Synthesis from Waste Cooking Oil using Heterogeneous Catalyst from Corncob Ash Impregnated with KOH

Biodiesel was usually synthesized by transesterification with aid of a catalyst. In this research, corncob ash was utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst and treated waste cooking oil (TWCO) was used as the raw material. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of corncob ash impregnated with KOH as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel synthesis. Prior to use, the corncob ash/KOH catalyst was calcined and characterized to determine its physical and chemical properties. Transesterification was carried out at 60°C for 3 hours. Effects of process variables, such as amount of catalyst, and methanol to TWCO molar ratio (MTR), were observed. The maximum yield of 96% biodiesel was obtained at MTR of 12:1 and 4% w/w catalyst. The obtained biodiesel was analyzed for its ester content, density, viscosity, and flash point. It was then compared to European standard EN 14214. The results confirmed that corncob ash/KOH was very suitable as heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel synthesis.

Rutting resistance of untreated and treated waste cooking oil in bitumen after aging condition

Waste cooking oil (WCO) is identified as a valuable potential waste material that can enhance the performance of conventional asphalt binder for road pavement construction. This study aims to evaluate the rutting resistance of bitumen incorporating untreated and treated WCO. Waste cooking oil dosage of 0%, 3%, 4%, and 5% by weight of binder was used throughout the experiments. The dynamic shear rheometer test was conducted to determine the performance of rutting resistance test. In addition, one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determined correlation of the sample. It was found that the rutting resistance performance was decreased as the test temperature increased. The results also indicated that modified binder with treated WCO exhibited the highest rutting resistance as compared to the untreated WCO. Based on analysis of variance it show that there are a significant difference in G*/sin δ for different untreated and treated WCO in modified binder.

Voids Characteristic of Hot Mix Asphalt Containing Waste Cooking Oil

Pure bitumen production through crude oil petroleum refining process is not desirable in road pavement application. The asphalt binder exhibits insufficient properties for pavement construction and need to be modified with various additives. In this study, the effect of untreated and treated waste cooking oil (WCO) on voids properties of hot mix asphalt was evaluated. A 5% of WCO (by weight of binder) was selected and replaced into the modified binder before being mixed with the aggregates in asphalt mixture. The voids characteristic of hot mix asphalt was determined based on Marshall Mix design test. Five different content of bitumen i.e. 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5% and 6% was chosen on the basis of min and max value as required by Malaysia public work department. Test results show that the voids filled with bitumen and density was increase as the bitumen content increases from 4% to 6% for untreated and treated WCO mixes. Furthermore, the result also indicates that the void in total mix was linearly decreased when the bitumen content increased from 4% to 6%.

Performance of Waste Cooking Oil on Aged Asphalt Mixture

Asphaltic concrete pavement is popular worldwide, but this type of pavement requires frequent maintenance and rehabilitation as it cannot cope up with the increasing number of traffic vehicles and loads. Therefore, modifying asphalt pavement to reduce the damages and defects is necessary, thereby enhancing the serviceability of pavement. This study presents the effect of waste cooking oil on asphalt mixture at different ageing conditions. A 60/70 penetration-grade asphalt binder was used, and 5% of this binder was replaced with untreated and treated waste cooking oil. Asphalt mixtures were prepared at the selected 5% optimum bitumen content and under two tests, i.e. Marshall stability and resilient modulus. The findings showed the better stability and resilient modulus of long-term aged samples incorporated with treated waste cooking oil than the unaged and short-term aged samples. The incorporation of untreated waste cooking oil caused reduced performance compared with the controlled and long-term aged samples. This result can be attributed to the high acid value of waste cooking oil. Therefore, treated waste cooking oil can be used as a binder replacement given its significantly higher performance at the mentioned ageing condition than the controlled mixture.

Mechanical performance of asphaltic concrete incorporating untreated and treated waste cooking oil

In recent years, various oil-based modifications that involve the use of waste cooking oil (WCO) have been applied to deliver obvious benefits to the pavement industry. This effort is in line with the response to the issue of waste management. The current constraint in dealing with WCO is its declining rutting resistance performance at high temperatures. This issue is observed globally and remains unresolved. Adverse rheological performance induces the rutting issue due to the high susceptibility of WCO toward temperature exposure. The pretreatment of WCO is proposed as an extensive research work that aims to produce treated WCO before its addition to HMA. However, the potential of treated WCO is still at the empirical stage and still questionable. Therefore, a mechanical test was performed on the control, 5% untreated WCO, and 5% treated WCO mixtures to evaluate any improvement in the performance of the HMA incorporated with untreated and treated WCO. The mechanical test included the Marshall Stability, resilient modulus, creep stiffness, and indirect tensile strength (ITS) tests. Microstructure observation was performed using an atomic force microscope (AFM) to identify the surface roughness related to the adhesion properties. Results shows an improvement in Marshall Stability, resilient modulus, and ITS performance was recorded with the replacement of 5% treated WCO in bituminous mixture. In addition, the highest creep stiffness, with an enhancement of about 25% relative to the control mixture, was achieved with the 5% treated WCO mixture to resist permanent deformation. The microstructure observation revealed that the lowest surface roughness produced with the treated WCO in modified binder contributed to the improvement of adhesion bonding that increased the strength of the asphalt mixture.

POTENSI ZEOLIT ALAM DAN CaO DARI CANGKANG TELUR AYAM SEBAGAI KATALIS DALAM PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI TREATED WASTE COOKING OIL

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines which is produced from either vegetable oils or animal fats. Treated Waste Cooking Oil (TWCO) was the pretreated WCO using activated carbon to reduce the high content of free fatty acid (FFA). The objective of this study was to discover the potential of catalyst which was the mixture of natural zeolite and CaO derived from the chicken eggshells in producing biodiesel with TWCO as feedstock. Chicken eggshells were calcined at the temperature of 1000 oC for 2 hours. Effect of using the catalyst, natural zeolite and CaO, was investigated in this study. The properties of biodiesel such as methyl ester content, density, kinematic viscosity and flash point were evaluated and compared to the Indonesian Standard (SNI). In this study, the biodiesel yield for catalyst of natural zeolite, CaO, and mixture of both were 7,28%; 51,17%; and 87,40% respectively. The biodiesel produced in this study was comparable to the SNI standard and that the addition of natural zeolite could enhance the catalytic activity. Therefore, it is highly potential as low-cost catalyst in producing biodiesel.

Combustion characteristics and engine emissions of a diesel engine fueled with diesel and treated waste cooking oil blends

In this study, waste cooking oil from restaurants was used to produce a renewable and sustainable biodiesel through transesterification process. The Treated Waste Cooking Oil (TWCO) fuel produced has shown very promising chemical and physical properties; most notably; cetane number (∼49) and sulphur content (8 mg/kg). The combustion of conventional diesel and Treated Waste Cooking Oil (TWCO)–diesel blend (50/50 by volume; shown as TD50) was examined at different engine conditions. The combustion of TD50 resulted in a considerable reduction in the smoke opacity and unburnt hydrocarbons associated with an increase in the CO 2 and NO x emissions due to unintentional advance of fuel injection timing, caused by the higher bulk modulus of TD50 fuel. Results indicated an increase in brake specific fuel consumption with simultaneous reduction in the engine thermal efficiency compared to conventional diesel. The lower smoke opacity in the case of TD50 fuel assists NO x reductions by exploiting the higher EGR tolerance of TD50 fuel. Thus, a more encouraging NO x -smoke tradeoff may be selected to reduce both NO x and smoke. The effect of EGR in NO x reduction was more noticeable with TD50 than conventional diesel fuel.