Treatment Of Oil Shale Research Articles

Treated Oil Shale Ashes as Cement and Fine Aggregates Substitutes for the Concrete Industry.

The increased global demand for energy and the environmental concerns associated with fossil fuels highlight the need for alternative approaches. Fossil fuel combustion, particularly coal and oil shale, contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and generates large amounts of ash residues, posing environmental challenges. This study focuses on the potential of thermal treatment to upgrade oil shale bottom ash (OSBA) for use as a cement replacement in concrete, addressing both the economic viability of oil shale combustion and the environmental issue of ash waste management. The findings have significant implications for improving the economics and environmental sustainability of oil shale combustion in construction. By enhancing the properties of OSBA, this study contributes to the advancement of greener energy solutions and waste management practices in the energy and construction sectors.

THERMAL VARIATION OF THE DIFFERENT LAYERS FORTARFAYA DEPOSIT (MOROCCO) IN HYDRODESULPHURIZATION AS WELL AS HYDROGENATION OF CALCIUM Α, ꞵAND MAGNESIUM AT 550°C AND 750°C.

Hydrodesulphurization (HDS), deuteriodesulphurisation, calcium hydrogenation and deuterium treatment are reactions that occur simultaneously when oil shales are treated with hydrogen. In this work, quantitative monitoring of the target elements (sulphur, calcium and magnesium) was carried out using the dispersive X-ray diffraction technique (a technique coupled with a scanning electron microscope). The treatment of oil shale with hydrogen with the objective, either to improve the products preventing oil shale (gas, oil and solid fuel) or in the particular sense to get rid of some undesirable elements having harmful effects on the course of the exploitations of materials we quote the phenomenon of corrosion. An example of this is hydrodesulphurization, which is a reaction that is used to remove sulphur. This hydrogenation reaction was followed in a first work for the different oil shale layers of Tarfaya (M. Hafid and A.Attaoui: 2022) at a temperature of 550°C. However we were able to raise the temperature to 750°C for this study, in the same sense of the continuity of the action by hydrogen on elements such as calcium and magnesium in the temperature domains this study has been continued.

Treated oil shale ash and its capacity to remove Cd and Pb from aqueous solutions

Treated oil shale ash and its capacity to remove Cd and Pb from aqueous solutions

Highly-efficient treated oil shale ash adsorbent for toxic dyes removal: Kinetics, isotherms, regeneration, cost analysis and optimization by experimental design

The environment and human health protection as well as the search for promising and cost-effective materials to eliminate hazardous dyes are a main contemporary worldwide challenge. In this regard, improving the morphology and the specific surface area of the oil shale ash leading to highly efficient innovative adsorbent for the removal of Crystal Violet (CV) and Methyl orange (MeO) dyes. In this research work, we prepared and characterized the treated oil shale ash (TOSA) adsorbent through XRD, XRF, FTIR, pHpzc, SEM-EDX, TEM, and BET. The chosen material’s selectivity and sensitivity depend on the pH and the foreign ions' strength due to the competition between different charges present in the colored solution. The adsorption capacities of CV and MeO, under conditions of dye concentration 100 mg L−1 with adsorbent dose 0.5 g L−1, are 168.88 mg g−1 and 72.26 mg g−1 respectively. Furthermore, a monolayer pattern could be assigned to the Langmuir adsorption model and the equilibrium kinetics of adsorption is best approved by the pseudo-second-order model for the two dyes. According to response surface methodology, the experimental values for CV and MeO were consistent with the predicted values that lead to the maximum dye removal rate of 99.98% and 67.13% respectively. The regeneration results confirm the performance of our adsorbent after several adsorption-desorption cycles. The capital cost of the treated materials used for adsorption was estimated to be around $ 2.15 for 1 g which means that is a non-expensive process for the future valorization of natural resources.

Sorption of Radionuclides 137Cs, 60Co, and 85Sr from Aqueous Solutions with Heat Treated Oil Shale

Sorption of Radionuclides 137Cs, 60Co, and 85Sr from Aqueous Solutions with Heat Treated Oil Shale

Influence of Temperature on the Total Surface Area of Nanopores of Leningrad Deposits Oil Shale

The article is devoted to the analysis of the influence of heat treatment of oil shale of the Leningrad field on the total surface area of nanopores and total porosity. Oil shale with particle size up to 0.125 mm in the form of powder and in the form of shale briquette was subjected to heat treatment. The change in the total porosity was studied in the temperature range (0÷1000) oC. The change in the total surface area of nanopores was studied by comparing the initial sample of oil shale with the oil shale ash obtained at 1000 oC. The data presented in this paper is indicative of a decrease in the oil shale nanopores total surface area under heat treatment, for example, for pore diameters (3÷4) nm the area decreases from 15.29 cm2/g to 2.563 cm2/g.

Treated Oil Shale Ashes as a Substitute for Natural Aggregates, Sand, and Cement in Concrete

AbstractOil shales are rocks that contain organic matter and are used as a low‐grade fuel for energy production. The oil shale combustion process produces large quantities of ash as combustion wastes. These residues contain a high concentration of calcium anhydrite (CaSO4) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which can be utilized to neutralize acidic wastes (e. g., wastes from the phosphate industry) .Using untreated oil shale bottom ash as partial substitutes for aggregates, natural sand, and cement in concrete mixtures has resulted in a significantly decreased performance of the concrete mixtures. However, by blending the oil shale with acidic materials, the concrete properties improved, as manifested by the development of compressive strength and the workability of the concrete mixtures. In the current study, it was shown that treatment of the oil shale ash with the acidic waste of the Israeli phosphate industry or with phosphoric acid significantly improves the properties of the concrete mixtures, by partial replacement of the natural aggregates and sand by the treated oil shale ash.

Use of spent oil shale to remove methyl red dye from aqueous solutions

In this study, the efficiency of spent oil shale was assessed to remove the methyl red (MR) from aqueous solution under various chemical and physical parameters. The adsorption kinetics was assessed using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The results indicated that increase in the level of adsorbent led to an increase in amount of dye removed from the solution. Most of the dye was adsorbed within 90 min. MR adsorption followed pseudo-first-order model. Material extracted oil shale was characterized by several methods such as electronic scanning microscopy (ESM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The treated oil shale showed high adsorption potential against MR in polluted wastewater.

Investigation of Organic Matter Content of Hungarian Oil Shale and Its Influence on Sorption of 2,4-Dichlorophenol

It is not only Total Organic Carbon content (TOC) but also the type of Organic Matter (OM) that the sorption of organic pollutants by soils or other natural absorbents is correlated with. Therefore, the characterization of organic components in the adsorbents is very important to elucidate sorption mechanisms.Oil shale samples were collected in Pula, Hungary. The TOC content of the investigated samples was approximately 6.8-40.1 m/m %. The characterization of the organic matter in samples was carried out by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis, thermal analysis, and GC-MS technics. The results predominantly indicated the presence of a low degree of the branching of aliphatic chain components in the samples. The Humic Substances (HS) content of the samples was only 1-6 m/m %, which could be determined after the treatment of oil shale with hydrogen peroxide.The influence of the amount and type of organic material in oil shale samples was studied on the adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) as a model contaminant. For this aim a series of batch equilibration experiments was carried out. The results show that the total organic carbon content of samples is a strong indicator of 2,4-DCP adsorption, while the HS content is an important feature controlling sorption capacity. The study suggests that the special organic matter (kerogen) content of the oil shale plays a major role in its high adsorption capacity and in the nonlinearity of the isotherms. The HS covering the surface could decrease the sorption capacities despite the fact that though the amount of this organic material is quite low.

Effect of hydrothermal pretreatment on product distribution and characteristics of oil produced by the pyrolysis of Huadian oil shale

In this work, Huadian oil shale from China was treated by hydrothermal pretreatment at 200°C with 1.0–2.5h in order to investigate the effect of hydrothermal pretreatment on pyrolysis product distribution and characteristics of oil. The differences in the elemental composition and thermal behavior between the untreated and treated oil shale were analyzed and compared. The hydrothermal treatment process could decompose oxygen functional groups and remove some water soluble inorganics in oil shale, which decreased the formation of gas and water during the pyrolysis. However, hydrothermal pretreatment was conducive to increasing shale oil yield. The maximum of oil yield was obtained at the pretreatment time of 2.0h. The enhancement of the free-radical reactions during the pyrolysis and the reduction of the secondary cracking reactions of the generated oil vapors were considered as the main reasons. The oil obtained by the treated oil shale had a higher H/C ratio, indicating it had high energy content. The analysis results of chemical compositions in oils showed that the relative content of aliphatic hydrocarbons significantly increased after hydrothermal pretreatment. The further analysis demonstrated that the increase in the pretreatment time caused the generated long chain hydrocarbons tended to be directly released from oil shale particles, and were condensed into the oil.

Reduction of the total sulfur content of the liquid products obtained by the extraction of oil shale (short communication)

It was found that the oxidative desulfurization of synthetic oil obtained by the treatment of oil shale with hydrogen peroxide in a two-phase system makes it possible to remove more than 40% total sulfur and to bring the sulfur content of oil to 550 ppm.

Dependence of the yields of hydrocarbons on the conditions of oil shale thermal treatment

Models of the low-molecular-weight hydrocarbon contents of the gas obtained as a result of the steam treatment of oil shale were obtained in this study. Formulas for their prediction are proposed.

Effect of demineralization of El-lajjun Jordanian oil shale on oil yield

The effect of demineralization on oil yield and mineral composition of Jordanian oil shale was investigated. A standard digestion procedure using a range of inorganic and organic acids including HCl, HNO 3, HF, and CH 3COOH was used to enhance the oil recovery of oil shale samples collected from the El-lajjun area. The total yield of the digested samples, as determined by Fischer Assay, has shown a maximum value (two folds the untreated sample) obtained when using CH 3COOH. The kaolin in the treated oil shale with a high concentration of CH 3COOH is believed to have transformed to illite as found in the XRD analysis. The treatment of oil shale using HCl has shown an increased ratio of oil to gas as a result of the digestion of calcite in the oil shale. At higher concentrations of HNO 3, the acid is believed to react with the kerogen in the oil shale resulting in high levels of low molecular weight compounds. Therefore, the amount of non-condensable gases produced by Fischer assay after treatment with a high concentration of HNO 3 is relatively high. HF is believed to drive off water from the oil shale by dissolving the clay minerals leading to increased oil to gas ratio.

Kinetics of hydrocarbon extraction from oil shale using biosurfactant producing bacteria

This study was done to extract hydrocarbon compounds from El-Lajjun oil shale using biosurfactant produced from two strains Rhodococcus erythropolis and Rhodococcus ruber. The results have shown that, optimal biosurfactant production was found using naphthalene and diesel as a carbon source for R. erthropolis and R. ruber, respectively. Optimum nitrogen concentration was 9 g/l and 7 g/l for R. erthropolis and R. ruber, respectively. Optimum K 2HPO 4 to KH 2PO 4 ratio, temperature, pH, and agitation speeds were 2:1, 37 °C, 7 and 200 rpm. Under optimal conditions R. erthropolis and R. ruber produced 5.67 and 6.9 g/l biosurfactant, respectively. Maximum recovery of oil achieved with hydrogen peroxide pre-treatment was 25% and 26% at biosurfactant concentration of 8 g/l and 4 g/l for R. erthropolis and R. ruber, respectively. The extent desorption of hydrocarbons from the pre-treated oil shale by biosurfactant were inversely related to the concentration of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, asphaltenes compounds. Pre- treatment of oil shale with hydrogen peroxide produced better improvement in aromatic compounds extraction in comparison with improvement which resulted from demineralization of the oil shale.

Two-resistance mass transfer model for the adsorption of the pesticide deltamethrin using acid treated oil shale ash

Adsorption characteristics of the pesticides Deltamethrin were studied in aqueous solutions using acid treated Oil Shale Ash (ATOSA) in a series of batch adsorption experiments. The maximum loading capacity of the adsorbent and the rate of adsorption were found to increase with increasing the pesticide initial concentration, mixing speed and were found to decrease with temperature and particle size. Langmuir as well as Freundlich isotherm models fit the adsorption data with R2>0.97 in all cases. The maximum adsorption capacity for Deltamethrin was 11.4 mg/g. The two-resistance mass transfer model based on the film resistance and homogeneous solid phase diffusion was used to fit the experimental data.

Pressurised hot water extraction ofn-alkanes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soil and sediment from the oil shale industry district in estonia

Background Organic pollutants formed during thermal treatment of oil shale and then released from the solid waste (semicoke) to aquatic life are a major concern in Estonia. Efficient environmentally friendly techniques are being sought for the analysis of soil and sediments for pollutants and for the clean up of contaminated areas. The altered physico-chemical properties of pressurised hot water can be exploited in the extraction of organics from solid samples. For example, the relative permittivity, hydrogen bonding ability and viscosity of water are decreased and diffusivity is increased with temperature. In addition, water is environmentally friendly, cheap, non-flammable and readily available. In small-scale or pilot-scale operations, pressurised hot water extraction (PHWE) can also be used in the purification of contaminated soil and sediments.

Copper and zinc sorption by treated oil shale ash

Jordanian oil shale ash was used as an adsorbent for the removal of copper and zinc from aqueous solution. This ash was treated with either hydrochloric, nitric, sulfuric or phosphoric acids followed by washing and/or neutralization with sodium hydroxide in order to enhance its adsorption capacity. The sample that was treated with nitric acid showed the highest cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 146 meq/100 g, while the one that was treated with sulfuric acid showed a value of 32 meq/100 g. Different adsorption isotherm data for both copper and zinc were obtained using the nitric acid-treated sample at different pH values. Freundlich and BET models were used to fit the experimental data, which showed that BET best-fitted these data. The separation factor for these isotherms shows unfavorable adsorption type at lower pH value.

99/04058 Treated oil shale as flocculant in regeneration of waste lubricating oils: Li, J. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,120,581 (Cl. C10M175/00), 17 Apr 1996, Appl. 94,116,740, 11 Oct 1994, 7 pp. (IN Chinese)

99/04058 Treated oil shale as flocculant in regeneration of waste lubricating oils: Li, J. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,120,581 (Cl. C10M175/00), 17 Apr 1996, Appl. 94,116,740, 11 Oct 1994, 7 pp. (IN Chinese)

Photocatalytic oxidation of phenolic compounds in wastewater from oil shale treatment

Experimental research into the photooxidation of aqueous solutions and wastewaters containing phenolic compounds was undertaken. Titanium dioxide under near-UV irradiation was selected as a photocatalyst. Phenol, p-cresol, resorcinol and 5-methylresorcinol (5-MR) were chosen as model compounds for the experiments with synthetic phenolic solutions. The photooxidative treatment of phenolic solutions was found to be more effective in acidic and strongly alkaline media. No difference was found between shortwave and near-UV irradiation photooxidation abilities. Methylated phenolic substitutes (p-cresol, 5-MR) yield better to photooxidation than non-methylated compounds. The higher the irradiation intensity the lower the photooxidation efficiency. The results obtained from the experiments with model compounds were compared with the results of photooxidative purification of wastewaters produced from the thermal treatment of oil shale in Estonia. Being heavily polluted, the wastewater yields better to photooxidation when slightly diluted with potable water in a 3:1 ratio. Anatase, immobilised onto the surface of buoyant hollow glass microspheres, was less effective than when suspended in a slurry. The photooxidatively pre-treated wastewater showed better biodegradability and lower toxicity to bacteria than untreated wastewater.

Photocatalytic oxidation of phenolic compounds in wastewater from oil shale treatment

Experimental research into the photooxidation of aqueous solutions and wastewaters containing phenolic compounds was undertaken. Titanium dioxide under near-UV irradiation was selected as a photocatalyst. Phenol, p-cresol, resorcinol and 5-methylresorcinol (5-MR) were chosen as model compounds for the experiments with synthetic phenolic solutions. The photooxidative treatment of phenolic solutions was found to be more effective in acidic and strongly alkaline media. No difference was found between shortwave and near-UV irradiation photooxidation abilities. Methylated phenolic substitutes (p-cresol, 5-MR) yield better to photooxidation than non-methylated compounds. The higher the irradiation intensity the lower the photooxidation efficiency. The results obtained from the experiments with model compounds were compared with the results of photooxidative purification of wastewaters produced from the thermal treatment of oil shale in Estonia. Being heavily polluted, the wastewater yields better to photooxidation when slightly diluted with potable water in a 3:1 ratio. Anatase, immobilised onto the surface of buoyant hollow glass microspheres, was less effective than when suspended in a slurry. The photooxidatively pre-treated wastewater showed better biodegradability and lower toxicity to bacteria than untreated wastewater.